Armbian OS instruction

**Run command clone dragino-fwd package: (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)git clone https:~/~/github.com/dragino/dragino_fwd_src.git(%%)**

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[[image:image-20220527151010-1.png]]

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=== (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2. Compile dragino_fwd**(%%) ===

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**After cloning is complete, Run the command starts compiling:**

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**Compile HP0C/HP0A fwd: ./hp0z-make-deb.sh c**

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The following example compilers HP0C fwd.

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[[image:image-20220527153913-3.png]]

When the compilation is complete a** (% style="color:blue" %)draginofwd-*.deb(%%) **package is generated.

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[[image:image-20220527154311-4.png||height="385" width="773"]]

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=== (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 3. Install the dragino_fwd**(%%) ===

**Run command:**

(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**dpkg -i draginofwd-*.deb **

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[[image:image-20220527154811-5.png]]

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=== (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 4. Test**(%%) ===

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**Check the dragino_fwd log:**

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**journalctl -u draginofwd -f**

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[[image:image-20220527165221-7.png||height="182" width="931"]]

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**Start/stop dragino_fwd via systemctl:**

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**systemctl start draginofwd**

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**systemctl stop draginofwd**

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== 2.2 How to clone Complete OS on the EMMC to SD card ==

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**2.2.1 Prepare a USB flash drive/SD card and plug it into the USB port of the gateway.**

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**2.2.2 Mounting a USB Flash Drive/SD Card in the Linux CLI**

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(% id="cke_bm_13244S" style="display:none" %) [[image:image-20241107100929-2.png||height="208" width="669"]]

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mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/

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**2.2.3 Using the dd command, copy Emmc as an img file**

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[[image:image-20241107100901-1.png||height="269" width="994"]]

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dd if=/dev/mmcblk2 of=/mnt/custom.img bs=1M count=3686 status=progress

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**2.2.4 Export the img file and follow the steps in 2.3 for burning**

== 2.3 How to flash a new image(OS) to the gateway(LPS8V2) ==

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Since the gateway has a large system, you need to use the sd card to reflash the system for the gateway

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//2.3.1: Making an SD card with the new image//

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//2.3.2: Instal the SD card to the gateway//

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//2.3.3: Flash the image to the gateway's built memory from the SD card//

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//2.3.4: Finished the process of flash and power cycle the gateway//

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==== (% style="background-color:yellow" %)**//Preparations~://**(%%) ====

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1. Prepare an SD card

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1. Prepare a card reader device

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1. Download the OS image from the release.image~: **[[draginolps8v2-release-v1.7>>http://repo.dragino.com/release/hp0c-image/]]**

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1. A Flash software tool ( Such as v1.7.9 from [[balenaEtcher>>url:https://www.balena.io/etcher/]] )

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1. SD Card [[format>>url:http://repo.dragino.com/release/tool/PanasonicSDFormatter.zip]] tool

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=== **2.3.1 Making an SD Card with the new image** ===

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==== Step 1. Formatting the SD Card ====

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[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609111027-9.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609111027-9.png" height="318" width="292"]]

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==== Step 2. Select the OS image ====

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[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609104907-8.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609104907-8.png" height="435" width="689"]]

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==== Step 3. Select the target ====

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[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609104637-2.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609104637-2.png" height="436" width="690"]]

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[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609104701-3.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609104701-3.png" height="436" width="690"]]

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==== Step 4. Flash start ====

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[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609104727-4.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609104727-4.png" height="435" width="689"]]

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[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609104741-5.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609104741-5.png" height="434" width="687"]]

=== **2.3.2 Instal the SD card to the gateway** ===

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1. Open the device's enclosure, and put the SD card into the SD card slot

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[[image:image-20230712201032-1.png]]

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2. Power the gateway with 5V2A, and access the gateway's Ethernet port to your PC

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[[image:image-20230712201458-3.png||height="649" width="832"]]

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Note: The PWR LED on red

The LAN LED blink

The SYS LED on red

=== **3.2.3 Flash the image to the gateway's built memory from the SD card(LPS8v2)** ===

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Access the gateway Linux CLI to flash the image to the gateway's built memory

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* **Use the IP address to access the gateway CLI**

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Users can access the gateway CLI via the SSH protocol. Make sure your PC and the gateway are connected to the same network, then use a SSH tool (such as [[putty>>url:http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~~sgtatham/putty/download.html]] in Windows) to access it.

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IP address: IP address of gateway or **Fallback IP**(172.31.255.254)

Port: 22

User Name: (% style="color:blue" %)**root**

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Password: (% style="color:blue" %)**dragino**(%%) (default)

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//After logging in, you will be in the gateway CLI and can enter commands as shown below.//

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[[image:image-20230508155357-1.png||height="225" width="634"]]

**Run command:**

draginolps8v2-release-chirpsrtack-v1.7-240725 image :

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(% style="background-color:#ffff00; color:#008000" %)** flash_emmc /usr/local/image/dragino-LPS8V2-ChirpStack-240725-1.img **

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draginolps8v2-release-ttnstack-v1.7-240712 image :

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(% style="background-color:#ffff00; color:#008000" %)** flash_emmc /usr/local/image/dragino-LPS8V2-TTN-231124.img**

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[[image:image-20241008091850-2.png]]

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(% style="color:red" %)**Note: Note: After the flash is completed, please power off the device (run the command halt) and disconnect the power supply, and then unplug the SD card.**

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=== **3.2.4 Flash the image to the gateway's built memory from the SD card(MS48-LR/LG01v2)** ===

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Download the OS image from the release.image~: **[[MS48-LR-image>>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/ug25bbwyk6gnqjnsee2m1/dragino-MS48-LR-231124.rar?rlkey=bqva7hkeft0m3haiui5uj12sv&st=ii6mp2g7&dl=0]] [[LG01v2-image>>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/g0si61lcrvdjyto4ma951/dragino-lg01v2-1.7-0210.zip?rlkey=t03oqo493r2p7ign488rs2jsv&dl=0]]**

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Access the gateway Linux CLI to flash the image to the gateway's built memory

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* **Use the IP address to access the gateway CLI**

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Users can access the gateway CLI via the SSH protocol. Make sure your PC and the gateway are connected to the same network, then use a SSH tool (such as [[putty>>url:http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~~sgtatham/putty/download.html]] in Windows) to access it.

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IP address: IP address of gateway or **Fallback IP**(172.31.255.254)

Port: 22

User Name: **root**

Password: **dragino** (default)

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//After logging in, you will be in the gateway CLI and can enter commands as shown below.//

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[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/downloadrev/Main/Armbian%20OS%20instruction/WebHome/image-20230508155357-1.png?rev=1.1&width=634&height=225||alt="image-20230508155357-1.png" height="225" width="634"]]

**Run command:**

**nand-sata-install**

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[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/downloadrev/Main/Armbian%20OS%20instruction/WebHome/image-20220602112051-1.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220602112051-1.png"]]

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Select the **"Boot from eMMC - system on eMMC".**

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[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/downloadrev/Main/Armbian%20OS%20instruction/WebHome/image-20220602112058-2.png?rev=1.1&width=646&height=292||alt="image-20220602112058-2.png" height="292" width="646"]]

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[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/downloadrev/Main/Armbian%20OS%20instruction/WebHome/image-20220602112106-3.png?rev=1.1&width=643&height=301||alt="image-20220602112106-3.png" height="301" width="643"]]

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Select the **"1 ext4"**

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[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/downloadrev/Main/Armbian%20OS%20instruction/WebHome/image-20220602112113-4.png?rev=1.1&width=642&height=271||alt="image-20220602112113-4.png" height="271" width="642"]]

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It takes 4-5 minutes to burn from SD card to eMMC

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[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/downloadrev/Main/Armbian%20OS%20instruction/WebHome/image-20220602112119-5.png?rev=1.1&width=641&height=309||alt="image-20220602112119-5.png" height="309" width="641"]]

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[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/downloadrev/Main/Armbian%20OS%20instruction/WebHome/image-20220602112125-6.png?rev=1.1&width=640&height=281||alt="image-20220602112125-6.png" height="281" width="640"]]

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[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/downloadrev/Main/Armbian%20OS%20instruction/WebHome/image-20220602112131-7.png?rev=1.1&width=638&height=241||alt="image-20220602112131-7.png" height="241" width="638"]]

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**Note: After the flash is complete, power off the device and then remove the SD card.**

=== **3.2.5 Trouble Shooting** ===

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==== **Why is no space displayed after flash LPS8V2 built-in TTN image** ====

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Because the space that emmc can burn is only 3.6G memory, it displays the "No space" error,

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The error does not affect the flash image and gateway work.

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[[image:image-20250224114945-1.png]]

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== 2.4 How to extend the gateway size of memory with SD card ==

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Users can use the SD card slot to expand the gateway memory size by following the steps below

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=== 2.4.1 View SD card information ===

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

(((

fdisk -l

)))

[[image:image-20230831150518-3.png]]

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=== 2.4.2 Displays the current file system disk usage statistics on Linux systems ===

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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df -h

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[[image:image-20230831150341-2.png]]

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=== 2.4.3 Mount SD card ===

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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mkdir /mnt/sd

mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/sd

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)))

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After the mount is successful to check the file system disk usage on the Linux system again:

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[[image:image-20230831151432-4.png]]

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If the mount fails, you can format the file system and try the mount again

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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(((

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mkfs.ext4 /dev/mmcblk0p1

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)))

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== 2.5 Default Built Version ==

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[[image:image-20220902155621-1.png]]

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== 2.6 How to upgrade the nodejs version to the latest. ==

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By default, the nodejs uses the pre-install version v12 which is due to Debian the ultra-stable via ultra-old.

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[[image:image-20221112145029-2.png]]

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**If you want to upgrade the nodejs to the latest, please follow to use these commands on the gateway CIL.**

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#install n, which is an Interactively Manage Your Node.js Versions

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[[image:image-20221112154230-3.png||height="89" width="689"]]

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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**npm install -g n**

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#Install the latest LTS Node.js release (downloading if necessary)

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[[image:image-20221112154418-4.png||height="184" width="893"]]

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

(((

**n lts**

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#Remove all downloaded versions except the installed version

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[[image:image-20221112154456-5.png||height="139" width="899"]]

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

(((

**n prune**

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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**apt remove nodejs -y && apt autoremove -y && reboot**

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Check the current version

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[[image:image-20221112154724-6.png]]

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

(((

**node -v**

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== 2.7 How to install Grafana and influxdb ==

=== **Grafana:** ===

(% class="box infomessage" %)

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curl https:~/~/packages.grafana.com/gpg.key | gpg ~-~-dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/grafana-archive-keyrings.gpg >/dev/null

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echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/grafana-archive-keyrings.gpg] https:~/~/packages.grafana.com/oss/deb stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/grafana.list

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apt update && apt install grafana

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Check the running status:

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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systemctl status grafana-server

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configuration path:

(% class="box infomessage" %)

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/etc/grafana/grafana.ini

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=== **Influxdb:** ===

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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(((

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curl https:~/~/repos.influxdata.com/influxdata-archive_compat.key | gpg ~-~-dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/influxdb-archive-keyring.gpg >/dev/null

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echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/influxdb-archive-keyring.gpg] https:~/~/repos.influxdata.com/debian $(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/influxdb.list

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apt update && apt install influxdb

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Check the running status:

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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systemctl status influxdb

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configuration path:

(% class="box infomessage" %)

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(((

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/etc/influxdb/influxdb.conf

)))

= 3. Package Management =

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== 3.1 Default Package Maintain System ==

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=== 3.1.1 How Package-Auto-Update works? ===

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By default, LPS8v2 / MS20 series products have an auto-update feature for main packages. The device will connect to Dragino's auto-update server and check for updates.

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(% style="color:blue" %)**When devices will check for updates**?

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* Devices will check for updates for every boot.

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* Devices will check for updates on every day midnight.

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(% style="color:blue" %)**What packages will be checked for updates**?

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dragino-httpd ~-~- Main Web UI http configuration

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dragino-sid ~-~- SN write and read tool

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dragino-ui ~-~- Gateway Web UI package

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draginofwd ~-~- UDP packet forwarder, LoRa Base Station

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draginoups ~-~- Miscellaneous between different versions

(% style="color:blue" %)**Location and changelog for packages**:

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* Location: http:~/~/repo.dragino.com/release/tool/

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* Changelog: [[http:~~/~~/repo.dragino.com/release/tool/Readme_HP0.txt>>http://repo.dragino.com/release/tool/Readme_HP0.txt]]

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(% style="color:blue" %)**How to view auto-updated log**

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You can view the log on the page of (% style="color:#037691" %)**System ~-~-> Package Management.**

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[[image:1661305025451-220.png]]

(% style="color:blue" %)**Can I disable package-auto-update?**

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You can check the checkbox and click the(% style="color:red" %)** ‘SAVE’ **(%%)button to enable or disable the auto-update.

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[[image:1661305258501-636.png]]

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=== 3.1.2 How to manually update core packages? ===

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You can click the (% style="color:red" %)**‘Manual Update’**(%%) to update the dragino's packages.

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[[image:1661305328295-218.png]]

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=== 3.1.3 How to manually update other packages? ===

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For the other packages, you have to access the device's CLI to do it via the apt command.

Example:

(% class="box infomessage" %)

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(((

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dpkg -i draginofwd-*.deb

)))

== 3.2 Set up a 3^^rd^^ party package maintain server ==

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=== 3.2.1 Overview ===

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Customers can use their own package maintenance system instead of using the default one from Dragino. They need to set up a package maintenance system for Debian. Lots of instructions are available in Internet, below is a reference instruction.

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=== 3.2.2 Install Apache2 HTTP server ===

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**apt install apache2**

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=== 3.2.3 Creating Package Directories ===

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**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)cd /var/www/html/(%%)**

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**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)mkdir debian/release/dists/stable/main/binary-armhf/ -p(%%)**

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**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)mkdir debian/release/pool/main/d/dragino/ -p(%%)**

**Tree Structure:**

(% style="color:red" %)**Note: If you are not familiar with updating servers, most directory names are not recommended to be changed.**

└── debian

└── release

├── dists

│ └── stable

│ └── main

│ └── binary-armhf

└── pool

└── main

└── d

└── dragino ~-~-> (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**This is the directory to store the packages. User can change it to other name.**

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=== 3.2.4 Get deb packages ===

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The deb packages for auto-update can be placed in** (% style="color:blue" %)/var/www/html/debian/release/pool/main/d/dragino/(%%)**

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Below is an example package(testing-0808.deb) for test purpose:

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**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)wget http:~/~/repo.dragino.com/release/tool/unimportant/testing-0808.deb(%%)**

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**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)cp ./testing-0808.deb /var/www/html/debian/release/pool/main/d/dragino/(%%)**

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=== 3.2.5 Generate Package Index file ===

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**cd /var/www/html/debian/release/**

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**dpkg-scanpackages pool/ > dists/stable/main/binary-armhf/Packages**

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**cat dists/stable/main/binary-armhf/Packages | gzip -9 > dists/stable/main/binary-armhf/Packages.gz**

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(% style="color:red" %)**Note: Every time a package has been update, above comments need to be executed in the server to get the up-to-date package list.**

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=== 3.2.6 Generate Release file ===

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==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Create the generated script:**(%%) ====

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**cd /var/www/html/debian/release/dists/stable**

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**wget [[http:~~/~~/repo.dragino.com/release/tool/unimportant/generate-release.sh>>url:http://repo.dragino.com/release/tool/unimportant/generate-release.sh]]**

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**chmod + x ./generate-release.sh**

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**./generate-release.sh > Release**

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=== 3.2.7 Sign the Release file with gpg and generating Inrelease file ===

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==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Make sure auto-update server has gnupg**(%%) ====

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**apt install gnupg**

==== (% style="color:blue" %)**generate gpg key**(%%) ====

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**gpg -gen-key**

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(% style="color:red" %)**Note: Fill in the content as required and remember the name and email address.**

==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Check the gen-key**(%%) ====

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**gen -list-key**

==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Generate the release.gpg**(%%) ====

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**cd /var/www/html/debian/release/dists/stable**

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**gpg ~-~-armor ~-~-detach-sign -o Release.gpg Release**

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**gpg ~-~-clearsign -o InRelease Release**

==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Generate the public key**(%%) ====

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**gpg ~-~-armor ~-~-output <name>.asc ~-~-export <email address>**

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**example: gpg ~-~-armor ~-~-output xiao.asc ~-~-export **[[xiaoye@dragino.cc>>mailto:xiaoye@dragino.cc]]

=== 3.2.8 Add url as apt source in LPS8v2 / MS20 ===

==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Add the public key**(%%) ====

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**cp xiao.asc /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/**

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(% style="color:red" %)**Note: First need to transfer the public key from auto-update server to device.**

==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Add the apt source list**(%%) ====

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Add the apt source list url and name this as test_server.list

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(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**echo "deb http:~/~/<IP_address or hostname>/debian/release stable main" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/test_server.list**

==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Validate the apt repository**(%%) ====

706

707

708

Get and install the testing package (download testing-0808.deb and test)

709

710

(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**apt update && apt install testing**