Changes for page Armbian OS instruction
Last modified by Edwin Chen on 2025/02/26 08:18
From version 29.1
edited by Kilight Cao
on 2022/06/02 17:13
on 2022/06/02 17:13
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To version 97.1
edited by Kilight Cao
on 2023/05/08 15:58
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... ... @@ -2,126 +2,608 @@ 2 2 3 3 {{toc/}} 4 4 5 -= Overview = 6 6 6 + 7 + 8 += 1. Overview = 9 + 10 + 7 7 This is a general instruction for the use of Armbian base OS of Dragino devices. Current models include: 8 8 9 9 * HP0A 10 10 * HP0C 11 11 * LPS8v2 16 +* MS20 12 12 13 - =Development Guide=18 +(% style="display:none" %) 14 14 15 -For advanced users to develop Driver/ Linux etc 16 16 21 += 2. Development Guide = 17 17 18 -== How to recompile LoRaWAN Concentrator Driver ( dragino-fwd package). == 19 19 20 - ===Step1.Clonedragino-fwdpackage===24 +For advanced users to develop Driver/ Linux etc. 21 21 22 22 23 - Runcommandclone:27 +== 2.1 How to recompile LoRaWAN Concentrator Driver ( dragino-fwd package). == 24 24 29 + 30 +=== (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1. Clone dragino-fwd package**(%%) === 31 + 32 + 33 +**Requirements:** 34 + 35 +**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)sudo apt install -y libsqlite3-dev(%%)** 36 + 37 +**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)sudo apt install -y libftdi1-dev(%%)** 38 + 39 + 40 +**Run command clone dragino-fwd package: (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)git clone https:~/~/github.com/dragino/dragino_fwd_src.git(%%)** 41 + 42 + 43 +[[image:image-20220527151010-1.png]] 44 + 45 + 46 +=== (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2. Compile dragino_fwd**(%%) === 47 + 48 + 49 +**After cloning is complete, Run the command starts compiling:** 50 + 51 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**Compile HP0C/HP0A fwd: ./hp0z-make-deb.sh c** 52 + 53 + 54 +The following example compilers HP0C fwd. 55 + 56 +[[image:image-20220527153913-3.png]] 57 + 58 + 59 + 60 +When the compilation is complete a** (% style="color:blue" %)draginofwd-*.deb(%%) **package is generated. 61 + 62 +[[image:image-20220527154311-4.png||height="385" width="773"]] 63 + 64 + 65 +=== (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 3. Install the dragino_fwd**(%%) === 66 + 67 + 68 +**Run command:** 69 + 70 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**dpkg -i draginofwd-*.deb ** 71 + 72 + 73 +[[image:image-20220527154811-5.png]] 74 + 75 + 76 +=== (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 4. Test**(%%) === 77 + 78 + 79 +**Check the dragino_fwd log:** 80 + 81 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**journalctl -u draginofwd -f** 82 + 83 + 84 +[[image:image-20220527165221-7.png||height="182" width="931"]] 85 + 86 + 87 +**Start/stop dragino_fwd via systemctl:** 88 + 89 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**systemctl start draginofwd** 90 + 91 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**systemctl stop draginofwd** 92 + 93 + 94 +== 2.2 How to clone Complete OS on the EMMC to SD card == 95 + 96 +== 2.3 How to flash SD card to (eMMC) device's built-in Memory == 97 + 98 +=== 2.3.1 Prepare an SD card with OS === 99 + 100 + 101 + (% style="background-color:yellow" %)//**Preparations:**// 102 + 103 +//1. Prepare an SD card and a card reader device// 104 + 105 +//2. Formatting the SD card (Make sure the SD card is empty)// 106 + 107 +3. //Download the OS image from the **[[release.image>>url:http://repo.dragino.com/release/hp0c-image/]]**: ( File format **dragino-lps8v2-1.7.img** )// 108 + 109 +4. //A Flash software tool ( Such as v1.7.9 from **[[balenaEtcher>>url:https://www.balena.io/etcher/]]** )// 110 + 111 +5. //SD Card **[[formatter>>url:http://repo.dragino.com/release/tool/PanasonicSDFormatter.zip]]**// 112 + 113 + 114 +==== Step 1. Formatting the SD Card ==== 115 + 116 +[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609111027-9.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609111027-9.png" height="318" width="292"]] 117 + 118 + 119 +==== Step 2. Select the OS image ==== 120 + 121 +[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609104907-8.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609104907-8.png" height="435" width="689"]] 122 + 123 + 124 +==== Step 3. Select the target ==== 125 + 126 +[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609104637-2.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609104637-2.png" height="436" width="690"]] 127 + 128 +[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609104701-3.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609104701-3.png" height="436" width="690"]] 129 + 130 + 131 +==== Step 4. Flash start ==== 132 + 133 +[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609104727-4.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609104727-4.png" height="435" width="689"]] 134 + 135 +[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0D/WebHome/image-20220609104741-5.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220609104741-5.png" height="434" width="687"]] 136 + 137 + 138 + 139 +=== 2.3.2 Flash SD card to device's eMMC === 140 + 141 + 142 +//1. Open the device's enclosure, and put the SD card into the SD card slot// 143 + 144 +//2. After the device is powered on, use the serial port or gateway ip address to access the CLI of the gateway.// 145 + 146 +//3. Login and run the below command to flash.// 147 + 148 + 149 +//The following are two methods for accessing the gateway CLI~:// 150 + 151 + 152 +**Method1. Use the serial port USB to access the gateway CLI** 153 + 154 +//For more information about how to access gateway using serial USB, see this link~:// 155 + 156 +[[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0C/#H6.HowuserscanaccessLPS8-V2usingserialUSB>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/HP0C/#H6.HowuserscanaccessLPS8-V2usingserialUSB]] 157 + 158 + 159 +**Method2. Use the IP address to access the gateway CLI** 160 + 161 +//Users can access the gateway CLI via the SSH protocol. Make sure your PC and the gateway are connected to the same network, then use a SSH tool (such as [[putty>>url:http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~~sgtatham/putty/download.html]] in Windows) to access it.// 162 + 163 + 164 +IP address: IP address of gateway or **Fallback IP**(172.31.255.254) 165 + 166 +Port: 22 167 + 168 +User Name: (% style="color:blue" %)**root** 169 + 170 +Password: (% style="color:blue" %)**dragino**(%%) (default) 171 + 172 +//After logging in, you will be in the gateway CLI and can enter commands as shown below.// 173 + 174 + 175 +[[image:image-20230508155357-1.png||height="225" width="634"]] 176 + 177 + 178 +**Run command:** 179 + 180 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**nand-sata-install** 181 + 182 + 183 +[[image:image-20220602112051-1.png]] 184 + 185 + 186 + 187 +Select the (% style="color:red" %)**"Boot from eMMC - system on eMMC".** 188 + 189 +[[image:image-20220602112058-2.png||height="292" width="646"]] 190 + 191 + 192 +[[image:image-20220602112106-3.png||height="301" width="643"]] 193 + 194 + 195 + 196 +Select the (% style="color:red" %)**"1 ext4"** 197 + 198 +[[image:image-20220602112113-4.png||height="271" width="642"]] 199 + 200 + 201 + 202 +It takes 4-5 minutes to burn from SD card to eMMC 203 + 204 +[[image:image-20220602112119-5.png||height="309" width="641"]] 205 + 206 + 207 +[[image:image-20220602112125-6.png||height="281" width="640"]] 208 + 209 + 210 +[[image:image-20220602112131-7.png||height="241" width="638"]] 211 + 212 + 213 +(% style="color:red" %)**Note: After the flash is complete, power off the device and then remove the SD card.** 214 + 215 + 216 +== 2.4 Default Built Version == 217 + 218 + 219 +[[image:image-20220902155621-1.png]] 220 + 221 + 222 +== 2.5 How to upgrade the nodejs version to the latest. == 223 + 224 + 225 +By default, the nodejs uses the pre-install version v12 which is due to Debian the ultra-stable via ultra-old. 226 + 227 +[[image:image-20221112145029-2.png]] 228 + 229 +**If you want to upgrade the nodejs to the latest, please follow to use these commands on the gateway CIL.** 230 + 231 + 232 +#install n, which is an Interactively Manage Your Node.js Versions 233 + 234 +[[image:image-20221112154230-3.png||height="89" width="689"]] 235 + 25 25 (% class="box infomessage" %) 26 26 ((( 27 - git clone https:~/~/github.com/dragino/dragino_fwd_src.git238 +**npm install -g n** 28 28 ))) 29 29 30 -[[image:image-20220527151010-1.png]] 31 31 242 +#Install the latest LTS Node.js release (downloading if necessary) 32 32 33 - === Step2.Compile dragino_fwd==244 +[[image:image-20221112154418-4.png||height="184" width="893"]] 34 34 246 +(% class="box infomessage" %) 247 +((( 248 +**n lts** 249 +))) 35 35 36 -After cloning is complete, Run the command starts compiling: 37 37 252 +#Remove all downloaded versions except the installed version 253 + 254 +[[image:image-20221112154456-5.png||height="139" width="899"]] 255 + 38 38 (% class="box infomessage" %) 39 39 ((( 40 -Compile HP0D/rasspberrypi fwd: ./hp0z-make-deb.sh d 41 -Compile HP0C/HP0A fwd: ./hp0z-make-deb.sh c 258 +**n prune** 42 42 ))) 43 43 44 -The following example compilers HP0C fwd. 45 45 46 -[[image:image-20220527153913-3.png]] 262 +(% class="box infomessage" %) 263 +((( 264 +**apt remove nodejs -y && apt autoremove -y && reboot** 265 +))) 47 47 48 48 49 - **Whenthe compilation is completea draginofwd-*.deb package is generated.**268 +Check the current version 50 50 51 -[[image:image-2022 0527154311-4.png||height="385" width="773"]]270 +[[image:image-20221112154724-6.png]] 52 52 272 +(% class="box infomessage" %) 273 +((( 274 +**node -v** 275 +))) 53 53 54 -=== Step 3. Install the dragino_fwd === 55 55 278 +== 2.6 How to install Grafana and influxdb == 56 56 57 -Run command: 58 58 281 +=== **Grafana:** === 282 + 283 + 59 59 (% class="box infomessage" %) 60 60 ((( 61 -dpkg -i draginofwd-*.deb 286 +curl https:~/~/packages.grafana.com/gpg.key | gpg ~-~-dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/grafana-archive-keyrings.gpg >/dev/null 287 +echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/grafana-archive-keyrings.gpg] https:~/~/packages.grafana.com/oss/deb stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/grafana.list 288 +apt update && apt install grafana 62 62 ))) 63 63 64 -[[image:image-20220527154811-5.png]] 65 65 292 +Check the running status: 66 66 67 -=== Step 4. Test === 68 68 295 +(% class="box infomessage" %) 296 +((( 297 +systemctl status grafana-server 298 +))) 69 69 70 -Check the dragino_fwd log: 71 71 301 +configuration path: 302 + 303 + 72 72 (% class="box infomessage" %) 73 73 ((( 74 - journalctl -u draginofwd -f306 +/etc/grafana/grafana.ini 75 75 ))) 76 76 77 -[[image:image-20220527165221-7.png||height="182" width="931"]] 78 78 79 - Start/stopdragino_fwd via systemctl:310 +=== **Influxdb:** === 80 80 312 + 81 81 (% class="box infomessage" %) 82 82 ((( 83 -systemctl start draginofwd 84 -systemctl stop draginofwd 315 +curl https:~/~/repos.influxdata.com/influxdb.key | gpg ~-~-dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/influxdb-archive-keyring.gpg >/dev/null 316 +echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/influxdb-archive-keyring.gpg] https:~/~/repos.influxdata.com/debian $(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/influxdb.list 317 +apt update && apt install influxdb 85 85 ))) 86 86 87 -== How to flash SD card to eMMC == 88 88 321 +Check the running status: 89 89 90 -Run command: 91 91 92 92 (% class="box infomessage" %) 93 93 ((( 94 - nand-sata-install326 +systemctl status influxdb 95 95 ))) 96 96 97 -[[image:image-20220602112051-1.png]] 98 98 330 +configuration path: 99 99 100 -Select the "Boot from eMMC - system on eMMC" 101 101 102 -[[image:image-20220602112058-2.png||height="292" width="646"]] 333 +(% class="box infomessage" %) 334 +((( 335 +/etc/influxdb/influxdb.conf 336 +))) 103 103 104 -[[image:image-20220602112106-3.png||height="301" width="643"]] 105 105 339 += 3. Package Management = 106 106 107 - Selectthe"1ext4"341 +== 3.1 Default Package Maintain System == 108 108 109 - [[image:image-20220602112113-4.png||height="271"width="642"]]343 +=== 3.1.1 How Package-Auto-Update works? === 110 110 111 111 112 - It takes4-5minutes toburnfromSDcardto eMMC346 +By default, LPS8v2 / MS20 series products have an auto-update feature for main packages. The device will connect to Dragino's auto-update server and check for updates. 113 113 114 -[[image:image-20220602112119-5.png||height="309" width="641"]] 115 115 116 - [[image:image-20220602112125-6.png||height="281"width="640"]]349 +(% style="color:blue" %)**When devices will check for updates**? 117 117 118 -[[image:image-20220602112131-7.png||height="241" width="638"]] 351 +* Devices will check for updates for every boot. 352 +* Devices will check for updates on every day midnight. 119 119 354 +(% style="color:blue" %)**What packages will be checked for updates**? 120 120 121 - (% style="color:red" %)**Note: Afterthe flashis complete, power offthedeviceandthenremovetheSDcard.**356 +dragino-httpd ~-~- Main Web UI http configuration 122 122 358 +dragino-sid ~-~- SN write and read tool 123 123 124 - == HowtocloneCompleteOSontheEMMCtoSDcard ==360 +dragino-ui ~-~- Gateway Web UI package 125 125 362 +draginofwd ~-~- UDP packet forwarder, LoRa Base Station 126 126 364 +draginoups ~-~- Miscellaneous between different versions 365 + 366 + 367 + 368 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Location and changelog for packages**: 369 + 370 +* Location: http:~/~/repo.dragino.com/release/tool/ 371 +* Changelog: [[http:~~/~~/repo.dragino.com/release/tool/Readme_HP0.txt>>http://repo.dragino.com/release/tool/Readme_HP0.txt]] 372 + 373 +(% style="color:blue" %)**How to view auto-updated log** 374 + 375 +You can view the log on the page of (% style="color:#037691" %)**System ~-~-> Package Management.** 376 + 377 + 378 +[[image:1661305025451-220.png]] 379 + 380 + 381 + 382 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Can I disable package-auto-update?** 383 + 384 +You can check the checkbox and click the(% style="color:red" %)** ‘SAVE’ **(%%)button to enable or disable the auto-update. 385 + 386 + 387 +[[image:1661305258501-636.png]] 388 + 389 + 390 +=== 3.1.2 How to manually update core packages? === 391 + 392 + 393 +You can click the (% style="color:red" %)**‘Manual Update’**(%%) to update the dragino's packages. 394 + 395 + 396 +[[image:1661305328295-218.png]] 397 + 398 + 399 +=== 3.1.3 How to manually update other packages? === 400 + 401 + 402 +For the other packages, you have to access the device's CLI to do it via the apt command. 403 + 404 + 405 +== 3.2 Set up a 3^^rd^^ party package maintain server == 406 + 407 +=== 3.2.1 Overview === 408 + 409 + 410 +Customers can use their own package maintenance system instead of using the default one from Dragino. They need to set up a package maintenance system for Debian. Lots of instructions are available in Internet, below is a reference instruction. 411 + 412 + 413 +=== 3.2.2 Install Apache2 HTTP server === 414 + 415 + 416 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**apt install apache2** 417 + 418 + 419 +=== 3.2.3 Creating Package Directories === 420 + 421 + 422 +**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)cd /var/www/html/(%%)** 423 + 424 +**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)mkdir debian/release/dists/stable/main/binary-armhf/ -p(%%)** 425 + 426 +**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)mkdir debian/release/pool/main/d/dragino/ -p(%%)** 427 + 428 + 429 +**Tree Structure:** 430 + 431 +(% style="color:red" %)**Note: If you are not familiar with updating servers, most directory names are not recommended to be changed.** 432 + 433 + 434 +└── debian 435 + 436 + └── release 437 + 438 + ├── dists 439 + 440 + │ └── stable 441 + 442 + │ └── main 443 + 444 + │ └── binary-armhf 445 + 446 + └── pool 447 + 448 + └── main 449 + 450 + └── d 451 + 452 + └── dragino ~-~-> (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**This is the directory to store the packages. User can change it to other name.** 453 + 454 + 455 +=== 3.2.4 Get deb packages === 456 + 457 + 458 +The deb packages for auto-update can be placed in** (% style="color:blue" %)/var/www/html/debian/release/pool/main/d/dragino/(%%)** 459 + 460 +Below is an example package(testing-0808.deb) for test purpose: 461 + 462 + 463 +**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)wget http:~/~/repo.dragino.com/release/tool/unimportant/testing-0808.deb(%%)** 464 + 465 +**~ (% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)cp ./testing-0808.deb /var/www/html/debian/release/pool/main/d/dragino/(%%)** 466 + 467 + 468 +=== 3.2.5 Generate Package Index file === 469 + 470 + 471 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**cd /var/www/html/debian/release/** 472 + 473 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**dpkg-scanpackages pool/ > dists/stable/main/binary-armhf/Packages** 474 + 475 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**cat dists/stable/main/binary-armhf/Packages | gzip -9 > dists/stable/main/binary-armhf/Packages.gz** 476 + 477 + 478 +(% style="color:red" %)**Note: Every time a package has been update, above comments need to be executed in the server to get the up-to-date package list.** 479 + 480 + 481 +=== 3.2.6 Generate Release file === 482 + 483 + 484 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Create the generated script:**(%%) ==== 485 + 486 + 487 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**cd /var/www/html/debian/release/dists/stable** 488 + 489 + 490 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**wget [[http:~~/~~/repo.dragino.com/release/tool/unimportant/generate-release.sh>>url:http://repo.dragino.com/release/tool/unimportant/generate-release.sh]]** 491 + 492 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**chmod + x ./generate-release.sh** 493 + 494 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**./generate-release.sh > Release** 495 + 496 + 497 +=== 3.2.7 Sign the Release file with gpg and generating Inrelease file === 498 + 499 + 500 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Make sure auto-update server has gnupg**(%%) ==== 501 + 502 + 503 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**apt install gnupg** 504 + 505 + 506 + 507 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**generate gpg key**(%%) ==== 508 + 509 + 510 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**gpg -gen-key** 511 + 512 + 513 +(% style="color:red" %)**Note: Fill in the content as required and remember the name and email address.** 514 + 515 + 516 + 517 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Check the gen-key**(%%) ==== 518 + 519 + 520 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**gen -list-key** 521 + 522 + 523 + 524 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Generate the release.gpg**(%%) ==== 525 + 526 + 527 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**cd /var/www/html/debian/release/dists/stable** 528 + 529 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**gpg ~-~-armor ~-~-detach-sign -o Release.gpg Release** 530 + 531 + 532 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**gpg ~-~-clearsign -o InRelease Release** 533 + 534 + 535 + 536 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Generate the public key**(%%) ==== 537 + 538 + 539 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**gpg ~-~-armor ~-~-output <name>.asc ~-~-export <email address>** 540 + 541 + 542 +**example: gpg ~-~-armor ~-~-output xiao.asc ~-~-export **[[xiaoye@dragino.cc>>mailto:xiaoye@dragino.cc]] 543 + 544 + 545 + 546 +=== 3.2.8 Add url as apt source in LPS8v2 / MS20 === 547 + 548 + 549 + 550 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Add the public key**(%%) ==== 551 + 552 + 553 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**cp xiao.asc /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/** 554 + 555 + 556 +(% style="color:red" %)**Note: First need to transfer the public key from auto-update server to device.** 557 + 558 + 559 + 560 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Add the apt source list**(%%) ==== 561 + 562 + 563 +Add the apt source list url and name this as test_server.list 564 + 565 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**echo "deb http:~/~/<IP_address or hostname>/debian/release stable main" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/test_server.list** 566 + 567 + 568 + 569 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Validate the apt repository**(%%) ==== 570 + 571 + 572 +Get and install the testing package (download testing-0808.deb and test) 573 + 574 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**apt update && apt install testing** 575 + 576 + 577 +Example output: 578 + 579 +[[image:1661306420449-569.png]] 580 + 581 + 582 +=== 3.2.9 Configure the gateway's auto-upgrade rules === 583 + 584 + 585 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Remove dragino apt source**(%%) ==== 586 + 587 + 588 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**/etc/apt/sources.list** 589 + 590 + 591 +[[image:1661306460134-112.png]] 592 + 593 + 594 + 595 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Set up automatic updates**(%%) ==== 596 + 597 + 598 +(% style="background-color:yellow; color:green" %)**Path : /usr/lib/dragino/dragino-apt-updates** 599 + 600 + 601 +The device performs automatic updates from this script, 602 + 603 +But it will now only look for dragino as a keyword, so you need to replace the keyword dragino with your own keyword. 604 + 605 + 606 +[[image:1661306487761-768.png]] 607 + 608 + 127 127
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