Changes for page RS485-LN – RS485 to LoRaWAN Converter User Manual

Last modified by Bei Jinggeng on 2025/01/16 11:36

From version < 64.1 >

edited by Edwin Chen
on 2022/07/03 07:50

To version < 102.5 >

edited by Xiaoling
on 2023/04/25 11:00

Change comment: There is no comment for this version

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--XWiki.Edwin
++XWiki.Xiaoling

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--
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--
  **Table of Contents:**
  {{toc/}}
@@ -33,44 +33,32 @@
--= 1.Introduction =
++= 1. Introduction =
  == 1.1 What is RS485-LN RS485 to LoRaWAN Converter ==
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--
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  The Dragino RS485-LN is a (% style="color:blue" %)**RS485 to LoRaWAN Converter**(%%). It converts the RS485 signal into LoRaWAN wireless signal which simplify the IoT installation and reduce the installation/maintaining cost.
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  RS485-LN allows user to (% style="color:blue" %)**monitor / control RS485 devices**(%%) and reach extremely long ranges. It provides ultra-long range spread spectrum communication and high interference immunity whilst minimizing current consumption. It targets professional wireless sensor network applications such as irrigation systems, smart metering, smart cities, smartphone detection, building automation, and so on.
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  (% style="color:blue" %)**For data uplink**(%%), RS485-LN sends user-defined commands to RS485 devices and gets the return from the RS485 devices. RS485-LN will process these returns according to user-define rules to get the final payload and upload to LoRaWAN server.
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  (% style="color:blue" %)**For data downlink**(%%), RS485-LN runs in LoRaWAN Class C. When there downlink commands from LoRaWAN server, RS485-LN will forward the commands from LoRaWAN server to RS485 devices.
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  (% style="color:blue" %)**Demo Dashboard for RS485-LN**(%%) connect to two energy meters: [[https:~~/~~/app.datacake.de/dashboard/d/58844a26-378d-4c5a-aaf5-b5b5b153447a>>url:https://app.datacake.de/dashboard/d/58844a26-378d-4c5a-aaf5-b5b5b153447a]]
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  (% aria-label="1653267211009-519.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1653267211009-519.png||data-widget="image" height="419" width="724"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
@@ -77,20 +77,20 @@
  == 1.2 Specifications ==
--**Hardware System:**
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**Hardware System:**
--* STM32L072CZT6 MCU
++* STM32L072xxxx MCU
  * SX1276/78 Wireless Chip
  * Power Consumption (exclude RS485 device):
  ** Idle: 32mA@12v
  ** 20dB Transmit: 65mA@12v
--**Interface for Model:**
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**Interface for Model:**
  * RS485
  * Power Input 7~~ 24V DC.
--**LoRa Spec:**
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**LoRa Spec:**
  * Frequency Range:
  ** Band 1 (HF): 862 ~~ 1020 Mhz
@@ -113,8 +113,9 @@
  == 1.3 Features ==
++
  * LoRaWAN Class A & Class C protocol (default Class C)
--* Frequency Bands: CN470/EU433/KR920/US915/EU868/AS923/AU915/IN865/RU864
++* Frequency Bands: CN470/EU433/KR920/US915/EU868/AS923/AU915/IN865/RU864/MA869
  * AT Commands to change parameters
  * Remote configure parameters via LoRa Downlink
  * Firmware upgradable via program port
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@
  == 1.4 Applications ==
++
  * Smart Buildings & Home Automation
  * Logistics and Supply Chain Management
  * Smart Metering
@@ -133,11 +133,13 @@
  == 1.5 Firmware Change log ==
++
  [[RS485-LN Image files – Download link and Change log>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=RS485-LN/]]
  == 1.6 Hardware Change log ==
++
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@@ -154,6 +154,7 @@
  = 2. Power ON Device =
++
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  The RS485-LN can be powered by 7 ~~ 24V DC power source. Connection as below
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@
  == 3.1 How it works? ==
++
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  The RS485-LN is configured as LoRaWAN OTAA Class C mode by default. It has OTAA keys to join network. To connect a local LoRaWAN network, user just need to input the OTAA keys in the network server and power on the RS485-LN. It will auto join the network via OTAA.
@@ -183,8 +183,10 @@
  == 3.2 Example to join LoRaWAN network ==
++
  Here shows an example for how to join the TTN V3 Network. Below is the network structure, we use [[LG308>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/140-lg308.html]] as LoRaWAN gateway here.
++
  (% aria-label="1653268155545-638.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1653268155545-638.png||data-widget="image" height="334" width="724"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
@@ -195,6 +195,8 @@
  (((
 A+ and 485B- of the sensor are connected to RS485A and RA485B of RS485-LN respectively.
++
++
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  (% aria-label="1653268227651-549.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1653268227651-549.png||data-widget="image" height="592" width="720"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
@@ -202,6 +202,8 @@
  (((
  The LG308 is already set to connect to [[TTN V3 network >>path:https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/]]. So what we need to now is only configure the TTN V3:
++
++
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@@ -219,6 +219,8 @@
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  User can enter this key in their LoRaWAN Server portal. Below is TTN V3 screen shot:
++
++
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@@ -232,8 +232,11 @@
  (% aria-label="image-20220519174512-3.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220519174512-3.png||data-widget="image" height="556" width="724"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
--(% aria-label="image-20220519174512-4.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220519174512-4.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++(% aria-label="image-20220519174512-4.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220519174512-4.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]]
++
++(% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++
  You can also choose to create the device manually.
  (% aria-label="1652953542269-423.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1652953542269-423.png||data-widget="image" height="710" width="723"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
@@ -245,8 +245,11 @@
  (% aria-label="1652953553383-907.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1652953553383-907.png||data-widget="image" height="514" width="724"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++
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  (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**(%%): Power on RS485-LN and it will auto join to the TTN V3 network. After join success, it will start to upload message to TTN V3 and user can see in the panel.
++
++
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  (% aria-label="1652953568895-172.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1652953568895-172.png||data-widget="image" height="232" width="724"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
@@ -254,16 +254,19 @@
  == 3.3 Configure Commands to read data ==
++
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  There are plenty of RS485 devices in the market and each device has different command to read the valid data. To support these devices in flexible, RS485-LN supports flexible command set. User can use [[AT Commands>>||anchor="H3.5ConfigureRS485-LNviaATorDownlink"]] or LoRaWAN Downlink Command to configure what commands RS485-LN should send for each sampling and how to handle the return from RS485 devices.
++
++
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--(% style="color:red" %)Note: below description and commands are for firmware version >v1.1, if you have firmware version v1.0. Please check the [[user manual v1.0>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=RS485-LN/&file=RS485-LN_UserManual_v1.0.1.pdf]] or upgrade the firmware to v1.1
++(% style="color:red" %)**Note: below description and commands are for firmware version >v1.1, if you have firmware version v1.0. Please check the [[user manual v1.0>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=RS485-LN/&file=RS485-LN_UserManual_v1.0.1.pdf]] or upgrade the firmware to v1.1**
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@@ -270,21 +270,23 @@
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--=== 3.3.1 onfigure UART settings for RS485 or TTL communication ===
++=== 3.3.1 Configure UART settings for RS485 or TTL communication ===
++
  To use RS485-LN to read data from RS485 sensors, connect the RS485-LN A/B traces to the sensors. And user need to make sure RS485-LN use the match UART setting to access the sensors. The related commands for UART settings are:
--(% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:510px" %)
--|=(% style="width: 110px;" %)(((
++
++(% border="1" cellspacing="5" style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:510px" %)
++|=(% style="width: 119px; background-color: rgb(217, 226, 243); color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" %)(((
  **AT Commands**
--)))|=(% style="width: 190px;" %)(((
++)))|=(% style="width: 116px; background-color: rgb(217, 226, 243); color: rgb(0, 112, 192);" %)(((
  **Description**
--)))|=(% style="width: 190px;" %)(((
++)))|=(% style="width: 190px;background-color:#D9E2F3;color:#0070C0" %)(((
  **Example**
  )))
--|(% style="width:110px" %)(((
++|(% style="width:119px" %)(((
  AT+BAUDR
--)))|(% style="width:190px" %)(((
++)))|(% style="width:116px" %)(((
  Set the baud rate (for RS485 connection). Default Value is: 9600.
  )))|(% style="width:190px" %)(((
  (((
@@ -295,9 +295,9 @@
  Options: (1200,2400,4800,14400,19200,115200)
  )))
  )))
--|(% style="width:110px" %)(((
++|(% style="width:119px" %)(((
  AT+PARITY
--)))|(% style="width:190px" %)(((
++)))|(% style="width:116px" %)(((
  Set UART parity (for RS485 connection)
  )))|(% style="width:190px" %)(((
  (((
@@ -308,9 +308,9 @@
  Option: 0: no parity, 1: odd parity, 2: even parity
  )))
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--|(% style="width:110px" %)(((
++|(% style="width:119px" %)(((
  AT+STOPBIT
--)))|(% style="width:190px" %)(((
++)))|(% style="width:116px" %)(((
  (((
  Set serial stopbit (for RS485 connection)
  )))
@@ -334,15 +334,18 @@
  === 3.3.2 Configure sensors ===
++
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--Some sensors might need to configure before normal operation. User can configure such sensor via PC and RS485 adapter or through RS485-LN AT Commands (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**AT+CFGDEV**(%%). Each (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**AT+CFGDEV **(%%)equals to send a RS485 command to sensors. This command will only run when user input it and won’t run during each sampling.
++Some sensors might need to configure before normal operation. User can configure such sensor via PC and RS485 adapter or through RS485-LN AT Commands (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**AT+CFGDEV**(%%). Each (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**AT+CFGDEV **(%%)equals to send a RS485 command to sensors. This command will only run when user input it and won't run during each sampling.
++
++
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--(% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:510px" %)
--|=(% style="width: 110px;" %)**AT Commands**|=(% style="width: 190px;" %)**Description**|=(% style="width: 190px;" %)**Example**
--|AT+CFGDEV|(% style="width:110px" %)(((
++(% border="1" cellspacing="5" style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:510px" %)
++|=(% style="width: 122px; background-color:#D9E2F3;color:#0070C0" %)**AT Commands**|=(% style="width: 198px; background-color:#D9E2F3;color:#0070C0" %)**Description**|=(% style="width: 190px;background-color:#D9E2F3;color:#0070C0" %)**Example**
++|(% style="width:122px" %)AT+CFGDEV|(% style="width:196px" %)(((
  (((
  This command is used to configure the RS485/TTL devices; they won’t be used during sampling.
  )))
@@ -358,6 +358,7 @@
  === 3.3.3 Configure read commands for each sampling ===
++
  (((
  During each sampling, we need confirm what commands we need to send to the RS485 sensors to read data. After the RS485 sensors send back the value, it normally include some bytes and we only need a few from them for a shorten payload.
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@
  (% style="color:#037691" %)**Each RS485 commands include two parts:**
++
  ~1. What commands RS485-LN will send to the RS485 sensors. There are total 15 commands from **AT+COMMAD1**, **ATCOMMAND2**,…, to **AT+COMMANDF**. All commands are of same grammar.
 . How to get wanted value the from RS485 sensors returns from by 1). There are total 15 AT Commands to handle the return, commands are **AT+DATACUT1**,**AT+DATACUT2**,…, **AT+DATACUTF** corresponding to the commands from 1). All commands are of same grammar.
@@ -384,9 +384,9 @@
  (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+COMMANDx **(%%)**: **This command will be sent to RS485 devices during each sampling, Max command length is 14 bytes. The grammar is:
--(% border="1" style="background-color:#4bacc6; color:white; width:499px" %)
++(% border="1" style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:499px" %)
  |(% style="width:496px" %)(((
--(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+COMMANDx=xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx,m**
++**AT+COMMANDx=xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx,m**
  **xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx: The RS485 command to be sent**
@@ -398,9 +398,9 @@
  In the RS485-LN, we should use this command AT+COMMAND1=01 03 0B B8 00 02,1 for the same.
--(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DATACUTx **(%%)**: **This command defines how to handle the return from AT+COMMANDx, max return length is 45 bytes.
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DATACUTx **(%%)**: **This command defines how to handle the return from AT+COMMANDx, max return length is 100 bytes.
--(% border="1" style="background-color:#4bacc6; color:white; width:510px" %)
++(% border="1" style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:510px" %)
  |(% style="width:510px" %)(((
  **AT+DATACUTx=a,b,c**
@@ -411,26 +411,29 @@
  **Examples:**
++
  * (% style="color:#037691" %)**Grab bytes**
  (% aria-label="image-20220602153621-1.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602153621-1.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++
  * (% style="color:#037691" %)**Grab a section**
  (% aria-label="image-20220602153621-2.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602153621-2.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++
  * (% style="color:#037691" %)**Grab different sections**
  (% aria-label="image-20220602153621-3.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602153621-3.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
--
  )))
  === 3.3.4 Compose the uplink payload ===
++
  (((
  Through AT+COMMANDx and AT+DATACUTx we got valid value from each RS485 commands, Assume these valid value are RETURN1, RETURN2, .., to RETURNx. The next step is how to compose the LoRa Uplink Payload by these RETURNs. The command is **AT+DATAUP.**
@@ -448,18 +448,16 @@
  )))
  (((
--Final Payload is
++Final Payload is (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Battery Info+PAYVER + VALID Value from RETURN1 + Valid Value from RETURN2 + … + RETURNx**
  )))
  (((
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Battery Info+PAYVER + VALID Value from RETURN1 + Valid Value from RETURN2 + … + RETURNx**
--)))
--
--(((
  Where PAYVER is defined by AT+PAYVER, below is an example screen shot.
++
++
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--(% aria-label="1653269759169-150.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1653269759169-150.png||data-widget="image" height="513" width="716"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++[[image:image-20220929111027-1.png||height="509" width="685"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
  (% style="color:#037691" %)**Examples: AT+DATAUP=1**
@@ -467,16 +467,18 @@
  Compose the uplink payload with value returns in sequence and send with (% style="color:red" %)**Multiply UPLINKs**.
--Final Payload is
++Final Payload is (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**PAYVER + PAYLOAD COUNT + PAYLOAD# + DATA**
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Battery Info+PAYVER + PAYLOAD COUNT + PAYLOAD# + DATA**
++~1. PAYVER: Defined by AT+PAYVER
--1. PAYVER: Defined by AT+PAYVER
--1. PAYLOAD COUNT: Total how many uplinks of this sampling.
--1. PAYLOAD#: Number of this uplink. (from 0,1,2,3…,to PAYLOAD COUNT)
--1. DATA: Valid value: max 8 bytes for each uplink so each uplink <= 11 bytes. For the last uplink, DATA will might less than 8 bytes
++2. PAYLOAD COUNT: Total how many uplinks of this sampling.
++3. PAYLOAD#: Number of this uplink. (from 0,1,2,3…,to PAYLOAD COUNT)
++
++4. DATA: Valid value: max 8 bytes for each uplink so each uplink <= 11 bytes. For the last uplink, DATA will might less than 8 bytes
++
++
  (% aria-label="image-20220602155039-4.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602155039-4.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
@@ -489,8 +489,9 @@
  DATA3=the rest of Valid value of RETURN10= **30**
--(% style="color:red" %)Notice: In firmware v1.3, the Max bytes has been changed according to the max bytes in different Frequency Bands for lowest SF. As below:
++(% style="color:red" %)**Notice: In firmware v1.3, the Max bytes has been changed according to the max bytes in different Frequency Bands for lowest SF. As below:**
++
     ~* For AU915/AS923 bands, if UplinkDwell time=0, max 51 bytes for each uplink.
     * For AU915/AS923 bands, if UplinkDwell time=0, max 11 bytes for each uplink.
@@ -500,28 +500,36 @@
     ~* For all other bands: max 51 bytes for each uplink.
++(% style="color:red" %)** When AT+DATAUP=1, the maximum number of segments is 15, and the maximum total number of bytes is 1500;**
++
++(% style="color:red" %)** When AT+DATAUP=1 and AT+ADR=0, the maximum number of bytes of each payload is determined by the DR value. (Since v1.4.0)**
++
++
++
  Below are the uplink payloads:
++
  (% aria-label="1654157178836-407.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1654157178836-407.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
--
  === 3.3.5 Uplink on demand ===
++
  Except uplink periodically, RS485-LN is able to uplink on demand. The server send downlink command to RS485-LN and RS485 will uplink data base on the command.
--Downlink control command:
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink control command:**
--**0x08 command**: Poll an uplink with current command set in RS485-LN.
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0x08 command**(%%): Poll an uplink with current command set in RS485-LN.
--**0xA8 command**: Send a command to RS485-LN and uplink the output from sensors.
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0xA8 command**(%%): Send a command to RS485-LN and uplink the output from sensors.
--
  === 3.3.6 Uplink on Interrupt ===
++
  RS485-LN support external Interrupt uplink since hardware v1.2 release.
++
  (% aria-label="1654157342174-798.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1654157342174-798.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
  Connect the Interrupt pin to RS485-LN INT port and connect the GND pin to V- port. When there is a high voltage (Max 24v) on INT pin. Device will send an uplink packet.
@@ -530,13 +530,34 @@
  == 3.4 Uplink Payload ==
--(% aria-label="image-20220606110929-1.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220606110929-1.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++(% border="1" cellspacing="5" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:500px" %)
++|=(% scope="row" style="width: 60px;" %)(((
++Size(bytes)
++)))|(% style="width:80px" %)1|(% style="width:360px" %)(((
++Length depends on the return from the commands
++)))
++|=(% style="width: 90px;" %)(((
++Value
++)))|(% style="width:114px" %)(((
++PAYLOAD_VER
++)))|(% style="width:353px" %)(((
++If the valid payload is too long and exceed the maximum
++support payload length in server, server will show payload not
++
++provided in the LoRaWAN server.
++)))
++
++(% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]]
++
++(% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++
  Below is the decoder for the first 3 bytes. The rest bytes are dynamic depends on different RS485 sensors.
  == 3.5 Configure RS485-LN via AT or Downlink ==
++
  (((
  User can configure RS485-LN via AT Commands or LoRaWAN Downlink Commands
  )))
@@ -560,35 +560,39 @@
  === 3.5.1 Common Commands ===
++
  They should be available for each of Dragino Sensors, such as: change uplink interval, reset device. For firmware v1.3, user can find what common commands it supports: [[End Device AT Commands and Downlink Command>>doc:Main.End Device AT Commands and Downlink Command.WebHome]]
--=== 3.5.2 Sensor related commands ===
++=== 3.5.2 Downlink Response(Since firmware v1.4) ===
++
  Response feature is added to the server's downlink, a special package with a FPort of 200 will be uploaded immediately after receiving the data sent by the server.
--(% aria-label="image-20220602163333-5.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602163333-5.png||data-widget="image" height="263" width="1160"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
--The first byte of this package represents whether the configuration is successful, 00 represents failure, 01 represents success. Except for the first byte, the other is the previous downlink. (All commands except A8 type commands are applicable)
++(% aria-label="image-20220602163333-5.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602163333-5.png||data-widget="image" height="263" width="1160"]]
++(% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++The first byte of this package represents whether the configuration is successful, 00 represents failure, 01 represents success. Except for the first byte, the other is the previous downlink. (All commands except A8 type commands are applicable)
++
  === 3.5.3 Sensor related commands ===
--
  ==== (% style="color:blue" %)**RS485 Debug Command**(%%) ====
++
  (((
--This command is used to configure the RS485 devices; they won’t be used during sampling.
++This command is used to configure the RS485 devices; they won't be used during sampling. Max Length of AT+CFGDEV is **40 bytes**.
  )))
--* (((
--(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command**
++(((
++* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command**
  (((
--**AT+CFGDEV=xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx,m**           m: 0: no CRC, 1: add CRC-16/MODBUS in the end of this command
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+CFGDEV=xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx,m**  (%%)         m: 0: no CRC, 1: add CRC-16/MODBUS in the end of this command
  )))
  )))
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@
  )))
  (((
--Format: A8 MM NN XX XX XX XX YY
++Format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** A8 MM NN XX XX XX XX YY**
  )))
  (((
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@
  (((
--**Example 1**    ~-~-> Configure without ask for uplink (YY=0)
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Example 1:**  (%%)  ~-~-> Configure without ask for uplink (YY=0)
  )))
  (((
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@
  )))
  (((
--**Example 2**        ~-~-> Configure with requesting uplink and original downlink command (**YY=FF**)
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Example 2:**  (%%)      ~-~-> Configure with requesting uplink and original downlink command (**YY=FF**)
  )))
  (((
@@ -699,37 +699,51 @@
--
  ==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Set Payload version**(%%) ====
++
  (((
  This is the first byte of the uplink payload. RS485-LN can connect to different sensors. User can set the PAYVER field to tell server how to decode the current payload.
  )))
--* (((
--(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command:**
++(((
++* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command:**
--**AT+PAYVER:    **Set PAYVER field = 1
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+PAYVER:    ** (%%) Set PAYVER field = 1
  )))
++
  * (((
  (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Payload:**
  )))
  (((
--**0xAE 01**   ~-~->     Set PAYVER field =  0x01
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0xAE 01** (%%)   ~-~->     Set PAYVER field =  0x01
  )))
  (((
--**0xAE 0F**   ~-~->     Set PAYVER field =  0x0F
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0xAE 0F**   (%%) ~-~->     Set PAYVER field =  0x0F
  )))
++**1 )  Add the interrupt flag at the highest bit of the Payver byte, that is, Byte7 of the first byte. (Since v1.4.0)**
++[[image:image-20220824145428-2.png||height="168" width="1300"]]
++
++
++
++**2 )  if the data intercepted by AT+DATACUT or AT+MBFUN is empty, it will display NULL, and the payload will be filled with n FFs.**
++
++
++[[image:image-20220824145428-3.png||height="308" width="1200"]]
++
++
++
  ==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Set RS485 Sampling Commands**(%%) ====
++
  (((
  AT+COMMANDx or AT+DATACUTx
  )))
@@ -746,9 +746,9 @@
  (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command:**
  )))
--**AT+COMMANDx:    **Configure RS485 read command to sensor.
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+COMMANDx:    ** (%%) Configure RS485 read command to sensor.
--**AT+DATACUTx:        **Configure how to handle return from RS485 devices.
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DATACUTx:        **(%%)  Configure how to handle return from RS485 devices.
  * (((
@@ -756,15 +756,19 @@
  )))
  (((
--**0xAF** downlink command can be used to set AT+COMMANDx or AT+DATACUTx.
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0xAF**(%%)  downlink command can be used to set AT+COMMANDx or AT+DATACUTx.
++
++
  )))
  (((
--(% style="color:red" %)**Note**(%%): if user use AT+COMMANDx to add a new command, he also need to send AT+DATACUTx downlink.
++(% style="color:red" %)**Note : if user use AT+COMMANDx to add a new command, he also need to send AT+DATACUTx downlink.**
++
++
  )))
  (((
--Format: AF MM NN LL XX XX XX XX YY
++Format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AF MM NN LL XX XX XX XX YY**
  )))
  (((
@@ -807,11 +807,11 @@
--
  ==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Fast command to handle MODBUS device**(%%) ====
++
  (((
--**AT+MBFUN** is valid since v1.3 firmware version. The command is for fast configure to read Modbus devices. It is only valid for the devices which follow the [[MODBUS-RTU protocol>>url:https://www.modbustools.com/modbus.html]].
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+MBFUN**(%%) is valid since v1.3 firmware version. The command is for fast configure to read Modbus devices. It is only valid for the devices which follow the [[MODBUS-RTU protocol>>url:https://www.modbustools.com/modbus.html]].
  )))
  (((
@@ -842,15 +842,17 @@
  )))
--(% aria-label="image-20220602165351-6.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602165351-6.png||data-widget="image"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++(% aria-label="image-20220602165351-6.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602165351-6.png||data-widget="image"]]
++(% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++
  (% aria-label="image-20220602165351-7.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602165351-7.png||data-widget="image"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
--
  ==== (% style="color:blue" %)**RS485 command timeout**(%%) ====
++
  (((
  Some Modbus device has slow action to send replies. This command is used to configure the RS485-LN to use longer time to wait for their action.
  )))
@@ -859,10 +859,10 @@
  Default value: 0, range:  0 ~~ 65 seconds
  )))
--* (((
--(% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
++(((
++* (% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
--**AT+CMDDLaa=hex(bb cc)*1000**
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+CMDDLaa=hex(bb cc)*1000**
  )))
  (((
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@
  )))
  (((
--**AT+CMDDL1=1000** to send the open time to 1000ms
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+CMDDL1=1000** (%%)to send the open time to 1000ms
  )))
  (((
@@ -884,26 +884,24 @@
  )))
  (((
--**0x AA aa bb cc**
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0x AA aa bb cc**(%%) Same as: AT+CMDDLaa=hex (bb cc)
  )))
  (((
--Same as: AT+CMDDLaa=hex(bb cc)*1000
--)))
++
--(((
  **Example:**
  )))
  (((
--**0xAA 01 00 01**    ~-~-> Same as  **AT+CMDDL1=1000 ms**
++**0xAA 01 03 E8**    ~-~-> Same as  **AT+CMDDL1=1000 ms**
  )))
--
  ==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink payload mode**(%%) ====
++
  (((
  Define to use one uplink or multiple uplinks for the sampling.
  )))
@@ -914,13 +914,19 @@
  )))
--* (((
--(% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
++(((
++* (% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DATAUP=0**
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DATAUP=1**
++
++
  )))
--**AT+DATAUP=0**
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0xAD 01 00 00 14** (%%)  **~-~->** Same as AT+DATAUP=1，20000   ~/~/  (00 00 14 is 20 seconds)
--**AT+DATAUP=1**
++Each uplink is sent to the server at 20-second intervals when segmented.
  * (((
@@ -927,19 +927,31 @@
  (% style="color:#037691" %)** Downlink Payload:**
  )))
--(((
--**0xAD 00**   **~-~->** Same as AT+DATAUP=0
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0xAD 00** (%%)  **~-~->** Same as AT+DATAUP=0
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0xAD 01**  (%%) **~-~->** Same as AT+DATAUP=1  ~/~/Each uplink is sent to the server one after the other as it is segmented.
++
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
  )))
--(((
--**0xAD 01**   **~-~->** Same as AT+DATAUP=1
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DATAUP=1,Timeout**
++
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)** Downlink Payload:**
  )))
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0xAD 01 00 00 14** (%%)  **~-~->** Same as AT+DATAUP=1，20000  ~/~/  (00 00 14 is 20 seconds)
++Each uplink is sent to the server at 20-second intervals when segmented.
++
  ==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Manually trigger an Uplink**(%%) ====
++
  (((
  Ask device to send an uplink immediately.
  )))
@@ -961,14 +961,14 @@
  )))
  (((
--**0x08 FF**, RS485-LN will immediately send an uplink.
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0x08 FF**(%%), RS485-LN will immediately send an uplink.
  )))
--
  ==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Clear RS485 Command**(%%) ====
++
  (((
  The AT+COMMANDx and AT+DATACUTx settings are stored in special location, user can use below command to clear them.
@@ -980,10 +980,12 @@
  )))
  (((
--**AT+CMDEAR=mm,nn**   mm: start position of erase ,nn: stop position of erase
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+CMDEAR=mm,nn** (%%)  mm: start position of erase ,nn: stop position of erase
  )))
  (((
++
++
  Etc. AT+CMDEAR=1,10 means erase AT+COMMAND1/AT+DATACUT1 to AT+COMMAND10/AT+DATACUT10
  )))
@@ -1007,29 +1007,27 @@
  )))
  (((
--**0x09 aa bb**  same as AT+CMDEAR=aa,bb
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0x09 aa bb** (%%) same as AT+CMDEAR=aa,bb
  )))
--
  ==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Set Serial Communication Parameters**(%%) ====
++
  (((
  Set the Rs485 serial communication parameters:
  )))
--* (((
--(% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
++(((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command:**
  )))
  (((
--
--
  * Set Baud Rate
  )))
--**AT+BAUDR=9600**    ~/~/ Options: (1200,2400,4800,14400,19200,115200)
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)**        AT+BAUDR=9600** (%%)   ~/~/  Options: (200~~115200)  When using low baud rate or receiving multiple bytes, you need to use AT+CMDDL to increase the receive timeout (the default receive timeout is 400ms), otherwise data will be lost
  (((
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@
  * Set UART Parity
  )))
--**AT+PARITY=0**    ~/~/ Option: 0: no parity, 1: odd parity, 2: even parity
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)**       AT+PARITY=0** (%%)   ~/~/  Option: 0: no parity, 1: odd parity, 2: even parity
  (((
@@ -1043,16 +1043,15 @@
  * Set STOPBIT
  )))
--**AT+STOPBIT=0**    ~/~/ Option: 0 for 1bit; 1 for 1.5 bit ; 2 for 2 bits
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)**        AT+STOPBIT=0** (%%)   ~/~/  Option: 0 for 1bit; 1 for 1.5 bit ; 2 for 2 bits
--
--* (((
--(% style="color:#037691" %)** Downlink Payload:**
++(((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Payload:**
  )))
  (((
--**A7 01 aa bb**:     Same  AT+BAUDR=hex(aa bb)*100
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)**     A7 01 aa bb**:   (%%)  Same  AT+BAUDR=hex(aa bb)*100
  )))
  (((
@@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@
  )))
  * (((
--A7 01 00 60   same as AT+BAUDR=9600
++A7 01 00 60     same as AT+BAUDR=9600
  )))
  * (((
  A7 01 04 80     same as AT+BAUDR=115200
@@ -1067,18 +1067,166 @@
  )))
  (((
--A7 02 aa:    Same as  AT+PARITY=aa  (aa value: 00 , 01 or 02)
++* A7 02 aa:    Same as  AT+PARITY=aa  (aa value: 00 , 01 or 02)
  )))
  (((
--A7 03 aa:    Same as  AT+STOPBIT=aa  (aa value: 00 , 01 or 02)
++* A7 03 aa:    Same as  AT+STOPBIT=aa  (aa value: 00 , 01 or 02)
  )))
++==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Configure Databit (Since Version 1.4.0)**(%%) ====
++
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
++)))
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DATABIT=7    **(%%)~/~/ Set the data bits to 7
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DATABIT=8    **(%%)~/~/ Set the data bits to 8
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Payload:**
++)))
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** A7 04 07**(%%): Same as  AT+DATABIT=7
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** A7 04 08**(%%): Same as  AT+DATABIT=8
++
++
++
++==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Encrypted payload(Since Version 1.4.0)**(%%) ====
++
++(((
++
++)))
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
++)))
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DECRYPT=1  ** (%%)  ~/~/ The payload is uploaded without encryption
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DECRYPT=0  ** (%%)  ~/~/ Encrypt when uploading payload (default)
++
++
++
++==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Get sensor value(Since Version 1.4.0)**(%%) ====
++
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
++)))
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+GETSENSORVALUE=0  **(%%)  ~/~/ The serial port gets the reading of the current sensor
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+GETSENSORVALUE=1  **(%%)  ~/~/ The serial port gets the current sensor reading and uploads it.
++
++
++
++==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Resets the downlink packet count(Since Version 1.4.0)**(%%) ====
++
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
++)))
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DISFCNTCHECK=0  **(%%) ~/~/  When the downlink packet count sent by the server is less than the node downlink packet count or exceeds 16384, the node will no longer receive downlink packets (default)
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DISFCNTCHECK=1  **(%%) ~/~/  When the downlink packet count sent by the server is less than the node downlink packet count or exceeds 16384, the node resets the downlink packet count and keeps it consistent with the server downlink packet count.
++
++
++
++==== (% style="color:blue" %)**When the limit bytes are exceeded, upload in batches(Since Version 1.4.0)**(%%) ====
++
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
++)))
++
++ (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DISMACANS=0**  (%%)   ~/~/  When the MACANS of the reply server plus the payload exceeds the maximum number of bytes of 11 bytes (DR0 of US915, DR2 of AS923, DR2 of AU195), the node will send a packet with a payload of 00 and a port of 4. (default)
++
++ (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+DISMACANS=1**   (%%)   ~/~/  When the MACANS of the reply server plus the payload exceeds the maximum number of bytes of the DR, the node will ignore the MACANS and not reply, and only upload the payload part.
++
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)** Downlink Payload:**
++)))
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0x21 00 01 **  (%%)       ~/~/ Set  the DISMACANS=1
++
++
++
++==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Copy downlink to uplink (Since Version 1.4.0)**(%%) ====
++
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
++)))
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+RPL=5**  (%%)   ~/~/ After receiving the package from the server, it will immediately upload the content of the package to the server, the port number is 100.
++
++Example：**aa xx xx xx xx**         ~/~/ aa indicates whether the configuration has changed, 00 is yes, 01 is no; xx xx xx xx are the bytes sent.
++
++
++[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LSN50%20%26%20LSN50-V2%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Sensor%20Node%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220823173747-6.png?width=1124&height=165&rev=1.1||alt="image-20220823173747-6.png"]]
++
++For example, sending 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 will return invalid configuration 00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77.
++
++
++
++[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LSN50%20%26%20LSN50-V2%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Sensor%20Node%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220823173833-7.png?width=1124&height=149&rev=1.1||alt="image-20220823173833-7.png"]]
++
++For example, if 01 00 02 58 is issued, a valid configuration of 01 01 00 02 58 will be returned.
++
++
++
++==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Query version number and frequency band 、TDC(Since Version 1.4.0)**(%%) ====
++
++
++(((
++* (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Payload:**
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 26 01  ** (%%) ~/~/   Downlink 26 01 can query device upload frequency, frequency band, software version number, TDC time.
++)))
++
++
++Example：
++
++
++[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LSN50%20%26%20LSN50-V2%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Sensor%20Node%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220823173929-8.png?width=1205&height=76&rev=1.1||alt="image-20220823173929-8.png"]]
++
++
++
++==== (% style="color:blue" %)** Monitor RS485 communication of other devices(Since Version 1.4.0)**(%%) ====
++
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)** AT Command:**
++)))
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)**AT+RXMODE=1,10**    (%%)     ~/~/ When the RS485-LN receives more than 10 bytes from the RS485, it immediately sends the uplink of the received data.
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)**AT+RXMODE=2,500    ** (%%) ~/~/  RS485-LN uploads data as uplink from the first byte received by RS485 to the data received within 500ms after that.
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)**AT+RXMODE=0,0  **    (%%)    ~/~/  Disable this mode (default)
++
++
++* (((
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Payload:**
++)))
++
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** A6 aa bb bb               ** (%%)  ~/~/ same as AT+RXMODE=aa,bb
++
++[[image:image-20220824144240-1.png]]
++
++
  == 3.6 Listening mode for RS485 network ==
++
  (((
  This feature support since firmware v1.4
  )))
@@ -1085,12 +1085,16 @@
  (((
  RS485-LN supports listening mode, it can listen the RS485 network packets and send them via LoRaWAN uplink. Below is the structure. The blue arrow shows the RS485 network packets to RS485-LN.
++
++
  )))
--(% aria-label="image-20220602171200-8.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602171200-8.png||data-widget="image" height="567" width="1007"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++(% aria-label="image-20220602171200-8.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602171200-8.png||data-widget="image" height="567" width="1007"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]]
++(% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++
  (((
--To enable the listening mode, use can run the command AT+RXMODE.
++To enable the listening mode, use can run the command (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+RXMODE**.
  )))
  (((
@@ -1125,11 +1125,13 @@
  )))
  (((
--(% style="color:#037691" %)** Downlink Command:**
++
++
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Command:**
  )))
  (((
--**0xA6 aa bb cc ** same as AT+RXMODE=aa,(bb<<8 | cc)
++(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0xA6 aa bb cc **(%%) same as AT+RXMODE=aa,(bb<<8 | cc)
  )))
  (((
@@ -1149,15 +1149,17 @@
  )))
  (((
--The Modbus master send a command: (% style="background-color:#ffc000" %)01 03 00 00 00 02 c4 0b
++The Modbus master send a command: (% style="background-color:#ffc000" %)**01 03 00 00 00 02 c4 0b**
  )))
  (((
--And Modbus slave reply with: (% style="background-color:green" %)01 03 04 00 00 00 00 fa 33
++And Modbus slave reply with: (% style="background-color:green" %)**01 03 04 00 00 00 00 fa 33**
  )))
  (((
--RS485-LN will capture both and send the uplink: (% style="background-color:#ffc000" %)01 03 00 00 00 02 c4 0b  (% style="background-color:green" %)01 03 04 00 00 00 00 fa 33
++RS485-LN will capture both and send the uplink: (% style="background-color:#ffc000" %)**01 03 00 00 00 02 c4 0b  **(% style="background-color:green" %)**01 03 04 00 00 00 00 fa 33**
++
++
  )))
  (((
@@ -1170,7 +1170,7 @@
  (((
  (((
--(% style="color:red" %)Notice: Listening mode can work with the default polling mode of RS485-LN. When RS485-LN is in to send the RS485 commands (from AT+COMMANDx), the listening mode will be interrupt for a while.
++(% style="color:red" %)**Notice: Listening mode can work with the default polling mode of RS485-LN. When RS485-LN is in to send the RS485 commands (from AT+COMMANDx), the listening mode will be interrupt for a while.**
  )))
  )))
@@ -1178,24 +1178,23 @@
  == 3.7 Buttons ==
--(% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#f7faff; width:430px" %)
--|=(% style="width: 50px;" %)**Button**|=(% style="width: 361px;" %)**Feature**
++(% border="1.5" cellspacing="4" style="background-color:#ffffcc; width:430px" %)
++|=(% style="width: 50px;" %)**Button**|=(% style="width: 380px;" %)**Feature**
  |(% style="width:50px" %)**ACT**|(% style="width:361px" %)If RS485 joined in network, press this button for more than 1 second, RS485 will upload a packet, and the SYS LED will give a (% style="color:blue" %)**Blue blink**
  |(% style="width:50px" %)**RST**|(% style="width:361px" %)Reboot RS485
  |(% style="width:50px" %)**PRO**|(% style="width:361px" %)Use for upload image, see [[How to Update Image>>||anchor="H6.1Howtoupgradetheimage3F"]]
--
  == 3.8 LEDs ==
--(% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#f7faff; width:430px" %)
++(% border="1.5" cellspacing="4" style="background-color:#ffffcc; width:430px" %)
  |=(% style="width: 50px;" %)**LEDs**|=(% style="width: 380px;" %)**Feature**
  |**PWR**|Always on if there is power
  |**SYS**|After device is powered on, the SYS will (% style="color:green" %)**fast blink in GREEN**(%%) for 5 times, means RS485-LN start to join LoRaWAN network. If join success, SYS will be (% style="color:green" %)**on GREEN for 5 seconds** (%%)**. **SYS will (% style="color:green" %)**blink Blue**(%%) on every upload and (% style="color:green" %)**blink Green**(%%) once receive a downlink message.
--
  = 4. Case Study =
++
  User can check this URL for some case studies: [[APP RS485 COMMUNICATE WITH SENSORS>>doc:Main.Application Note \: Communicate with Different Sensors ----- RS485-LN  RS485-BL.WebHome]]
@@ -1203,15 +1203,21 @@
  == 5.1 Access AT Command ==
++
  (((
  RS485-LN supports AT Command set. User can use a USB to TTL adapter plus the 3.5mm Program Cable to connect to RS485-LN to use AT command, as below.
++
++
  )))
  (% aria-label="1654162355560-817.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1654162355560-817.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++
  (((
  In PC, User needs to set (% style="color:blue" %)**serial tool**(%%)(such as [[putty>>url:https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~~sgtatham/putty/latest.html]], SecureCRT) baud rate to (% style="color:green" %)**9600**(%%) to access to access serial console of RS485-LN. The default password is 123456. Below is the output for reference:
++
++
  )))
  (% aria-label="1654162368066-342.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1654162368066-342.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
@@ -1222,12 +1222,11 @@
  )))
--
  == 5.2 Common AT Command Sequence ==
--
  === 5.2.1 Multi-channel ABP mode (Use with SX1301/LG308) ===
++
  If device has not joined network yet:
  * (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+FDR**
@@ -1241,11 +1241,10 @@
  * (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+NJM=0**
  * (% style="color:#037691" %)**ATZ**
--
--
  )))
++
  === 5.5.2 Single-channel ABP mode (Use with LG01/LG02) ===
@@ -1277,6 +1277,8 @@
 . Make sure the LG01/02 gateway RX frequency is exactly the same as AT+CHS setting.
 . Make sure SF / bandwidth setting in LG01/LG02 match the settings of AT+DR. refer [[this link>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/&file=LoRaWAN%201.0.3%20Regional%20Parameters.xlsx]] to see what DR means.
 . The command AT+RX2FQ and AT+RX2DR is to let downlink work. to set the correct parameters, user can check the actually downlink parameters to be used. As below. Which shows the RX2FQ should use 868400000 and RX2DR should be 5
++
++
  )))
  (% aria-label="1654162478620-421.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1654162478620-421.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
@@ -1286,6 +1286,7 @@
  == 6.1 How to upgrade the image? ==
++
  (((
  The RS485-LN LoRaWAN Controller is shipped with a 3.5mm cable, the cable is used to upload image to RS485-LN to:
  )))
@@ -1304,18 +1304,26 @@
  Below shows the hardware connection for how to upload an image to RS485-LN:
  )))
--(% aria-label="1654162535040-878.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1654162535040-878.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++(% aria-label="1654162535040-878.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:1654162535040-878.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]]
++(% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
++
  (((
  (% style="color:blue" %)**Step1**(%%)**:** Download [[flash loader>>url:https://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/products/development-tools/software-development-tools/stm32-software-development-tools/stm32-programmers/flasher-stm32.html]].
++
++
  )))
  (((
--(% style="color:blue" %)**Step2**(%%)**:** Download the [[LT Image files>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LT_LoRa_IO_Controller/LT33222-L/image/]].
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Step2**(%%)**:** Download the [[LT Image files>>url:https://www.dropbox.com/sh/g99v0fxcltn9r1y/AACP33wo_ZQLsxW2MJ70oUoba/RS485-LN/Firmware?dl=0&subfolder_nav_tracking=1]].
++
++
  )))
  (((
  (% style="color:blue" %)**Step3**(%%)**: **Open flashloader; choose the correct COM port to update.
++
++
  )))
  (((
@@ -1336,7 +1336,7 @@
  (% aria-label="image-20220602175912-14.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602175912-14.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
--(% style="color:red" %)**Notice**: In case user has lost the program cable. User can hand made one from a 3.5mm cable. The pin mapping is:
++(% style="color:red" %)**Notice**: **In case user has lost the program cable. User can hand made one from a 3.5mm cable. The pin mapping is:**
  (% aria-label="image-20220602175638-10.png image widget" contenteditable="false" role="region" tabindex="-1" %)[[image:image-20220602175638-10.png||data-widget="image"]](% style="background-image:url(http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/webjars/wiki%3Axwiki/application-ckeditor-webjar/1.61/plugins/widget/images/handle.png); background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5); display:none" %)[[image:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==||draggable="true" height="15" role="presentation" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"]](% title="Click and drag to resize" %)
@@ -1343,16 +1343,19 @@
  == 6.2 How to change the LoRa Frequency Bands/Region? ==
++
  User can follow the introduction for [[how to upgrade image>>||anchor="H6.1Howtoupgradetheimage3F"]]. When download the images, choose the required image file for download.
  == 6.3 How many RS485-Slave can RS485-LN connects? ==
++
  The RS485-LN can support max 32 RS485 devices. Each uplink command of RS485-LN can support max 16 different RS485 command. So RS485-LN can support max 16 RS485 devices pre-program in the device for uplink. For other devices no pre-program, user can use the [[downlink message (type code 0xA8) to poll their info>>||anchor="H3.3.3Configurereadcommandsforeachsampling"]].
  == 6.4 Compatible question to ChirpStack and TTI LoRaWAN server ? ==
++
  When user need to use with ChirpStack or TTI. Please set AT+RPL=4.
  Detail info check this link: [[Set Packet Receiving Response Level>>doc:Main.End Device AT Commands and Downlink Command.WebHome||anchor="H7.23SetPacketReceivingResponseLevel"]]
@@ -1360,23 +1360,148 @@
  == 6.5 Can i use point to point communication for RS485-LN? ==
--Yes, please refer [[Point to Point Communication for RS485-LN>>Point to Point Communication for RS485-LN]].
++Yes, please updating point-to-point [[firmware>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/g99v0fxcltn9r1y/AACP33wo_ZQLsxW2MJ70oUoba/RS485-LN/Firmware?dl=0&subfolder_nav_tracking=1]]，then refer [[Point to Point Communication for RS485-LN>>Point to Point Communication for RS485-LN]].
++
++== 6.6 How to Use RS485-LN  to connect to RS232 devices? ==
++
++
++[[Use RS485-BL or RS485-LN to connect to RS232 devices. - DRAGINO>>url:http://8.211.40.43:8080/xwiki/bin/view/Main/RS485%20to%20RS232/]]
++
++
++== 6.7 How to judge whether there is a problem with the set COMMAND ==
++
++=== 6.7.1 Introduce: ===
++
++
++Users can use below the structure to fast debug the communication between RS485BL and RS485-LN. The principle is to put the PC in the RS485 network and sniff the packet between Modbus MTU and RS485-BL/LN.  We can use this way to:
++
++1. Test if Modbus-MTU works with PC commands.
++1. Check if RS485-LN sent the expected command to Mobus-MTU
++1. Check if Modbus-MTU return back the expected result to RS485-LN.
++1. If both b) and c) has issue, we can compare PC’s output and RS485-LN output.
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-1.png||height="380" width="680"]]
++
++
++Example Connection:
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-2.png]]
++
++
++=== 6.7.2 Set up PC to monitor RS485 network With Serial tool ===
++
++
++(% style="color:red" %)**Note: Receive and send set to hex mode**
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-3.png||height="616" width="714"]]
++
++
++=== 6.7.3 With ModRSsim2: ===
++
++
++(% style="color:blue" %)**(1) Select serial port MODBUS RS-232**
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-4.png||height="390" width="865"]]
++
++
++(% style="color:blue" %)**(2) Click the serial port icon**
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-5.png||height="392" width="870"]]
++
++
++(% style="color:blue" %)**(3) After selecting the correct serial port and baud rate, click ok**
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-6.png]]
++
++
++(% style="color:blue" %)**(4) Click the comms.**
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-7.png||height="376" width="835"]]
++
++(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HRunRS485-LN2FBLcommandandmonitorifitiscorrect." %)
++**Run RS485-LN/BL command and monitor if it is correct.**
++
++
++=== 6.7.4 Example – Test the CFGDEV command ===
++
++
++RS485-LN sent below command:
++
++(% style="color:blue" %)**AT+CFGDEV=01 03 00 20 00 01,1**(%%) to RS485 network, and PC is able to get this command and return commands from MTU to show in the serial tool.
++
++
++We can see the output from the Serial port tool to analyze. And check if they are expected result.
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-8.png||height="214" width="797"]]
++
++
++We can also use (% style="color:blue" %)**ModRSsim2**(%%) to see the output.
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-9.png||height="531" width="729"]]
++
++
++=== 6.7.5 Example – Test CMD command sets. ===
++
++
++Run (% style="color:blue" %)**AT+SENSORVALUE=1**(%%) to test the CMD commands set in RS485-LN.
++
++
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Serial port tool:**
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-10.png||height="339" width="844"]]
++
++
++(% style="color:blue" %)**ModRSsim2:**
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-11.png||height="281" width="962"]]
++
++
++=== 6.7.6 Test with PC ===
++
++
++If there is still have problem to set up correctly the commands between RS485-LN and MTU. User can test the correct RS485 command set in PC and compare with the RS485 command sent out via RS485-LN. as long as both commands are the same, the MTU should return correct result.
++
++
++Or User can send the working commands set in PC serial tool to Dragino Support to check what should be configured in RS485-LN.
++
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Connection method：**
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-12.png]]
++
++
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Link situation:**
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-13.png||height="458" width="486"]]
++
++
++[[image:image-20221130104310-14.png||height="371" width="823"]]
++
++
++== 6.8 Where to get the decoder for RS485-LN? ==
++
++
++The decoder for RS485-LN needs to be written by yourself. Because the sensor to which the user is connected is custom, the read device data bytes also need custom parsing, so there is no universal decoder. We can only provide [[templates>>https://github.com/dragino/dragino-end-node-decoder/tree/main/RS485-LN]] for decoders (no intermediate data parsing part involved)
++
++
  = 7. Trouble Shooting =
  == 7.1 Downlink doesn't work, how to solve it? ==
++
  Please see this link for debug: [[LoRaWAN Communication Debug>>doc:Main.LoRaWAN Communication Debug.WebHome]]
  == 7.2 Why I can't join TTN V3 in US915 /AU915 bands? ==
++
  It might about the channels mapping. Please see for detail: [[Notice of Frequency band>>doc:Main.LoRaWAN Communication Debug.WebHome||anchor="H2.NoticeofUS9152FCN4702FAU915Frequencyband"]]
  = 8. Order Info =
++
  (% style="color:blue" %)**Part Number: RS485-LN-XXX**
  (% style="color:blue" %)**XXX:**
@@ -1392,10 +1392,9 @@
  * (% style="color:red" %)**RU864**(%%):  frequency bands RU864
  * (% style="color:red" %)**KZ865**(%%):  frequency bands KZ865
++= 9. Packing Info =
--= 9.Packing Info =
--
  **Package Includes**:
  * RS485-LN x 1
@@ -1409,9 +1409,9 @@
  * Package Size / pcs : 14.5 x 8 x 5 cm
  * Weight / pcs : 170g
--
  = 10. FCC Caution for RS485LN-US915 =
++
  (((
  Any Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
  )))
@@ -1429,7 +1429,7 @@
  )))
  (((
--**Note: **This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
++(% style="color:red" %)**Note: **(%%)This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
  )))
  (((
@@ -1463,9 +1463,13 @@
  = 11. Support =
++
  * (((
  Support is provided Monday to Friday, from 09:00 to 18:00 GMT+8. Due to different timezones we cannot offer live support. However, your questions will be answered as soon as possible in the before-mentioned schedule.
  )))
  * (((
  Provide as much information as possible regarding your enquiry (product models, accurately describe your problem and steps to replicate it etc) and send a mail to [[support@dragino.com>>url:file:///D:/市场资料/说明书/LoRa/LT系列/support@dragino.com]].
++
++
++
  )))

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Changes for page RS485-LN – RS485 to LoRaWAN Converter User Manual

Summary

Details

Applications

Navigation