Changes for page LA66 LoRaWAN Shield User Manual
Last modified by Xiaoling on 2023/05/26 14:19
Change comment:
There is no comment for this version
Summary
-
Page properties (2 modified, 0 added, 0 removed)
Details
- Page properties
-
- Author
-
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,1 @@ 1 -XWiki. Xiaoling1 +XWiki.Edwin - Content
-
... ... @@ -1,17 +1,11 @@ 1 - 2 - 3 -**Table of Contents:** 4 - 1 +{{box cssClass="floatinginfobox" title="**Contents**"}} 5 5 {{toc/}} 3 +{{/box}} 6 6 5 += LA66 LoRaWAN Module = 7 7 7 +== What is LA66 LoRaWAN Module == 8 8 9 -= 1. LA66 LoRaWAN Module = 10 - 11 - 12 -== 1.1 What is LA66 LoRaWAN Module == 13 - 14 - 15 15 (% style="color:blue" %)**Dragino LA66**(%%) is a small wireless LoRaWAN module that offers a very compelling mix of long-range, low power consumption, and secure data transmission. It is designed to facilitate developers to quickly deploy industrial-level LoRaWAN and IoT solutions. It helps users to turn the idea into a practical application and make the Internet of Things a reality. It is easy to create and connect your things everywhere. 16 16 17 17 (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66**(%%) is a ready-to-use module that includes the (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol**(%%). The LoRaWAN stack used in LA66 is used in more than 1 million LoRaWAN End Devices deployed world widely. This mature LoRaWAN stack greatly reduces the risk to make stable LoRaWAN Sensors to support different LoRaWAN servers and different countries' standards. External MCU can use AT command to call LA66 and start to transmit data via the LoRaWAN protocol. ... ... @@ -22,438 +22,249 @@ 22 22 23 23 LA66 is equipped with (% style="color:blue" %)**TCXO crystal**(%%) which ensures the module can achieve stable performance in extreme temperatures. 24 24 19 +== Features == 25 25 26 -== 1.2 Features == 27 27 28 -* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol 29 -* Support peer-to-peer protocol 30 -* TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature 31 -* SMD Antenna pad and i-pex antenna connector 32 -* Available in different frequency LoRaWAN frequency bands. 33 -* World-wide unique OTAA keys. 34 -* AT Command via UART-TTL interface 35 -* Firmware upgradable via UART interface 36 -* Ultra-long RF range 22 +== Specification == 37 37 38 - 39 - 40 -== 1.3 Specification == 41 - 42 -* CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz 43 -* Flash: 256KB 44 -* RAM: 64KB 45 -* Input Power Range: 1.8v ~~ 3.7v 46 -* Power Consumption: < 4uA. 47 -* Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz 48 -* Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output 49 -* High sensitivity: -148 dBm 50 -* Temperature: 51 -** Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃ 52 -** Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃ 53 -* Humidity: 54 -** Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing) 55 -** Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing) 56 -* LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm 57 -* LoRa Rx current: <9 mA 58 -* I/O Voltage: 3.3v 59 - 60 - 61 - 62 -== 1.4 AT Command == 63 - 64 -AT Command is valid over Main TXD and Main RXD. Serial Baud Rate is 9600. AT commands can be found in AT Command documents. 65 - 66 - 67 -== 1.5 Dimension == 68 - 69 69 [[image:image-20220517072526-1.png]] 70 70 26 +Input Power Range: 1.8v ~~ 3.7v 71 71 28 +Power Consumption: < 4uA. 72 72 73 - == 1.6 PinMapping==30 +Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz 74 74 32 +Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output 75 75 76 - [[image:image-20220523101537-1.png]]34 +High sensitivity: -148 dBm 77 77 36 +Temperature: 78 78 38 +* Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃ 39 +* Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃ 79 79 80 - == 1.7 LandPattern ==41 +Humidity: 81 81 82 -[[image:image-20220517072821-2.png]] 43 +* Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing) 44 +* Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing) 83 83 46 +LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm 84 84 48 +LoRa Rx current: <9 mA 85 85 86 - =2. LA66 LoRaWAN Shield=50 +I/O Voltage: 3.3v 87 87 88 88 89 -== 2.1Overview==53 +== AT Command == 90 90 91 - LA66LoRaWAN Shield isthe Arduino shieldbaseon LA66. UserscanuseLA66 LoRaWANShieldtorapidlyaddLoRaWAN or peer-to-peerLoRawirelessfunctiontoArduinoprojects.55 +AT Command is valid over Main TXD and Main RXD. Serial Baud Rate is 9600. AT commands can be found in AT Command documents. 92 92 93 93 94 -== 2.2Features==58 +== Pin Mapping == 95 95 96 -* Arduino Shield base on LA66 LoRaWAN module 97 -* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol 98 -* Support peer-to-peer protocol 99 -* TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature 100 -* SMA connector 101 -* Available in different frequency LoRaWAN frequency bands. 102 -* World-wide unique OTAA keys. 103 -* AT Command via UART-TTL interface 104 -* Firmware upgradable via UART interface 105 -* Ultra-long RF range 60 +[[image:image-20220523101537-1.png]] 106 106 62 +== Land Pattern == 107 107 64 +[[image:image-20220517072821-2.png]] 108 108 109 -== 2.3 Specification == 110 110 111 -* CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz 112 -* Flash: 256KB 113 -* RAM: 64KB 114 -* Input Power Range: 1.8v ~~ 3.7v 115 -* Power Consumption: < 4uA. 116 -* Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz 117 -* Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output 118 -* High sensitivity: -148 dBm 119 -* Temperature: 120 -** Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃ 121 -** Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃ 122 -* Humidity: 123 -** Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing) 124 -** Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing) 125 -* LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm 126 -* LoRa Rx current: <9 mA 127 -* I/O Voltage: 3.3v 67 +== Part Number == 128 128 69 +Part Number: **LA66-XXX** 129 129 71 +**XX**: The default frequency band 130 130 131 -== 2.4 Pin Mapping & LED == 73 +* **AS923**: LoRaWAN AS923 band 74 +* **AU915**: LoRaWAN AU915 band 75 +* **EU433**: LoRaWAN EU433 band 76 +* **EU868**: LoRaWAN EU868 band 77 +* **KR920**: LoRaWAN KR920 band 78 +* **US915**: LoRaWAN US915 band 79 +* **IN865**: LoRaWAN IN865 band 80 +* **CN470**: LoRaWAN CN470 band 132 132 82 += LA66 LoRaWAN Shield = 133 133 84 +LA66 LoRaWAN Shield is the Arduino Breakout PCB to fast test the features of LA66 module and turn Arduino to support LoRaWAN. 134 134 135 -== 2.5Example: Use AT Commandtocommunicate withLA66module via Arduino UNO.==86 +== Pin Mapping & LED == 136 136 88 +== Example: Use AT Command to communicate with LA66 module via Arduino UNO. == 137 137 90 +== Example: Join TTN network and send an uplink message, get downlink message. == 138 138 139 -== 2.6Example:JoinTTN networkand send an uplink message,getdownlinkmessage. ==92 +== Example: Log Temperature Sensor(DHT11) and send data to TTN, show it in DataCake. == 140 140 94 +== Upgrade Firmware of LA66 LoRaWAN Shield == 141 141 96 +=== what needs to be used === 142 142 143 - == 2.7Example:Log TemperatureSensor(DHT11) andsend dataoTTN,showitinDataCake. ==98 +1.LA66 LoRaWAN Shield that needs to be upgraded 144 144 100 +2.Arduino 145 145 102 +3.USB TO TTL 146 146 147 - == 2.8 UpgradeFirmwareof LA66 LoRaWAN Shield ==104 +[[image:image-20220602100052-2.png]] 148 148 106 +=== Wiring Schematic === 149 149 150 - === 2.8.1 Items needed for update===108 +[[image:image-20220602101311-3.png]] 151 151 152 -1. LA66 LoRaWAN Shield 153 -1. Arduino 154 -1. USB TO TTL Adapter 110 +LA66 LoRaWAN Shield >>>>>>>>>>>>USB TTL 155 155 112 +GND >>>>>>>>>>>>GND 156 156 114 +TXD >>>>>>>>>>>>TXD 157 157 116 +RXD >>>>>>>>>>>>RXD 158 158 159 - [[image:image-20220602100052-2.png||height="385"width="600"]]118 +JP6 of LA66 LoRaWAN Shield needs to be connected with yellow jumper cap 160 160 120 +Connect to the PC after connecting the wires 161 161 162 - ===2.8.2Connection ===122 +[[image:image-20220602102240-4.png]] 163 163 124 +=== Upgrade steps === 164 164 165 - [[image:image-20220602101311-3.png||height="276"width="600"]]126 +==== Dial the SW1 of the LA66 LoRaWAN Shield to the ISP's location as shown in the figure below ==== 166 166 128 +[[image:image-20220602102824-5.png]] 167 167 168 - (%style="color:blue"%)**LA66 LoRaWAN Shield**(%%)**<->** (% style="color:blue"%)**USB TTL**130 +==== Press the RST switch on the LA66 LoRaWAN Shield once ==== 169 169 170 -(% style="background-color:yellow" %)**GND <-> GND 171 -TXD <-> TXD 172 -RXD <-> RXD** 132 +[[image:image-20220602104701-12.png]] 173 173 134 +==== Open the upgrade application software ==== 174 174 175 - Put ajumpercaponJP6ofLA66LoRaWANShield. (the jumpers topoweronA66 module)136 +Software download link: [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/]] 176 176 177 -Connect USB TTL Adapter to PC after connecting the wires 178 - 179 - 180 -[[image:image-20220602102240-4.png||height="304" width="600"]] 181 - 182 - 183 -=== 2.8.3 Upgrade steps === 184 - 185 - 186 -==== 1. Switch SW1 to put in ISP position ==== 187 - 188 - 189 -[[image:image-20220602102824-5.png||height="306" width="600"]] 190 - 191 - 192 - 193 -==== 2. Press the RST switch once ==== 194 - 195 - 196 -[[image:image-20220602104701-12.png||height="285" width="600"]] 197 - 198 - 199 - 200 -==== 3. Open the Upgrade tool (Tremo Programmer) in PC and Upgrade ==== 201 - 202 - 203 -(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Software download link: [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/]]** 204 - 205 - 206 206 [[image:image-20220602103227-6.png]] 207 207 208 - 209 209 [[image:image-20220602103357-7.png]] 210 210 142 +===== Select the COM port corresponding to USB TTL ===== 211 211 212 - 213 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HSelecttheCOMportcorrespondingtoUSBTTL" %) 214 -(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Select the COM port corresponding to USB TTL** 215 - 216 - 217 217 [[image:image-20220602103844-8.png]] 218 218 146 +===== Select the bin file to burn ===== 219 219 220 - 221 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HSelectthebinfiletoburn" %) 222 -(% style="color:blue" %)**3. Select the bin file to burn** 223 - 224 - 225 225 [[image:image-20220602104144-9.png]] 226 226 227 - 228 228 [[image:image-20220602104251-10.png]] 229 229 230 - 231 231 [[image:image-20220602104402-11.png]] 232 232 154 +===== Click to start the download ===== 233 233 234 - 235 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HClicktostartthedownload" %) 236 -(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Click to start the download** 237 - 238 238 [[image:image-20220602104923-13.png]] 239 239 158 +===== The following figure appears to prove that the burning is in progress ===== 240 240 241 - 242 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HThefollowingfigureappearstoprovethattheburningisinprogress" %) 243 -(% style="color:blue" %)**5. Check update process** 244 - 245 - 246 246 [[image:image-20220602104948-14.png]] 247 247 162 +===== The following picture appears to prove that the burning is successful ===== 248 248 249 - 250 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HThefollowingpictureappearstoprovethattheburningissuccessful" %) 251 -(% style="color:blue" %)**The following picture shows that the burning is successful** 252 - 253 253 [[image:image-20220602105251-15.png]] 254 254 166 += LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter = 255 255 168 +LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter is the USB Adapter for LA66, it combines a USB TTL Chip and LA66 module which can easy to test the LoRaWAN feature by using PC or embedded device which has USB Interface. 256 256 257 - =3.LA66USB LoRaWANAdapter=170 +Before use, please make sure that the computer has installed the CP2102 driver 258 258 172 +== Pin Mapping & LED == 259 259 260 -== 3.1Overview==174 +== Example Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in PC == 261 261 262 - LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter is designed to fast turnUSB devicestosupportLoRaWAN wirelessfeatures. It combines a CP2101 USB TTLChip and LA66 LoRaWANmodule which caneasytoadd LoRaWAN wireless featuretoPC/ Mobile phone or an embedded device that has USB Interface.176 +Connect the LA66 LoRa Shield to the PC 263 263 178 +[[image:image-20220602171217-1.png||height="615" width="915"]] 264 264 265 -== 3.2 Features == 266 - 267 -* LoRaWAN USB adapter base on LA66 LoRaWAN module 268 -* Ultra-long RF range 269 -* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol 270 -* Support peer-to-peer protocol 271 -* TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature 272 -* Spring RF antenna 273 -* Available in different frequency LoRaWAN frequency bands. 274 -* World-wide unique OTAA keys. 275 -* AT Command via UART-TTL interface 276 -* Firmware upgradable via UART interface 277 - 278 - 279 - 280 -== 3.3 Specification == 281 - 282 -* CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz 283 -* Flash: 256KB 284 -* RAM: 64KB 285 -* Input Power Range: 5v 286 -* Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz 287 -* Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output 288 -* High sensitivity: -148 dBm 289 -* Temperature: 290 -** Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃ 291 -** Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃ 292 -* Humidity: 293 -** Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing) 294 -** Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing) 295 -* LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm 296 -* LoRa Rx current: <9 mA 297 - 298 - 299 - 300 -== 3.4 Pin Mapping & LED == 301 - 302 - 303 - 304 -== 3.5 Example: Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in PC == 305 - 306 - 307 -Assume user already input the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter OTAA Keys in TTN and there is already TTN network coverage. 308 - 309 - 310 -(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Connect the LA66 USB LoRaWAN adapter to PC** 311 - 312 - 313 -[[image:image-20220602171217-1.png||height="538" width="800"]] 314 - 315 - 316 316 Open the serial port tool 317 317 318 318 [[image:image-20220602161617-8.png]] 319 319 320 -[[image:image-20220602161718-9.png||height=" 457" width="800"]]184 +[[image:image-20220602161718-9.png||height="529" width="927"]] 321 321 186 +Press the reset switch RST on the LA66 LoRa Shield. 322 322 188 +The following picture appears to prove that the LA66 LoRa Shield successfully entered the network 323 323 324 - (% style="color:blue" %)**2. Press the reset switch RST on theLA66USB LoRaWAN Adapter to reset it.**190 +[[image:image-20220602161935-10.png]] 325 325 326 - Thefollowingpicture appearstoprove that the LA66 USBLoRaWAN Adapterccessfully Jointhe LoRaWAN network192 +send instructions: AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data> 327 327 328 - 329 -[[image:image-20220602161935-10.png||height="498" width="800"]] 330 - 331 - 332 - 333 -(% style="color:blue" %)**3. See Uplink Command** 334 - 335 -Command format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data>** 336 - 337 337 example: AT+SENDB=01,02,8,05820802581ea0a5 338 338 339 -[[image:image-20220602162157-11.png ||height="497" width="800"]]196 +[[image:image-20220602162157-11.png]] 340 340 198 +Check to see if TTN received the message 341 341 200 +[[image:image-20220602162331-12.png||height="547" width="1044"]] 342 342 343 - (%style="color:blue"%)**4.ChecktoseeifTTNreceivedthemessage**202 +== Example Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in RPi == 344 344 345 - [[image:image-20220602162331-12.png||height="420"width="800"]]204 +Connect the LA66 LoRa Shield to the RPI 346 346 206 +[[image:image-20220602171233-2.png||height="592" width="881"]] 347 347 208 +Log in to the RPI's terminal and connect to the serial port 348 348 349 - == 3.6 Example: Send PC's CPU/RAM usageto TTN viaython==210 +[[image:image-20220602153146-3.png]] 350 350 212 +Press the reset switch RST on the LA66 LoRa Shield. 213 +The following picture appears to prove that the LA66 LoRa Shield successfully entered the network 351 351 352 - **Use python as an example:**[[https:~~/~~/github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_WindosPC.py>>https://github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_WindosPC.py]]215 +[[image:image-20220602154928-5.png]] 353 353 217 +send instructions: AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data> 354 354 355 -(% style="color:red" %)**Preconditions:** 356 - 357 -(% style="color:red" %)**1. LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter works fine** 358 - 359 -(% style="color:red" %)**2. LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter is registered with TTN** 360 - 361 - 362 - 363 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Steps for usage:** 364 - 365 -(% style="color:blue" %)**1.**(%%) Press the reset switch RESET on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter 366 - 367 -(% style="color:blue" %)**2.**(%%) Run the python script in PC and see the TTN 368 - 369 -[[image:image-20220602115852-3.png||height="450" width="1187"]] 370 - 371 - 372 - 373 -== 3.7 Example: Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in RPi == 374 - 375 - 376 -Assume user already input the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter OTAA Keys in TTN and there is already TTN network coverage. 377 - 378 - 379 -(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Connect the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter to the Raspberry Pi** 380 - 381 -[[image:image-20220602171233-2.png||height="538" width="800"]] 382 - 383 - 384 - 385 -(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Install Minicom in RPi.** 386 - 387 -(% id="cke_bm_509388S" style="display:none" %) (%%)Enter the following command in the RPi terminal 388 - 389 - (% style="background-color:yellow" %)**apt update** 390 - 391 - (% style="background-color:yellow" %)**apt install minicom** 392 - 393 - 394 -Use minicom to connect to the RPI's terminal 395 - 396 -[[image:image-20220602153146-3.png||height="439" width="500"]] 397 - 398 - 399 - 400 -(% style="color:blue" %)**3. Press the reset switch RST on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter.** 401 - 402 -The following picture appears to prove that the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter successfully entered the network. 403 - 404 - 405 -[[image:image-20220602154928-5.png||height="436" width="500"]] 406 - 407 - 408 - 409 -(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Send Uplink message** 410 - 411 -Format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data>** 412 - 413 413 example: AT+SENDB=01,02,8,05820802581ea0a5 414 414 221 +[[image:image-20220602160339-6.png]] 415 415 416 -[[image:image-20220602160339-6.png||height="517" width="600"]] 417 - 418 - 419 - 420 420 Check to see if TTN received the message 421 421 422 -[[image:image-20220602160627-7.png||height=" 369" width="800"]]225 +[[image:image-20220602160627-7.png||height="468" width="1013"]] 423 423 227 +=== Install Minicom === 424 424 229 +Enter the following command in the RPI terminal 425 425 426 - == 3.8 Example: LA66 USB Module gota message from LA66 LoRa Shieldnd sendthesensor data to NodeRed. ==231 +apt update 427 427 233 +[[image:image-20220602143155-1.png]] 428 428 235 +apt install minicom 429 429 430 - == 3.9 UpgradeFirmwareof LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter ==237 +[[image:image-20220602143744-2.png]] 431 431 239 +=== Send PC's CPU/RAM usage to TTN via script. === 432 432 241 +==== Take python as an example: ==== 433 433 243 +===== Preconditions: ===== 434 434 435 - = 4.OrderInfo=245 +1.LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter works fine 436 436 247 +2.LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter is registered with TTN 437 437 438 - **Part Number:** (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-XXX**(%%), (% style="color:blue"%)**LA66-LoRaWAN-Shield-XXX**(%%) **or**(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-USB-LoRaWAN-Adapter-XXX**249 +===== Steps for usage ===== 439 439 251 +1.Press the reset switch RESET on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter 440 440 441 - (%style="color:blue"%)**XXX**(%%):Thedefaultfrequencyband253 +2.Run the script and see the TTN 442 442 443 -* (% style="color:red" %)**AS923**(%%): LoRaWAN AS923 band 444 -* (% style="color:red" %)**AU915**(%%): LoRaWAN AU915 band 445 -* (% style="color:red" %)**EU433**(%%): LoRaWAN EU433 band 446 -* (% style="color:red" %)**EU868**(%%): LoRaWAN EU868 band 447 -* (% style="color:red" %)**KR920**(%%): LoRaWAN KR920 band 448 -* (% style="color:red" %)**US915**(%%): LoRaWAN US915 band 449 -* (% style="color:red" %)**IN865**(%%): LoRaWAN IN865 band 450 -* (% style="color:red" %)**CN470**(%%): LoRaWAN CN470 band 451 -* (% style="color:red" %)**PP**(%%): Peer to Peer LoRa Protocol 255 +[[image:image-20220602115852-3.png]] 452 452 453 453 454 454 455 -= 5.Reference =259 +== Example: LA66 USB Module got a message from LA66 LoRa Shield and send the sensor data to NodeRed. == 456 456 457 -* Hardware Design File for LA66 LoRaWAN Shield, LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter : [[Download>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/a3wbmdcvqjxaqw5/AADZfvAiykJTK624RgMquH86a?dl=0]] 458 458 262 +== Upgrade Firmware of LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter == 263 + 459 459