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Table of Contents:

1. Introduction

1.1 ​What is LoRaWAN Soil Moisture & EC Sensor

The Dragino LSE01 is a LoRaWAN Soil Moisture & EC Sensor for IoT of Agriculture. It is designed to measure the soil moisture of saline-alkali soil and loamy soil. The soil sensor uses FDR method to calculate the soil moisture with the compensation from soil temperature and conductivity. It also has been calibrated in factory for Mineral soil type.

It detects Soil Moisture, Soil Temperature and Soil Conductivity, and uploads the value via wireless to LoRaWAN IoT Server.

The LoRa wireless technology used in LES01 allows device to send data and reach extremely long ranges at low data-rates. It provides ultra-long range spread spectrum communication and high interference immunity whilst minimizing current consumption.

LES01 is powered by 4000mA or 8500mAh Li-SOCI2 battery, It is designed for long term use up to 10 years.

Each LES01 is pre-load with a set of unique keys for LoRaWAN registrations, register these keys to local LoRaWAN server and it will auto connect after power on.

1654503236291-817.png

1654503265560-120.png

1.2 ​Features

  • LoRaWAN 1.0.3 Class A
  • Ultra low power consumption
  • Monitor Soil Moisture
  • Monitor Soil Temperature
  • Monitor Soil Conductivity
  • Bands: CN470/EU433/KR920/US915/EU868/AS923/AU915/IN865
  • AT Commands to change parameters
  • Uplink on periodically
  • Downlink to change configure
  • IP66 Waterproof Enclosure
  • 4000mAh or 8500mAh Battery for long term use

1.3 Specification

Measure Volume: Base on the centra pin of the probe, a cylinder with 7cm diameter and 10cm height.

ParameterSoil MoistureSoil ConductivitySoil Temperature
Range0-100.00%

0-20000uS/cm
(25℃)(0-20.0EC)

-40.00℃~85.00℃
UnitV/V %uS/cm
Resolution0.01%1 uS/cm0.01℃
Accuracy

±3% (0-53%)
±5% (>53%)

2%FS

-10℃~50℃:<0.3℃
All other: <0.6℃

Measure
Method

FDR , with temperature &EC compensateConductivity , with temperature compensateRTD, and calibrate

1.4 Dimension

Main Device Dimension:

See LSN50v2 from: https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Mechanical_Drawing/ 

image-20221008140228-2.png

Probe Dimension

image-20221008135912-1.png

​1.5 Applications

  • Smart Agriculture​

1.6 Firmware Change log

LSE01 v1.0 :  Release

2. Configure LSE01 to connect to LoRaWAN network

2.1 How it works

The LSE01 is configured as LoRaWAN OTAA Class A mode by default. It has OTAA keys to join LoRaWAN network. To connect a local LoRaWAN network, you need to input the OTAA keys in the LoRaWAN IoT server and power on the LSE0150. It will automatically join the network via OTAA and start to send the sensor value

In case you can't set the OTAA keys in the LoRaWAN OTAA server, and you have to use the keys from the server, you can use AT Commands .

2.2 ​Quick guide to connect to LoRaWAN server (OTAA)

Following is an example for how to join the TTN v3 LoRaWAN Network. Below is the network structure; we use the LG308  as a LoRaWAN gateway in this example. 

1654503992078-669.png

The LG308 is already set to connected to TTN network , so what we need to now is configure the TTN server.

Step 1:  Create a device in TTN with the OTAA keys from LSE01.

Each LSE01 is shipped with a sticker with the default device EUI as below:

image-20230426084640-1.png

You can enter this key in the LoRaWAN Server portal. Below is TTN screen shot:

Add APP EUI in the application

1654504596150-405.png

Add APP KEY and DEV EUI

1654504683289-357.png

Step 2: Power on LSE01

Put a Jumper on JP2 to power on the device. ( The Jumper must be in FLASH position).

image-20220606163915-7.png

Step 3: The LSE01 will auto join to the TTN network. After join success, it will start to upload messages to TTN and you can see the messages in the panel.

1654504778294-788.png

2.3 Uplink Payload

2.3.1 MOD=0(Default Mode) 

LSE01 will uplink payload via LoRaWAN with below payload format:  

Uplink payload includes in total 11 bytes.

Size(bytes)222221
ValueBAT

Temperature
(Reserve, Ignore now)

Soil MoistureSoil TemperatureSoil Conductivity (EC)

MOD & Digital Interrupt(Optional)

2.3.2 MOD=1(Original value)

This mode can get the original AD value of moisture and original conductivity (with temperature drift compensation).

Size(bytes)222221
ValueBAT

Temperature
(Reserve, Ignore now)

Soil Conductivity (EC)(raw)Soil Moisture(raw)Dielectric constant(raw)

MOD & Digital Interrupt(Optional)

2.3.3 Battery Info

Check the battery voltage for LSE01.

Ex1: 0x0B45 = 2885mV

Ex2: 0x0B49 = 2889mV

2.3.4 Soil Moisture

Get the moisture content of the soil. The value range of the register is 0-10000(Decimal), divide this value by 100 to get the percentage of moisture in the soil.

For example, if the data you get from the register is 0x05 0xDC, the moisture content in the soil is 05DC(H) = 1500(D) /100 = 15%.

2.3.5 Soil Temperature

Get the temperature in the soil. The value range of the register is -4000 - +800(Decimal), divide this value by 100 to get the temperature in the soil. For example, if the data you get from the register is 0x09 0xEC, the temperature content in the soil is

Example:

If payload is 0105H: ((0x0105 & 0x8000)>>15 === 0),temp = 0105(H)/100 = 2.61 °C

If payload is FF7EH: ((FF7E & 0x8000)>>15 ===1),temp = (FF7E(H)-FFFF(H))/100 = -1.29 °C

2.3.6 Soil Conductivity (EC)

Obtain soluble salt concentration in soil or soluble ion concentration in liquid fertilizer or planting medium. The value range of the register is 0 - 20000(Decimal)( Can be greater than 20000).

For example, if the data you get from the register is 0x00 0xC8, the soil conductivity is 00C8(H) = 200(D) = 200 uS/cm.

Generally, the EC value of irrigation water is less than 800uS / cm.

 

2.3.7 MOD

Firmware version at least v1.2.1 supports changing mode.

For example, bytes[10]=90

mod=(bytes[10]>>7)&0x01=1.

Downlink Command:

If payload = 0x0A00,  workmode=0

If payload = 0x0A01,  workmode=1

2.3.8 ​Decode payload in The Things Network

While using TTN network, you can add the payload format to decode the payload.

1654505570700-128.png

The payload decoder function for TTN is here:

2.4 Uplink Interval

The LSE01 by default uplink the sensor data every 20 minutes. User can change this interval by AT Command or LoRaWAN Downlink Command. See this link: Change Uplink Interval

2.5 Downlink Payload

By default, LSE01 prints the downlink payload to console port.

Downlink Control TypeFPortType CodeDownlink payload size(bytes)
TDC (Transmit Time Interval)Any014
RESETAny042
AT+CFMAny054
INTMODAny064
MODAny0A2

Examples:

  • Set TDC

If the payload=0100003C, it means set the END Node's TDC to 0x00003C=60(S), while type code is 01.

Payload:    01 00 00 1E    TDC=30S

Payload:    01 00 00 3C    TDC=60S

 

  • Reset

If payload = 0x04FF, it will reset the LSE01

  • CFM

Downlink Payload: 05000001, Set AT+CFM=1 or 05000000 , set AT+CFM=0

2.6 ​Show Data in DataCake IoT Server

DATACAKE provides a human friendly interface to show the sensor data, once we have data in TTN, we can use DATACAKE to connect to TTN and see the data in DATACAKE. Below are the steps:

 

Step 1:   Be sure that your device is programmed and properly connected to the network at this time.

Step 2:   To configure the Application to forward data to DATACAKE you will need to add integration. To add the DATACAKE integration, perform the following steps:

1654505857935-743.png

1654505874829-548.png

Step 3:   Create an account or log in Datacake.

Step 4:   Search the LSE01 and add DevEUI.

1654505905236-553.png

After added, the sensor data arrive TTN, it will also arrive and show in Mydevices.

1654505925508-181.png

2.7 Frequency Plans

The LSE01 uses OTAA mode and below frequency plans by default. If user want to use it with different frequency plan, please refer the AT command sets.

2.7.1 EU863-870 (EU868)

 Uplink:

868.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

868.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 and SF7BW250

868.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

867.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

867.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

867.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

867.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

867.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

868.8 - FSK

 Downlink:

Uplink channels 1-9 (RX1)

869.525 - SF9BW125 (RX2 downlink only)

2.7.2 US902-928(US915)

Used in USA, Canada and South America. Default use CHE=2

Uplink:

903.9 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

904.1 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

904.3 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

904.5 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

904.7 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

904.9 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

905.1 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

905.3 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

Downlink:

923.3 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

923.9 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

924.5 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

925.1 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

925.7 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

926.3 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

926.9 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

927.5 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

923.3 - SF12BW500(RX2 downlink only)

2.7.3 CN470-510 (CN470)

Used in China, Default use CHE=1

Uplink:

486.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

486.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

486.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

486.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

487.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

487.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

487.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

487.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

Downlink:

506.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

506.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

507.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

507.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

507.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

507.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

507.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

508.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

505.3 - SF12BW125 (RX2 downlink only)

2.7.4 AU915-928(AU915)

Default use CHE=2

Uplink:

916.8 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

917.0 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

917.2 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

917.4 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

917.6 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

917.8 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

918.0 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

918.2 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

Downlink:

923.3 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

923.9 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

924.5 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

925.1 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

925.7 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

926.3 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

926.9 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

927.5 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500

923.3 - SF12BW500(RX2 downlink only)

2.7.5 AS920-923 & AS923-925 (AS923)

Default Uplink channel:

923.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

923.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

Additional Uplink Channel:

(OTAA mode, channel added by JoinAccept message)

AS920~AS923 for Japan, Malaysia, Singapore:

922.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

922.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

922.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

922.8 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

923.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

922.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

AS923 ~ AS925 for Brunei, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam:

923.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

923.8 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

924.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

924.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

924.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

924.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125

 Downlink:

Uplink channels 1-8 (RX1)

923.2 - SF10BW125 (RX2)

2.7.6 KR920-923 (KR920)

Default channel:

922.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

922.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

922.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

Uplink: (OTAA mode, channel added by JoinAccept message)

922.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

922.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

922.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

922.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

922.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

923.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

923.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

Downlink:

Uplink channels 1-7(RX1)

921.9 - SF12BW125 (RX2 downlink only; SF12BW125 might be changed to SF9BW125)

2.7.7 IN865-867 (IN865)

 Uplink:

865.0625 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

865.4025 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

865.9850 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125

 Downlink:

Uplink channels 1-3 (RX1)

866.550 - SF10BW125 (RX2)

2.8 LED Indicator

The LSE01 has an internal LED which is to show the status of different state. 

  • Blink once when device power on.
  • Solid ON for 5 seconds once device successful Join the network.
  • Blink once when device transmit a packet.

2.9 Installation in Soil

Measurement the soil surface

1654506634463-199.png ​

Choose the proper measuring position. Avoid the probe to touch rocks or hard things. Split the surface soil according to the measured deep. Keep the measured as original density. Vertical insert the probe into the soil to be measured. Make sure not shake when inserting.

1654506665940-119.png

Dig a hole with diameter > 20CM.

Horizontal insert the probe to the soil and fill the hole for long term measurement.

2.10 ​Firmware Change Log

Firmware Upgrade Method: Firmware Upgrade Instruction

 

V1.0.

Release

2.11 Battery & Power Consumption

LSE01 uses ER26500 + SPC1520 battery pack. See below link for detail information about the battery info and how to replace.

Battery Info & Power Consumption Analyze .

3. ​Using the AT Commands

3.1 Access AT Commands

LSE01 supports AT Command set in the stock firmware. You can use a USB to TTL adapter to connect to LSE01 for using AT command, as below.

image-20231111095033-3.png

Or if you have below board, use below connection:

image-20231109094023-1.png

In the PC, you need to set the serial baud rate to 9600 to access the serial console for LSE01. LSE01 will output system info once power on as below:

 1654502050864-459.png

Below are the available commands, a more detailed AT Command manual can be found at AT Command Manual.

AT+<CMD>?                    : Help on <CMD>

AT+<CMD>                      : Run <CMD>

AT+<CMD>=<value>     : Set the value

AT+<CMD>=?                 : Get the value

General Commands       

AT                   : Attention        

AT?                  : Short Help      

ATZ                 : MCU Reset     

AT+TDC          : Application Data Transmission Interval  

Keys, IDs and EUIs management

AT+APPEUI              : Application EUI       

AT+APPKEY              : Application Key      

AT+APPSKEY            : Application Session Key 

AT+DADDR              : Device Address      

AT+DEUI                   : Device EUI      

AT+NWKID               : Network ID (You can enter this command change only after successful network connection)  

AT+NWKSKEY          : Network Session Key Joining and sending date on LoRa network   

AT+CFM                   : Confirm Mode        

AT+CFS                     : Confirm Status        

AT+JOIN                   : Join LoRa? Network        

AT+NJM                    : LoRa? Network Join Mode     

AT+NJS                     : LoRa? Network Join Status     

AT+RECV                  : Print Last Received Data in Raw Format 

AT+RECVB                : Print Last Received Data in Binary Format       

AT+SEND                  : Send Text Data       

AT+SENB                  : Send Hexadecimal Data 

LoRa Network Management 

AT+ADR          : Adaptive Rate

AT+CLASS      : LoRa Class(Currently only support class A

AT+DCS          : Duty Cycle Setting  

AT+DR            : Data Rate (Can Only be Modified after ADR=0)      

AT+FCD          : Frame Counter Downlink        

AT+FCU          : Frame Counter Uplink    

AT+JN1DL      : Join Accept Delay1

AT+JN2DL      : Join Accept Delay2

AT+PNM        : Public Network Mode    

AT+RX1DL     : Receive Delay1       

AT+RX2DL     : Receive Delay2       

AT+RX2DR     : Rx2 Window Data Rate  

AT+RX2FQ     : Rx2 Window Frequency

AT+TXP          : Transmit Power

AT+ MOD       : Set work mode

Information  

AT+RSSI           : RSSI of the Last Received Packet    

AT+SNR           : SNR of the Last Received Packet    

AT+VER           : Image Version and Frequency Band        

AT+FDR           : Factory Data Reset

AT+PORT        : Application Port     

AT+CHS          : Get or Set Frequency (Unit: Hz) for Single Channel Mode

 AT+CHE         : Get or Set eight channels mode, Only for US915, AU915, CN470

​4. FAQ

4.1 ​How to change the LoRa Frequency Bands/Region?

You can follow the instructions for how to upgrade image.
When downloading the images, choose the required image file for download. ​

How to set up LSE01 to work in 8 channel mode By default, the frequency bands US915, AU915, CN470 work in 72 frequencies. Many gateways are 8 channel gateways, and in this case, the OTAA join time and uplink schedule is long and unpredictable while the end node is hopping in 72 frequencies.

You can configure the end node to work in 8 channel mode by using the AT+CHE command. The 500kHz channels are always included for OTAA.

 

For example, in US915 band, the frequency table is as below. By default, the end node will use all channels (0~71) for OTAA Join process. After the OTAA Join, the end node will use these all channels (0~71) to send uplink packets.

CHEUS915 Uplink Channels(125KHz,4/5,Unit:MHz,CHS=0)
0ENABLE Channel 0-63
1902.3902.5902.7902.9903.1903.3903.5903.7Channel 0-7
2903.9904.1904.3904.5904.7904.9905.1905.3Channel 8-15
3905.5905.7905.9906.1906.3906.5906.7906.9Channel 16-23
4907.1907.3907.5907.7907.9908.1908.3908.5Channel 24-31
5908.7908.9909.1909.3909.5909.7909.9910.1Channel 32-39
6910.3910.5910.7910.9911.1911.3911.5911.7Channel 40-47
7911.9912.1912.3912.5912.7912.9913.1913.3Channel 48-55
8913.5913.7913.9914.1914.3914.5914.7914.9Channel 56-63
Channels(500KHz,4/5,Unit:MHz,CHS=0)
 903904.6906.2907.8909.4911912.6914.2Channel 64-71

When you use the TTN network, the US915 frequency bands use are:

  • 903.9 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
  • 904.1 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
  • 904.3 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
  • 904.5 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
  • 904.7 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
  • 904.9 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
  • 905.1 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
  • 905.3 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
  • 904.6 - SF8BW500

Because the end node is now hopping in 72 frequency, it makes it difficult for the devices to Join the TTN network and uplink data. To solve this issue, you can access the device via the AT commands and run:

  • AT+CHE=2
  • ATZ

 

to set the end node to work in 8 channel mode. The device will work in Channel 8-15 & 64-71 for OTAA, and channel 8-15 for Uplink.

 

The AU915 band is similar. Below are the AU915 Uplink Channels.

CHEAU915 Uplink Channels(125KHz,4/5,Unit:MHz,CHS=0)
0ENABLE Channel 0-63
1915.2915.4915.6915.8916916.2916.4916.6Channel 0-7
2916.8917917.2917.4917.6917.8918918.2Channel 8-15
3918.4918.6918.8919919.2919.4919.6919.8Channel 16-23
4920920.2920.4920.6920.8921921.2921.4Channel 24-31
5921.6921.8922922.2922.4922.6922.8923Channel 32-39
6923.2923.4923.6923.8924924.2924.4924.6Channel 40-47
7924.8925925.2925.4925.6925.8926926.2Channel 48-55
8926.4926.6926.8927927.2927.4927.6927.8Channel 56-63
Channels(500KHz,4/5,Unit:MHz,CHS=0)
 915.9917.5919.1920.7922.3923.9925.5927.1Channel 64-71

4.2 ​Can I calibrate LSE01 to different soil types?

LSE01 is calibrated for saline-alkali soil and loamy soil. If users want to use it for other soil, they can calibrate the value in the IoT platform base on the value measured by saline-alkali soil and loamy soil. The formula can be found at this link.

5. Trouble Shooting

5.1 ​Why I can't join TTN in US915 / AU915 bands?

It is due to channel mapping. Please see the Eight Channel Mode section above for details. 

5.2 AT Command input doesn't work

In the case if user can see the console output but can't type input to the device. Please check if you already include the ENTER while sending out the command. Some serial tool doesn't send ENTER while press the send key, user need to add ENTER in their string. 

5.3 Device rejoin in at the second uplink packet

Issue describe as below:

1654500909990-784.png

Cause for this issue:

The fuse on LSE01 is not large enough, some of the soil probe require large current up to 5v 800mA, in a short pulse. When this happen, it cause the device reboot so user see rejoin.

Solution: 

All new shipped LSE01 after 2020-May-30 will have this to fix. For the customer who see this issue, please bypass the fuse as below:

1654500929571-736.png

5.3 Possible reasons why the device is unresponsive:

1. Check whether the battery voltage is lower than 2.8V
2. Check whether the jumper of the device is correctly connected

image-20240330173910-1.png
3. Check whether the switch here of the device is at the ISP(The switch can operate normally only when it is in RUN)

image-20240330173932-2.png

5.4 The node cannot read the sensor data

This may be caused by a software firmware(≤1.1.6 version) bug, which we fixed in the latest firmware (>1.1.6 version)

The user can fix this problem via upgrade firmware.

By default, The latest firmware value of POWERIC is 1, while the 3322 version requires POWERIC to be set to 0 in order to function properly

  • 1. Check if the hardware version is 3322

If the sensor hardware version is 3322 or earlier, the user can change the POWERIC value to 0 after a firmware upgrade using one of the following methods

a. Using AT command

AT+POWERIC=0.

b. Using Downlink

FF 00(AT+POWERIC=0).

image-20240531090837-1.png

Please check your hardware production date

The first two digits are the week of the year, and the last two digits are the year.

The number 3322 is the first batch we changed the power IC.

6. ​Order Info

Part Number: LSE01-XX-YY

XX: The default frequency band

  • AS923: LoRaWAN AS923 band
  • AU915: LoRaWAN AU915 band
  • EU433: LoRaWAN EU433 band
  • EU868: LoRaWAN EU868 band
  • KR920: LoRaWAN KR920 band
  • US915: LoRaWAN US915 band
  • IN865:  LoRaWAN IN865 band
  • CN470: LoRaWAN CN470 band

YYBattery Option

  • 4: 4000mAh battery
  • 8: 8500mAh battery

 

 

7. Packing Info

 

Package Includes:

  • LSE01 LoRaWAN Soil Moisture & EC Sensor x 1

 

Dimension and weight:

  • Device Size: cm

  • Device Weight: g

  • Package Size / pcs : cm

  • Weight / pcs : g

     

8. Support

  • Support is provided Monday to Friday, from 09:00 to 18:00 GMT+8. Due to different timezones we cannot offer live support. However, your questions will be answered as soon as possible in the before-mentioned schedule.
  • Provide as much information as possible regarding your enquiry (product models, accurately describe your problem and steps to replicate it etc) and send a mail to support@dragino.com
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