Last modified by Xiaoling on 2023/05/26 14:19
<
From version < 50.1 >
edited by Herong Lu
on 2022/06/02 16:03
To version < 87.18 >
edited by Xiaoling
on 2022/07/13 10:15
>
Change comment: There is no comment for this version

Summary

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1 -XWiki.Lu
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
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1 -{{box cssClass="floatinginfobox" title="**Contents**"}}
2 -{{toc/}}
3 -{{/box}}
1 +
4 4  
5 -= LA66 LoRaWAN Module =
3 +**Table of Contents:**
6 6  
7 -== What is LA66 LoRaWAN Module ==
5 +{{toc/}}
8 8  
9 -**Dragino LA66** is a small wireless LoRaWAN module that offers a very compelling mix of long-range, low power consumption, and secure data transmission. It is designed to facilitate developers to quickly deploy industrial-level LoRa and IoT solutions. It helps users to turn the idea into a practical application and make the Internet of Things a reality. It is easy to program, create and connect your things everywhere.
10 10  
11 -**LA66 **is a ready-to-use module which includes the LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol. External MCU can use AT command to call LA66 and start to transmit data via the LoRaWAN protocol.
12 12  
13 -**Each LA66 **module includes a world unique OTAA key for LoRaWAN registration.
9 += 1.  LA66 LoRaWAN Module =
14 14  
15 15  
12 +== 1.1  What is LA66 LoRaWAN Module ==
16 16  
17 -== Specification ==
18 18  
19 -[[image:image-20220517072526-1.png]]
15 +(((
16 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Dragino LA66**(%%) is a small wireless LoRaWAN module that offers a very compelling mix of long-range, low power consumption, and secure data transmission. It is designed to facilitate developers to quickly deploy industrial-level LoRaWAN and IoT solutions. It helps users to turn the idea into a practical application and make the Internet of Things a reality. It is easy to create and connect your things everywhere.
17 +)))
20 20  
21 -Input Power Range: 1.8v ~~ 3.7v
19 +(((
20 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66**(%%) is a ready-to-use module that includes the (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol**(%%). The LoRaWAN stack used in LA66 is used in more than 1 million LoRaWAN End Devices deployed world widely. This mature LoRaWAN stack greatly reduces the risk to make stable LoRaWAN Sensors to support different LoRaWAN servers and different countries' standards. External MCU can use AT command to call LA66 and start to transmit data via the LoRaWAN protocol.
21 +)))
22 22  
23 -Power Consumption: < 4uA.
23 +(((
24 +Each LA66 module includes a (% style="color:blue" %)**world-unique OTAA key**(%%) for LoRaWAN registration.
25 +)))
24 24  
25 -Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz
27 +(((
28 +Besides the support of the LoRaWAN protocol, LA66 also supports (% style="color:blue" %)**open-source peer-to-peer LoRa Protocol**(%%) for the none-LoRaWAN application.
29 +)))
26 26  
27 -Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output
31 +(((
32 +LA66 is equipped with (% style="color:blue" %)**TCXO crystal**(%%) which ensures the module can achieve stable performance in extreme temperatures.
33 +)))
28 28  
29 -High sensitivity: -148 dBm
30 30  
31 -Temperature:
36 +== 1.2  Features ==
32 32  
33 -* Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃
34 -* Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃
38 +* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol
39 +* Support peer-to-peer protocol
40 +* TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature
41 +* SMD Antenna pad and i-pex antenna connector
42 +* Available in different frequency LoRaWAN frequency bands.
43 +* World-wide unique OTAA keys.
44 +* AT Command via UART-TTL interface
45 +* Firmware upgradable via UART interface
46 +* Ultra-long RF range
35 35  
36 -Humidity:
37 37  
38 -* Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
39 -* Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
40 40  
41 -LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm
50 +== 1.3  Specification ==
42 42  
43 -LoRa Rx current: <9 mA
52 +* CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz
53 +* Flash: 256KB
54 +* RAM: 64KB
55 +* Input Power Range: 1.8v ~~ 3.7v
56 +* Power Consumption: < 4uA.
57 +* Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz
58 +* Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output
59 +* High sensitivity: -148 dBm
60 +* Temperature:
61 +** Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃
62 +** Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃
63 +* Humidity:
64 +** Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
65 +** Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
66 +* LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm
67 +* LoRa Rx current: <9 mA
68 +* I/O Voltage: 3.3v
44 44  
45 -I/O Voltage: 3.3v
46 46  
47 47  
48 -== AT Command ==
72 +== 1.4  AT Command ==
49 49  
50 50  AT Command is valid over Main TXD and Main RXD. Serial Baud Rate is 9600. AT commands can be found in AT Command documents.
51 51  
52 52  
53 -== Pin Mapping ==
77 +== 1.5  Dimension ==
54 54  
79 +[[image:image-20220517072526-1.png]]
80 +
81 +
82 +
83 +== 1.6  Pin Mapping ==
84 +
85 +
55 55  [[image:image-20220523101537-1.png]]
56 56  
57 -== Land Pattern ==
58 58  
89 +
90 +== 1.7  Land Pattern ==
91 +
59 59  [[image:image-20220517072821-2.png]]
60 60  
61 61  
62 -== Part Number ==
63 63  
64 -Part Number: **LA66-XXX**
96 += 2.  LA66 LoRaWAN Shield =
65 65  
66 -**XX**: The default frequency band
67 67  
68 -* **AS923**: LoRaWAN AS923 band
69 -* **AU915**: LoRaWAN AU915 band
70 -* **EU433**: LoRaWAN EU433 band
71 -* **EU868**: LoRaWAN EU868 band
72 -* **KR920**: LoRaWAN KR920 band
73 -* **US915**: LoRaWAN US915 band
74 -* **IN865**: LoRaWAN IN865 band
75 -* **CN470**: LoRaWAN CN470 band
99 +== 2.1  Overview ==
76 76  
77 -= LA66 LoRaWAN Shield =
101 +LA66 LoRaWAN Shield is the Arduino shield base on LA66. Users can use LA66 LoRaWAN Shield to rapidly add LoRaWAN or peer-to-peer LoRa wireless function to  Arduino projects.
78 78  
79 -LA66 LoRaWAN Shield is the Arduino Breakout PCB to fast test the features of LA66 module and turn Arduino to support LoRaWAN.
80 80  
81 -== Pin Mapping & LED ==
104 +== 2.2  Features ==
82 82  
83 -== Example: Use AT Command to communicate with LA66 module via Arduino UNO. ==
106 +* Arduino Shield base on LA66 LoRaWAN module
107 +* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol
108 +* Support peer-to-peer protocol
109 +* TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature
110 +* SMA connector
111 +* Available in different frequency LoRaWAN frequency bands.
112 +* World-wide unique OTAA keys.
113 +* AT Command via UART-TTL interface
114 +* Firmware upgradable via UART interface
115 +* Ultra-long RF range
84 84  
85 -== Example: Join TTN network and send an uplink message, get downlink message. ==
86 86  
87 -== Example: Log Temperature Sensor(DHT11) and send data to TTN, show it in DataCake. ==
88 88  
89 -== Upgrade Firmware of LA66 LoRaWAN Shield ==
119 +== 2.3  Specification ==
90 90  
91 -=== what needs to be used ===
121 +* CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz
122 +* Flash: 256KB
123 +* RAM: 64KB
124 +* Input Power Range: 1.8v ~~ 3.7v
125 +* Power Consumption: < 4uA.
126 +* Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz
127 +* Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output
128 +* High sensitivity: -148 dBm
129 +* Temperature:
130 +** Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃
131 +** Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃
132 +* Humidity:
133 +** Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
134 +** Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
135 +* LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm
136 +* LoRa Rx current: <9 mA
137 +* I/O Voltage: 3.3v
92 92  
93 -1.LA66 LoRaWAN Shield that needs to be upgraded
94 94  
95 -2.Arduino
96 96  
97 -3.USB TO TTL
141 +== 2.4  Pin Mapping & LED ==
98 98  
99 -[[image:image-20220602100052-2.png]]
100 100  
101 -=== Wiring Schematic ===
102 102  
103 -[[image:image-20220602101311-3.png]]
145 +== 2.5  Example: Use AT Command to communicate with LA66 module via Arduino UNO. ==
104 104  
105 -LA66 LoRaWAN Shield  >>>>>>>>>>>>USB TTL
106 106  
107 -GND  >>>>>>>>>>>>GND
108 108  
109 -TXD  >>>>>>>>>>>>TXD
149 +== 2.6  Example: Join TTN network and send an uplink message, get downlink message. ==
110 110  
111 -RXD  >>>>>>>>>>>>RXD
112 112  
113 -JP6 of LA66 LoRaWAN Shield needs to be connected with yellow jumper cap
114 114  
115 -Connect to the PC after connecting the wires
153 +== 2.7  Example: Log Temperature Sensor(DHT11) and send data to TTN, show it in DataCake. ==
116 116  
117 -[[image:image-20220602102240-4.png]]
118 118  
119 -=== Upgrade steps ===
120 120  
121 -==== Dial the SW1 of the LA66 LoRaWAN Shield to the ISP's location as shown in the figure below ====
157 +== 2.8  Upgrade Firmware of LA66 LoRaWAN Shield ==
122 122  
123 -[[image:image-20220602102824-5.png]]
124 124  
125 -==== Press the RST switch on the LA66 LoRaWAN Shield once ====
160 +=== 2.8.1  Items needed for update ===
126 126  
127 -[[image:image-20220602104701-12.png]]
162 +1. LA66 LoRaWAN Shield
163 +1. Arduino
164 +1. USB TO TTL Adapter
128 128  
129 -==== Open the upgrade application software ====
130 130  
131 -Software download link:  [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/]]
132 132  
168 +
169 +[[image:image-20220602100052-2.png||height="385" width="600"]]
170 +
171 +
172 +=== 2.8.2  Connection ===
173 +
174 +
175 +[[image:image-20220602101311-3.png||height="276" width="600"]]
176 +
177 +
178 +(((
179 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66 LoRaWAN Shield**(%%)  **<->** (% style="color:blue" %)**USB TTL**
180 +)))
181 +
182 +(((
183 +(% style="background-color:yellow" %)**GND  <-> GND
184 +TXD  <->  TXD
185 +RXD  <->  RXD**
186 +)))
187 +
188 +
189 +Put a jumper cap on JP6 of LA66 LoRaWAN Shield. ( the jumper is to power on LA66 module)
190 +
191 +Connect USB TTL Adapter to PC after connecting the wires
192 +
193 +
194 +[[image:image-20220602102240-4.png||height="304" width="600"]]
195 +
196 +
197 +=== 2.8.3  Upgrade steps ===
198 +
199 +
200 +==== 1.  Switch SW1 to put in ISP position ====
201 +
202 +
203 +[[image:image-20220602102824-5.png||height="306" width="600"]]
204 +
205 +
206 +
207 +==== 2.  Press the RST switch once ====
208 +
209 +
210 +[[image:image-20220602104701-12.png||height="285" width="600"]]
211 +
212 +
213 +
214 +==== 3.  Open the Upgrade tool (Tremo Programmer) in PC and Upgrade ====
215 +
216 +
217 +(((
218 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Software download link:  [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/]]**
219 +)))
220 +
221 +
133 133  [[image:image-20220602103227-6.png]]
134 134  
224 +
135 135  [[image:image-20220602103357-7.png]]
136 136  
137 -===== Select the COM port corresponding to USB TTL =====
138 138  
228 +
229 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HSelecttheCOMportcorrespondingtoUSBTTL" %)
230 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Select the COM port corresponding to USB TTL**
231 +
232 +
139 139  [[image:image-20220602103844-8.png]]
140 140  
141 -===== Select the bin file to burn =====
142 142  
236 +
237 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HSelectthebinfiletoburn" %)
238 +(% style="color:blue" %)**3. Select the bin file to burn**
239 +
240 +
143 143  [[image:image-20220602104144-9.png]]
144 144  
243 +
145 145  [[image:image-20220602104251-10.png]]
146 146  
246 +
147 147  [[image:image-20220602104402-11.png]]
148 148  
149 -===== Click to start the download =====
150 150  
250 +
251 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HClicktostartthedownload" %)
252 +(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Click to start the download**
253 +
151 151  [[image:image-20220602104923-13.png]]
152 152  
153 -===== The following figure appears to prove that the burning is in progress =====
154 154  
257 +
258 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HThefollowingfigureappearstoprovethattheburningisinprogress" %)
259 +(% style="color:blue" %)**5. Check update process**
260 +
261 +
155 155  [[image:image-20220602104948-14.png]]
156 156  
157 -===== The following picture appears to prove that the burning is successful =====
158 158  
265 +
266 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HThefollowingpictureappearstoprovethattheburningissuccessful" %)
267 +(% style="color:blue" %)**The following picture shows that the burning is successful**
268 +
159 159  [[image:image-20220602105251-15.png]]
160 160  
161 -= LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter =
162 162  
163 -LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter is the USB Adapter for LA66, it combines a USB TTL Chip and LA66 module which can easy to test the LoRaWAN feature by using PC or embedded device which has USB Interface.
164 164  
165 -== Pin Mapping & LED ==
273 += 3.  LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter =
166 166  
167 -== Example Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in PC ==
168 168  
169 -== Example Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in RPi ==
276 +== 3.1  Overview ==
170 170  
171 -=== Install USB Driver ===
278 +LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter is designed to fast turn USB devices to support LoRaWAN wireless features. It combines a CP2101 USB TTL Chip and LA66 LoRaWAN module which can easy to add LoRaWAN wireless feature to PC / Mobile phone or an embedded device that has USB Interface.
172 172  
173 -Download Link:[[click here>>attach:CP210x_Universal_Windows_Driver.zip]]
174 174  
175 -=== Install Minicom ===
281 +== 3.2  Features ==
176 176  
177 -Enter the following command in the RPI terminal
283 +* LoRaWAN USB adapter base on LA66 LoRaWAN module
284 +* Ultra-long RF range
285 +* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol
286 +* Support peer-to-peer protocol
287 +* TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature
288 +* Spring RF antenna
289 +* Available in different frequency LoRaWAN frequency bands.
290 +* World-wide unique OTAA keys.
291 +* AT Command via UART-TTL interface
292 +* Firmware upgradable via UART interface
178 178  
179 -apt update
180 180  
181 -[[image:image-20220602143155-1.png]]
182 182  
183 -apt install minicom
296 +== 3.3  Specification ==
184 184  
185 -[[image:image-20220602143744-2.png]]
298 +* CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz
299 +* Flash: 256KB
300 +* RAM: 64KB
301 +* Input Power Range: 5v
302 +* Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz
303 +* Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output
304 +* High sensitivity: -148 dBm
305 +* Temperature:
306 +** Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃
307 +** Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃
308 +* Humidity:
309 +** Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
310 +** Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
311 +* LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm
312 +* LoRa Rx current: <9 mA
186 186  
187 -=== Use AT Command to send an uplink message. ===
188 188  
189 -=== Send PC's CPU/RAM usage to TTN via script. ===
190 190  
191 -==== Take python as an example： ====
316 +== 3.4  Pin Mapping & LED ==
192 192  
193 -===== Preconditions: =====
194 194  
195 -1.LA66 LoRa Shield works fine
196 196  
197 -2.LA66 LoRa Shield is registered with TTN
320 +== 3.5  Example: Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in PC ==
198 198  
199 -===== Steps for usage =====
200 200  
201 -1.After connecting the line, connect it to the PC, turn SW1 to FLASH, and press the RST switch. As shown in the figure below
323 +Assume user already input the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter OTAA Keys in TTN and there is already TTN network coverage.
202 202  
203 -[[image:image-20220602114148-1.png]]
204 204  
205 -2.Run the script and see the TTN
326 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Connect the LA66 USB LoRaWAN adapter to PC**
206 206  
207 -[[image:image-20220602115852-3.png]]
208 208  
329 +[[image:image-20220602171217-1.png||height="538" width="800"]]
209 209  
210 210  
211 -== Example: LA66 USB Module got a message from LA66 LoRa Shield and send the sensor data to NodeRed. ==
332 +Open the serial port tool
212 212  
334 +[[image:image-20220602161617-8.png]]
213 213  
214 -== Upgrade Firmware of LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter ==
336 +[[image:image-20220602161718-9.png||height="457" width="800"]]
337 +
338 +
339 +
340 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Press the reset switch RST on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter to reset it.**
341 +
342 +The following picture appears to prove that the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter successfully Join the LoRaWAN network
343 +
344 +
345 +[[image:image-20220602161935-10.png||height="498" width="800"]]
346 +
347 +
348 +
349 +(% style="color:blue" %)**3. See Uplink Command**
350 +
351 +Command format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data>**
352 +
353 +example: AT+SENDB=01,02,8,05820802581ea0a5
354 +
355 +[[image:image-20220602162157-11.png||height="497" width="800"]]
356 +
357 +
358 +
359 +(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Check to see if TTN received the message**
360 +
361 +[[image:image-20220602162331-12.png||height="420" width="800"]]
362 +
363 +
364 +
365 +== 3.6  Example: Send PC's CPU/RAM usage to TTN via python ==
366 +
367 +
368 +**Use python as an example：**[[https:~~/~~/github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_WindosPC.py>>https://github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_WindosPC.py]]
369 +
370 +
371 +(% style="color:red" %)**Preconditions:**
372 +
373 +(% style="color:red" %)**1. LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter works fine**
374 +
375 +(% style="color:red" %)**2. LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter  is registered with TTN**
376 +
377 +
378 +
379 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Steps for usage:**
380 +
381 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1.**(%%) Press the reset switch RESET on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter
382 +
383 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2.**(%%) Run the python script in PC and see the TTN
384 +
385 +[[image:image-20220602115852-3.png||height="450" width="1187"]]
386 +
387 +
388 +
389 +== 3.7  Example: Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in RPi ==
390 +
391 +
392 +Assume user already input the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter OTAA Keys in TTN and there is already TTN network coverage.
393 +
394 +
395 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Connect the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter to the Raspberry Pi**
396 +
397 +[[image:image-20220602171233-2.png||height="538" width="800"]]
398 +
399 +
400 +
401 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Install Minicom in RPi.**
402 +
403 +(% id="cke_bm_509388S" style="display:none" %) (%%)Enter the following command in the RPi terminal
404 +
405 + (% style="background-color:yellow" %)**apt update**
406 +
407 + (% style="background-color:yellow" %)**apt install minicom**
408 +
409 +
410 +Use minicom to connect to the RPI's terminal
411 +
412 +[[image:image-20220602153146-3.png||height="439" width="500"]]
413 +
414 +
415 +
416 +(% style="color:blue" %)**3. Press the reset switch RST on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter.**
417 +
418 +The following picture appears to prove that the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter successfully entered the network.
419 +
420 +
421 +[[image:image-20220602154928-5.png||height="436" width="500"]]
422 +
423 +
424 +
425 +(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Send Uplink message**
426 +
427 +Format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data>**
428 +
429 +example: AT+SENDB=01,02,8,05820802581ea0a5
430 +
431 +
432 +[[image:image-20220602160339-6.png||height="517" width="600"]]
433 +
434 +
435 +
436 +Check to see if TTN received the message
437 +
438 +[[image:image-20220602160627-7.png||height="369" width="800"]]
439 +
440 +
441 +
442 +== 3.8  Example: LA66 USB Module got a message from LA66 LoRa Shield and send the sensor data to NodeRed. ==
443 +
444 +
445 +
446 +== 3.9  Upgrade Firmware of LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter ==
447 +
448 +
449 +
450 +
451 += 4.  Order Info =
452 +
453 +
454 +**Part Number:**  (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-XXX**(%%), (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-LoRaWAN-Shield-XXX** (%%) **or**  (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-USB-LoRaWAN-Adapter-XXX**
455 +
456 +
457 +(% style="color:blue" %)**XXX**(%%): The default frequency band
458 +
459 +* (% style="color:red" %)**AS923**(%%):  LoRaWAN AS923 band
460 +* (% style="color:red" %)**AU915**(%%):  LoRaWAN AU915 band
461 +* (% style="color:red" %)**EU433**(%%):  LoRaWAN EU433 band
462 +* (% style="color:red" %)**EU868**(%%):  LoRaWAN EU868 band
463 +* (% style="color:red" %)**KR920**(%%):  LoRaWAN KR920 band
464 +* (% style="color:red" %)**US915**(%%):  LoRaWAN US915 band
465 +* (% style="color:red" %)**IN865**(%%):  LoRaWAN IN865 band
466 +* (% style="color:red" %)**CN470**(%%): LoRaWAN CN470 band
467 +* (% style="color:red" %)**PP**(%%):  Peer to Peer LoRa Protocol
468 +
469 +
470 +
471 += 5.  Reference =
472 +
473 +* Hardware Design File for LA66 LoRaWAN Shield, LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter : [[Download>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/a3wbmdcvqjxaqw5/AADZfvAiykJTK624RgMquH86a?dl=0]]
474 +
475 +
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