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Version 34.5 by Xiaoling on 2022/06/24 15:14
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1 (% style="text-align:center" %)
2 [[image:1656035424980-692.png||height="533" width="386"]]
3
4
5
6 **Table of Contents:**
7
8 {{toc/}}
9
10
11
12
13
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15
16
17
18 = 1. Introduction =
19
20 == 1.1 Overview ==
21
22
23 (((
24 Dragino LoRaWAN weather station series products are designed for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**weather and climate**(%%). They consist of a (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**main process device (WSC1-L) and various sensors**.
25 )))
26
27 (((
28 The sensors include various type such as: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**Rain Gauge**, **Temperature/Humidity/Pressure sensor**, **Wind Speed/direction sensor**, **Illumination sensor**, **CO2 sensor**, **Rain/Snow sensor**,** PM2.5/10 sensor**, **PAR(Photosynthetically Available Radiation) sensor, Total Solar Radiation sensor**(%%) and so on.
29 )))
30
31 (((
32 Main process device WSC1-L is an outdoor LoRaWAN RS485 end node. It is powered by external (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**12v solar power**(%%) and have a (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**built-in li-on backup battery**(%%). WSC1-L reads value from various sensors and upload these sensor data to IoT server via LoRaWAN wireless protocol.
33 )))
34
35 (((
36 WSC1-L is full compatible with(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** LoRaWAN Class C protocol**(%%), it can work with standard LoRaWAN gateway.
37 )))
38
39
40
41 = 2. How to use =
42
43 == 2.1 Installation ==
44
45 Below is an installation example for the weather station. Field installation example can be found at [[Appendix I: Field Installation Photo.>>||anchor="H11.AppendixI:FieldInstallationPhoto"]] 
46
47 [[image:1656041948552-849.png]]
48
49
50 (% style="color:blue" %)** Wiring:**
51
52 ~1. WSC1-L and sensors all powered by solar power via MPPT
53
54 2. WSC1-L and sensors connect to each other via RS485/Modbus.
55
56 3. WSC1-L read value from each sensor and send uplink via LoRaWAN
57
58
59 WSC1-L is shipped with a RS485 converter board, for the easy connection to different sensors and WSC1-L. Below is a connection photo:
60
61 [[image:1656042136605-251.png]]
62
63
64 (% style="color:red" %) ** Notice 1:**
65
66 * All weather sensors and WSC1-L are powered by MPPT solar recharge controller. MPPT is connected to solar panel and storage battery.
67 * WSC1-L has an extra 1000mAh back up battery. So it can work even solar panel and storage battery Fails.
68 * Weather sensors won’t work if solar panel and storage battery fails.
69
70 (% style="color:red" %)** Notice 2:**
71
72 Due to shipment and importation limitation, user is better to purchase below parts locally:
73
74 * Solar Panel
75 * Storage Battery
76 * MPPT Solar Recharger
77 * Mounting Kit includes pole and mast assembly. Each weather sensor has it’s own mounting assembly, user can check the sensor section in this manual.
78 * Cabinet.
79
80 == 2.2 How it works? ==
81
82 (((
83 Each WSC1-L is shipped with a worldwide unique set of OTAA keys. To use WSC1-L in a LoRaWAN network, user needs to input the OTAA keys in LoRaWAN network server. After finish installation as above. Create WSC1-L in your LoRaWAN server and Power on WSC1-L , it can join the LoRaWAN network and start to transmit sensor data. The default period for each uplink is 20 minutes.
84 )))
85
86
87 Open WSC1-L and put the yellow jumper as below position to power on WSC1-L.
88
89 [[image:1656042192857-709.png]]
90
91
92 (% style="color:red" %)**Notice:**
93
94 1. WSC1-L will auto scan available weather sensors when power on or reboot.
95 1. User can send a downlink command to WSC1-L to do a re-scan on the available sensors.
96
97 == 2.3 Example to use for LoRaWAN network ==
98
99 This section shows an example for how to join the TTN V3 LoRaWAN IoT server. Usages with other LoRaWAN IoT servers are of similar procedure.
100
101
102 [[image:1656042612899-422.png]]
103
104
105
106 Assume the DLOS8 is already set to connect to [[TTN V3 network >>url:https://eu1.cloud.thethings.network/]]. We need to add the WSC1-L device in TTN V3:
107
108
109 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1**(%%): Create a device in TTN V3 with the OTAA keys from WSC1-L.
110
111 Each WSC1-L is shipped with a sticker with the default device EUI as below:
112
113 [[image:image-20220624115043-1.jpeg]]
114
115
116 User can enter these keys in the LoRaWAN Server portal. Below is TTN V3 screen shot:
117
118 **Add APP EUI in the application.**
119
120 [[image:1656042662694-311.png]]
121
122 [[image:1656042673910-429.png]]
123
124
125
126
127 **Choose Manually to add WSC1-L**
128
129 [[image:1656042695755-103.png]]
130
131
132
133 **Add APP KEY and DEV EUI**
134
135 [[image:1656042723199-746.png]]
136
137
138
139 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**(%%): Power on WSC1-L, it will start to join TTN server. After join success, it will start to upload sensor data to TTN V3 and user can see in the panel.
140
141
142 [[image:1656042745346-283.png]]
143
144
145
146 == 2.4 Uplink Payload ==
147
148 Uplink payloads include two types: Valid Sensor Value and other status / control command.
149
150 * Valid Sensor Value: Use FPORT=2
151 * Other control command: Use FPORT other than 2.
152
153
154
155
156 === 2.4.1 Uplink FPORT~=5, Device Status ===
157
158 Uplink the device configures with FPORT=5. Once WSC1-L Joined the network, it will uplink this message to the server. After first uplink, WSC1-L will uplink Device Status every 12 hours
159
160
161 (((
162 User can also use downlink command(0x2301) to ask WSC1-L to resend this uplink
163 )))
164
165 (% border="1" cellspacing="8" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:500px" %)
166 |=(% style="width: 70px;" %)**Size (bytes)**|=(% style="width: 60px;" %)**1**|=(% style="width: 80px;" %)**2**|=(% style="width: 80px;" %)**1**|=(% style="width: 60px;" %)**1**|=(% style="width: 50px;" %)**2**|=(% style="width: 100px;" %)**3**
167 |(% style="width:99px" %)**Value**|(% style="width:112px" %)[[Sensor Model>>||anchor="HSensorModel:"]]|(% style="width:135px" %)[[Firmware Version>>||anchor="HFirmwareVersion:"]]|(% style="width:126px" %)[[Frequency Band>>||anchor="HFrequencyBand:"]]|(% style="width:85px" %)[[Sub-band>>||anchor="HSub-Band:"]]|(% style="width:46px" %)[[BAT>>||anchor="HBAT:"]]|(% style="width:166px" %)[[Weather Sensor Types>>||anchor="HWeatherSensorTypes:"]]
168
169 [[image:1656043061044-343.png]]
170
171
172 Example Payload (FPort=5):  [[image:image-20220624101005-1.png]]
173
174
175
176 ==== (% style="color:#037691" %)**Sensor Model:**(%%) ====
177
178 For WSC1-L, this value is 0x0D.
179
180
181
182 ==== (% style="color:#037691" %)**Firmware Version:**(%%) ====
183
184 0x0100, Means: v1.0.0 version.
185
186
187
188 ==== (% style="color:#037691" %)**Frequency Band:**(%%) ====
189
190 *0x01: EU868
191
192 *0x02: US915
193
194 *0x03: IN865
195
196 *0x04: AU915
197
198 *0x05: KZ865
199
200 *0x06: RU864
201
202 *0x07: AS923
203
204 *0x08: AS923-1
205
206 *0x09: AS923-2
207
208 *0x0a: AS923-3
209
210
211
212 ==== (% style="color:#037691" %)**Sub-Band:**(%%) ====
213
214 value 0x00 ~~ 0x08(only for CN470, AU915,US915. Others are0x00)
215
216
217
218 ==== (% style="color:#037691" %)**BAT:**(%%) ====
219
220 shows the battery voltage for WSC1-L MCU.
221
222 Ex1: 0x0BD6/1000 = 3.03 V
223
224
225
226 ==== (% style="color:#037691" %)**Weather Sensor Types:**(%%) ====
227
228 (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:100px" %)
229 |Byte3|Byte2|Byte1
230
231 Bit = 1 means this sensor is connected, Bit=0 means this sensor is not connected
232
233 [[image:image-20220624134713-1.png]]
234
235
236 Eg: 0x1000FE = 1 0000 0000 0000 1111 1110(b)
237
238 External sensors detected by WSC1-L include :
239
240 custom sensor A1,
241
242 PAR sensor (WSS-07),
243
244 Total Solar Radiation sensor (WSS-06),
245
246 CO2/PM2.5/PM10 (WSS-03),
247
248 Wind Speed/Direction (WSS-02)
249
250
251 User can also use downlink command(0x26 01) to ask WSC1-L to resend this uplink :
252
253 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink:0x26 01**
254
255 [[image:1656049673488-415.png]]
256
257
258
259 === 2.4.2 Uplink FPORT~=2, Real time sensor value ===
260
261 (((
262 WSC1-L will send this uplink after Device Config uplink once join LoRaWAN network successfully. And it will periodically send this uplink. Default interval is 20 minutes and [[can be changed>>||anchor="H3.1SetTransmitIntervalTime"]].
263 )))
264
265 (((
266 Uplink uses FPORT=2 and every 20 minutes send one uplink by default.
267 )))
268
269
270 (((
271 The upload length is dynamic, depends on what type of weather sensors are connected. The uplink payload is combined with sensor segments. As below:
272 )))
273
274
275 (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** Uplink Payload**:
276
277 (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:464px" %)
278 |(% style="width:140px" %)Sensor Segment 1|(% style="width:139px" %)Sensor Segment 2|(% style="width:42px" %)……|(% style="width:140px" %)Sensor Segment n
279
280 (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** Sensor Segment Define**:
281
282 (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:330px" %)
283 |(% style="width:89px" %)Type Code|(% style="width:114px" %)Length (Bytes)|(% style="width:124px" %)Measured Value
284
285 (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**Sensor Type Table:**
286
287 [[image:image-20220624140352-2.png]]
288
289
290 Below is an example payload:  [[image:image-20220624140615-3.png]]
291
292
293 When sending this payload to LoRaWAN server. WSC1-L will send this in one uplink or several uplinks according to LoRaWAN spec requirement. For example, total length of Payload is 54 bytes.
294
295 * When WSC1-L sending in US915 frequency DR0 data rate. Because this data rate has limitation of 11 bytes payload for each uplink. The payload will be split into below packets and uplink.
296
297 Uplink 1:  [[image:image-20220624140735-4.png]]
298
299 Uplink 2:  [[image:image-20220624140842-5.png]]
300
301
302 * When WSC1-L sending in EU868 frequency DR0 data rate. The payload will be split into below packets and uplink:
303
304 Uplink 1:  [[image:image-20220624141025-6.png]]
305
306 Uplink 2:  [[image:image-20220624141100-7.png]]
307
308
309
310
311 === 2.4.3 Decoder in TTN V3 ===
312
313 In LoRaWAN platform, user only see HEX payload by default, user needs to use payload formatters to decode the payload to see human-readable value.
314
315
316 Download decoder for suitable platform from:
317
318 [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/Weather_Station/WSC1-L/>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/Weather_Station/WSC1-L/]]
319
320 and put as below:
321
322 [[image:1656051152438-578.png]]
323
324
325
326 == 2.5 Show data on Application Server ==
327
328 Application platform provides a human friendly interface to show the sensor data, once we have sensor data in TTN V3, we can use Datacake to connect to TTN V3 and see the data in Datacake. Below are the steps:
329
330
331 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1**(%%): Be sure that your device is programmed and properly connected to the LoRaWAN network.
332
333 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**(%%): Configure your Application to forward data to Datacake you will need to add integration. Go to TTN V3 Console ~-~-> Applications ~-~-> Integrations ~-~-> Add Integrations.
334
335 [[image:1656051197172-131.png]]
336
337
338 **Add TagoIO:**
339
340 [[image:1656051223585-631.png]]
341
342
343 **Authorization:**
344
345 [[image:1656051248318-368.png]]
346
347
348 In TagoIO console ([[https:~~/~~/admin.tago.io~~/~~/>>url:https://datacake.co/]]) , add WSC1-L:
349
350 [[image:1656051277767-168.png]]
351
352
353
354 = 3. Configure WSC1-L via AT Command or LoRaWAN Downlink =
355
356 Use can configure WSC1-L via AT Command or LoRaWAN Downlink.
357
358 * AT Command Connection: See [[FAQ>>||anchor="H7.FAQ"]].
359 * LoRaWAN Downlink instruction for different platforms:  [[Use Note for Server>>doc:Main.WebHome]](IoT LoRaWAN Server)
360
361 There are two kinds of commands to configure WSC1-L, they are:
362
363 * (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**General Commands**.
364
365 These commands are to configure:
366
367 * General system settings like: uplink interval.
368 * LoRaWAN protocol & radio related command.
369
370 They are same for all Dragino Device which support DLWS-005 LoRaWAN Stack((% style="color:red" %)Note~*~*)(%%). These commands can be found on the wiki:  [[End Device Downlink Command>>doc:Main.End Device AT Commands and Downlink Command.WebHome]]
371
372 (% style="color:red" %)Note~*~*: Please check early user manual if you don’t have v1.8.0 firmware.
373
374
375 * (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**Commands special design for WSC1-L**
376
377 These commands only valid for WSC1-L, as below:
378
379
380 == 3.1 Set Transmit Interval Time ==
381
382 Feature: Change LoRaWAN End Node Transmit Interval.
383
384 (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command: AT+TDC**
385
386 [[image:image-20220624142619-8.png]]
387
388
389 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Command: 0x01**
390
391 Format: Command Code (0x01) followed by 3 bytes time value.
392
393 If the downlink payload=0100003C, it means set the END Node’s Transmit Interval to 0x00003C=60(S), while type code is 01.
394
395 * Example 1: Downlink Payload: 0100001E ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 30 seconds
396 * Example 2: Downlink Payload: 0100003C ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 60 seconds
397
398
399 == 3.2 Set Emergency Mode ==
400
401 Feature: In emergency mode, WSC1-L will uplink data every 1 minute.
402
403 (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command:**
404
405 [[image:image-20220624142956-9.png]]
406
407
408 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Command:**
409
410 * 0xE101     Same as: AT+ALARMMOD=1
411 * 0xE100     Same as: AT+ALARMMOD=0
412
413
414 == 3.3 Add or Delete RS485 Sensor ==
415
416 Feature: User can add or delete 3^^rd^^ party sensor as long they are RS485/Modbus interface,baud rate support 9600.Maximum can add 4 sensors.
417
418 (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command: **
419
420 (% style="color:blue" %)**AT+DYSENSOR=Type_Code, Query_Length, Query_Command , Read_Length , Valid_Data ,has_CRC,timeout**
421
422 * Type_Code range:  A1 ~~ A4
423 * Query_Length:  RS485 Query frame length, Value cannot be greater than 10
424 * Query_Command:  RS485 Query frame data to be sent to sensor, cannot be larger than 10 bytes
425 * Read_Length:  RS485 response frame length supposed to receive. Max can receive
426 * Valid_Data:  valid data from RS485 Response, Valid Data will be added to Payload and upload via LoRaWAN.
427 * has_CRC:  RS485 Response crc check  (0: no verification required 1: verification required). If CRC=1 and CRC error, valid data will be set to 0.
428 * timeout:  RS485 receive timeout (uint:ms). Device will close receive window after timeout
429
430 **Example:**
431
432 User need to change external sensor use the type code as address code.
433
434 With a 485 sensor, after correctly changing the address code to A1, the RS485 query frame is shown in the following table:
435
436 [[image:image-20220624143553-10.png]]
437
438
439 The response frame of the sensor is as follows:
440
441 [[image:image-20220624143618-11.png]]
442
443
444 **Then the following parameters should be:**
445
446 * Address_Code range: A1
447 * Query_Length: 8
448 * Query_Command: A103000000019CAA
449 * Read_Length: 8
450 * Valid_Data: 24 (Indicates that the data length is 2 bytes, starting from the 4th byte)
451 * has_CRC: 1
452 * timeout: 1500 (Fill in the test according to the actual situation)
453
454 **So the input command is:**
455
456 AT+DYSENSOR=A1,8,A103000000019CAA,8,24,1,1500
457
458
459 In every sampling. WSC1-L will auto append the sensor segment as per this structure and uplink.
460
461 (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:351px" %)
462 |=(% style="width: 94px;" %)Type Code|=(% style="width: 121px;" %)Length (Bytes)|=(% style="width: 132px;" %)Measured Value
463 |(% style="width:94px" %)A1|(% style="width:121px" %)2|(% style="width:132px" %)0x000A
464
465 **Related commands:**
466
467 AT+DYSENSOR=A1,0  ~-~->  Delete 3^^rd^^ party sensor A1.
468
469 AT+DYSENSOR  ~-~->  List All 3^^rd^^ Party Sensor. Like below:
470
471
472 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Command:  **
473
474 **delete custom sensor A1:**
475
476 * 0xE5A1     Same as: AT+DYSENSOR=A1,0
477
478 **Remove all custom sensors**
479
480 * 0xE5FF  
481
482
483 == 3.4 RS485 Test Command ==
484
485 (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command:**
486
487 (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:474px" %)
488 |=(% style="width: 159px;" %)**Command Example**|=(% style="width: 227px;" %)**Function**|=(% style="width: 85px;" %)**Response**
489 |(% style="width:159px" %)AT+RSWRITE=xxxxxx|(% style="width:227px" %)(((
490 Send command to 485 sensor
491
492 Range : no more than 10 bytes
493 )))|(% style="width:85px" %)OK
494
495 Eg: Send command **01 03 00 00 00 01 84 0A** to 485 sensor
496
497 AT+RSWRITE=0103000001840A
498
499
500 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Command:**
501
502 * 0xE20103000001840A     Same as: AT+RSWRITE=0103000001840A
503
504
505 == 3.5 RS485 response timeout ==
506
507 Feature: Set or get extended time to receive 485 sensor data.
508
509 (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command:**
510
511 (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:433px" %)
512 |=(% style="width: 157px;" %)**Command Example**|=(% style="width: 188px;" %)**Function**|=(% style="width: 85px;" %)**Response**
513 |(% style="width:157px" %)AT+DTR=1000|(% style="width:188px" %)(((
514 Set response timeout to:
515
516 Range : 0~~10000
517 )))|(% style="width:85px" %)OK
518
519 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Command:**
520
521 Format: Command Code (0xE0) followed by 3 bytes time value.
522
523 If the downlink payload=E0000005, it means set the END Node’s Transmit Interval to 0x000005=5(S), while type code is E0.
524
525 * Example 1: Downlink Payload: E0000005 ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (DTR) = 5 seconds
526 * Example 2: Downlink Payload: E000000A ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (DTR) = 10 seconds
527
528
529 == 3.6 Set Sensor Type ==
530
531 Feature: Set sensor in used. If there are 6 sensors, user can set to only send 5 sensors values.
532
533 See [[definition>>||anchor="HWeatherSensorTypes:"]] for the sensor type.
534
535 [[image:image-20220624144904-12.png]]
536
537
538 (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT Command:**
539
540 (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:377px" %)
541 |=(% style="width: 157px;" %)**Command Example**|=(% style="width: 130px;" %)**Function**|=(% style="width: 87px;" %)**Response**
542 |(% style="width:157px" %)AT+STYPE=80221|(% style="width:130px" %)Set sensor types|(% style="width:87px" %)OK
543
544 Eg: The setting command **AT+STYPE=802212** means:
545
546 (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:495px" %)
547 |(% rowspan="2" style="width:57px" %)Byte3|(% style="width:57px" %)Bit23|(% style="width:59px" %)Bit22|(% style="width:56px" %)Bit21|(% style="width:51px" %)Bit20|(% style="width:54px" %)Bit19|(% style="width:54px" %)Bit18|(% style="width:52px" %)Bit17|(% style="width:52px" %)Bit16
548 |(% style="width:57px" %)0|(% style="width:59px" %)0|(% style="width:56px" %)0|(% style="width:51px" %)0|(% style="width:54px" %)1|(% style="width:54px" %)0|(% style="width:52px" %)0|(% style="width:52px" %)0
549 |(% rowspan="2" style="width:57px" %)Byte2|(% style="width:57px" %)Bit15|(% style="width:59px" %)Bit14|(% style="width:56px" %)Bit13|(% style="width:51px" %)Bit12|(% style="width:54px" %)Bit11|(% style="width:54px" %)Bit10|(% style="width:52px" %)Bit9|(% style="width:52px" %)Bit8
550 |(% style="width:57px" %)0|(% style="width:59px" %)0|(% style="width:56px" %)0|(% style="width:51px" %)0|(% style="width:54px" %)0|(% style="width:54px" %)0|(% style="width:52px" %)1|(% style="width:52px" %)0
551 |(% rowspan="2" style="width:57px" %)Byte1|(% style="width:57px" %)Bit7|(% style="width:59px" %)Bit6|(% style="width:56px" %)Bit5|(% style="width:51px" %)Bit4|(% style="width:54px" %)Bit3|(% style="width:54px" %)Bit2|(% style="width:52px" %)Bit1|(% style="width:52px" %)Bit0
552 |(% style="width:57px" %)0|(% style="width:59px" %)0|(% style="width:56px" %)1|(% style="width:51px" %)0|(% style="width:54px" %)0|(% style="width:54px" %)0|(% style="width:52px" %)0|(% style="width:52px" %)1
553
554 So wsc1-L will upload the following data: Custom Sensor A1, Rain Gauge,CO2,BAT.
555
556
557 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Command:**
558
559 * 0xE400802212     Same as: AT+STYPE=80221
560
561 (% style="color:red" %)**Note:**
562
563 ~1. The sensor type will not be saved to flash, and the value will be updated every time the sensor is restarted or rescanned.
564
565
566
567
568 = 4. Power consumption and battery =
569
570 == 4.1 Total Power Consumption ==
571
572 Dragino Weather Station serial products include the main process unit ( WSC1-L ) and various sensors. The total power consumption equal total power of all above units. The power consumption for main process unit WSC1-L is 18ma @ 12v. and the power consumption of each sensor can be found on the Sensors chapter.
573
574
575 == 4.2 Reduce power consumption ==
576
577 The main process unit WSC1-L is set to LoRaWAN Class C by default. If user want to reduce the power consumption of this unit, user can set it to run in Class A. In Class A mode, WSC1-L will not be to get real-time downlink command from IoT Server.
578
579
580 == 4.3 Battery ==
581
582 (((
583 All sensors are only power by external power source. If external power source is off. All sensor won't work.
584 )))
585
586 (((
587 Main Process Unit WSC1-L is powered by both external power source and internal 1000mAh rechargeable battery. If external power source is off, WSC1-L still runs and can send periodically uplinks, but the sensors value will become invalid.  External power source can recharge the 1000mAh rechargeable battery.
588 )))
589
590
591 = 5. Main Process Unit WSC1-L =
592
593 == 5.1 Features ==
594
595 * Wall Attachable.
596 * LoRaWAN v1.0.3 Class A protocol.
597 * RS485 / Modbus protocol
598 * Frequency Bands: CN470/EU433/KR920/US915/EU868/AS923/AU915
599 * AT Commands to change parameters
600 * Remote configure parameters via LoRaWAN Downlink
601 * Firmware upgradable via program port
602 * Powered by external 12v battery
603 * Back up rechargeable 1000mAh battery
604 * IP Rating: IP65
605 * Support default sensors or 3rd party RS485 sensors
606
607
608 == 5.2 Power Consumption ==
609
610 WSC1-L (without external sensor): Idle: 4mA, Transmit: max 40mA
611
612
613 == 5.3 Storage & Operation Temperature ==
614
615 -20°C to +60°C
616
617
618 == 5.4 Pin Mapping ==
619
620 [[image:1656054149793-239.png]]
621
622
623 == 5.5 Mechanical ==
624
625 Refer LSn50v2 enclosure drawing in: [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Mechanical_Drawing/>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Mechanical_Drawing/]]
626
627
628 == 5.6 Connect to RS485 Sensors ==
629
630 WSC1-L includes a RS485 converter PCB. Which help it easy to connect multiply RS485 sensors. Below is the photo for reference.
631
632
633 [[image:1656054389031-379.png]]
634
635
636 Hardware Design for the Converter Board please see:
637
638 [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/Weather_Station/RS485_Converter_Board/>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/Weather_Station/RS485_Converter_Board/]]
639
640
641 = 6. Weather Sensors =
642
643 == 6.1 Rain Gauge ~-~- WSS-01 ==
644
645
646 WSS-01 RS485 Rain Gauge is used in meteorology and hydrology to gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation (mainly rainfall) over an area.
647
648 WSS-01 uses a tipping bucket to detect rainfall. The tipping bucket use 3D streamline shape to make sure it works smoothly and is easy to clean.
649
650 WSS-01 is designed to support the Dragino Weather station solution. Users only need to connect WSS-01 RS485 interface to WSC1-L. The weather station main processor WSC1-L can detect and upload the rainfall to the IoT Server via wireless LoRaWAN protocol
651
652 The tipping bucket of WSS-01 is adjusted to the best angle. When installation, user only needs to screw up and adjust the bottom horizontally.
653
654 WSS-01 package includes screw which can be installed to ground. If user want to install WSS-01 on pole, they can purchase WS-K2 bracket kit.
655
656
657 === 6.1.1 Feature ===
658
659 * RS485 Rain Gauge
660 * Small dimension, easy to install
661 * Vents under funnel, avoid leaf or other things to avoid rain flow.
662 * ABS enclosure.
663 * Horizontal adjustable.
664
665
666
667
668
669 === 6.1.2 Specification ===
670
671 * Resolution: 0.2mm
672 * Accuracy: ±3%
673 * Rainfall strength: 0mm～4mm/min (max 8mm/min)
674 * Input Power: DC 5~~24v
675 * Interface: RS485
676 * Working Temperature: 0℃～70℃ ( incorrect below 0 degree, because water become ICE)
677 * Working Humidity: <100% (no dewing)
678 * Power Consumption: 4mA @ 12v.
679
680
681
682
683
684 === 6.1.3 Dimension ===
685
686 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.jpg||alt="c2d3aee592ccc873bea6dd891451df2"]]
687
688
689 === 6.1.4 Pin Mapping ===
690
691 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.png]]
692
693
694
695
696 === 6.1.5 Installation Notice ===
697
698 Do not power on while connect the cables. Double check the wiring before power on.
699
700 Installation Photo as reference:
701
702
703 (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** Install on Ground:**
704
705 WSS-01 Rain Gauge include screws so can install in ground directly .
706
707
708 (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** Install on pole:**
709
710 If user want to install on pole, they can purchase the (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** WS-K2 :  Bracket Kit for Pole installation**(%%), and install as below:
711
712 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.png]]
713
714
715 WS-K2: Bracket Kit for Pole installation:
716
717 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.png]]
718
719 WSSC-K2 dimension document, please see:
720
721 https:~/~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/Weather_Station/ 
722
723
724
725 == 6.2 Wind Speed/Direction ~-~- WSS-02 ==
726
727 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.png]]
728
729 WSS-02 is a RS485 wind speed and wind direction monitor designed for weather station solution.
730
731
732 WSS-02 shell is made of polycarbonate composite material, which has good anti-corrosion and anti-corrosion characteristics, and ensure the long-term use of the sensor without rust. At the same time, it cooperates with the internal smooth bearing system to ensure the stability of information collection
733
734
735 Users only need to connect WSS-02 RS485 interface to WSC1-L. The weather station main
736
737 processor WSC1-L can detect and upload the wind speed and direction to the IoT Server via wireless LoRaWAN protocol.
738
739
740 === 6.2.1 Feature ===
741
742 * RS485 wind speed / direction sensor
743 * PC enclosure, resist corrosion
744
745
746
747
748
749 === 6.2.2 Specification ===
750
751 * Wind speed range: 0 ~~ 30m/s, (always show 30m/s for higher speed)
752 * Wind direction range: 0 ~~ 360°
753 * Start wind speed: ≤0.3m/s
754 * Accuracy: ±（0.3＋0.03V）m/s , ±1°
755 * Input Power: DC 5~~24v
756 * Interface: RS485
757 * Working Temperature: -30℃～70℃
758 * Working Humidity: <100% (no dewing)
759 * Power Consumption: 13mA ~~ 12v.
760 * Cable Length: 2 meters
761
762
763
764
765
766 === 6.2.3 Dimension ===
767
768 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg]][[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.jpg]]
769
770
771 === 6.2.4 Pin Mapping ===
772
773 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.png]]
774
775
776 === 6.2.4 Angle Mapping ===
777
778 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.png]]
779
780
781 === 6.2.5 Installation Notice ===
782
783 Do not power on while connect the cables. Double check the wiring before power on.
784
785
786 The sensor must be installed with below direction, towards North.
787
788
789 |(((
790 North
791 )))
792
793 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.png]]
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802 == 6.3 CO2/PM2.5/PM10 ~-~- WSS-03 ==
803
804 WSS-03 is a RS485 Air Quality sensor. It can monitor CO2, PM2.5 and PM10 at the same time.
805
806
807 WSS-03 uses weather proof shield which can make sure the sensors are well protected against UV & radiation.
808
809
810 WSS-03 is designed to support the Dragino Weather station solution.
811
812 Users only need to connect WSS-03 RS485 interface to WSC1-L. The weather station main
813
814 processor WSC1-L can detect and upload the environment CO2, PM2.5 and PM10 to the IoT Server via wireless LoRaWAN protocol.
815
816
817 === 6.3.1 Feature ===
818
819 * RS485 CO2, PM2.5, PM10 sensor
820 * NDIR to measure CO2 with Internal Temperature Compensation
821 * Laser Beam Scattering to PM2.5 and PM10
822
823
824
825
826
827 === 6.3.2 Specification ===
828
829 * CO2 Range: 0～5000ppm, accuracy: ±3%F•S（25℃）
830 * CO2 resolution: 1ppm
831 * PM2.5/PM10 Range: 0～1000μg/m3 , accuracy ±3%F•S（25℃）
832 * PM2.5/PM10 resolution: 1μg/m3
833 * Input Power: DC 7 ~~ 24v
834 * Preheat time: 3min
835 * Interface: RS485
836 * Working Temperature:
837 ** CO2: 0℃～50℃;
838 ** PM2.5/PM10: -30 ~~ 50℃
839 * Working Humidity:
840 ** PM2.5/PM10: 15～80%RH (no dewing)
841 ** CO2: 0～95%RH
842 * Power Consumption: 50mA@ 12v.
843
844
845
846
847
848 === 6.3.3 Dimension ===
849
850 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.png]]
851
852
853 === 6.3.4 Pin Mapping ===
854
855 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.png]]
856
857
858 === 6.3.5 Installation Notice ===
859
860 Do not power on while connect the cables. Double check the wiring before power on.
861
862 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.png]]
863
864 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.png]]
865
866
867
868
869
870
871 == 6.4 Rain/Snow Detect ~-~- WSS-04 ==
872
873 WSS-04 is a RS485 rain / snow detect sensor. It can monitor Rain or Snow event.
874
875
876 WSS-04 has auto heating feature, this ensures measurement more reliable.
877
878
879 WSS-04 is designed to support the Dragino Weather station solution.
880
881 Users only need to connect WSS-04 RS485 interface to WSC1-L. The weather station main
882
883 processor WSC1-L can detect and upload the SNOW/Rain Event to the IoT Server via wireless LoRaWAN protocol.
884
885
886
887 === 6.4.1 Feature ===
888
889 * RS485 Rain/Snow detect sensor
890 * Surface heating to dry
891 * grid electrode uses Electroless Nickel/Immersion Gold design for resist corrosion
892
893
894
895
896
897 === 6.4.2 Specification ===
898
899 * Detect if there is rain or snow
900 * Input Power: DC 12 ~~ 24v
901 * Interface: RS485
902 * Working Temperature: -30℃～70℃
903 * Working Humidity: 10～90%RH
904 * Power Consumption:
905 ** No heating: 12mA @ 12v,
906 ** heating: 94ma @ 12v.
907
908
909
910
911
912 === 6.4.3 Dimension ===
913
914 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.png]]
915
916
917 === 6.4.4 Pin Mapping ===
918
919 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.png]]
920
921
922 === 6.4.5 Installation Notice ===
923
924 Do not power on while connect the cables. Double check the wiring before power on.
925
926
927 Install with 15°degree.
928
929 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.png]]
930
931 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.png]]
932
933
934
935
936 === 6.4.6 Heating ===
937
938
939 WSS-04 supports auto-heat feature. When the temperature is below the heat start temperature 15℃, WSS-04 starts to heat and stop at stop temperature (default is 25℃).
940
941
942
943
944
945 == 6.5 Temperature, Humidity, Illuminance, Pressure ~-~- WSS-05 ==
946
947 WSS-05 is a 4 in 1 RS485 sensor which can monitor Temperature, Humidity, Illuminance and Pressure at the same time.
948
949
950 WSS-05 is designed to support the Dragino Weather station solution.
951
952 Users only need to connect WSS-05 RS485 interface to WSC1-L. The weather station main
953
954 processor WSC1-L can detect and upload environment Temperature, Humidity, Illuminance, Pressure to the IoT Server via wireless LoRaWAN protocol.
955
956
957 === 6.5.1 Feature ===
958
959 * RS485 Temperature, Humidity, Illuminance, Pressure sensor
960
961
962
963
964
965 === 6.5.2 Specification ===
966
967 * Input Power: DC 12 ~~ 24v
968 * Interface: RS485
969 * Temperature Sensor Spec:
970 ** Range: -30 ~~ 70℃
971 ** resolution 0.1℃
972 ** Accuracy: ±0.5℃
973 * Humidity Sensor Spec:
974 ** Range: 0 ~~ 100% RH
975 ** resolution 0.1 %RH
976 ** Accuracy: 3% RH
977 * Pressure Sensor Spec:
978 ** Range: 10～1100hPa
979 ** Resolution: 0.1hPa
980 ** Accuracy: ±0.1hPa
981 * Illuminate sensor:
982 ** Range: 0～2/20/200kLux
983 ** Resolution: 10 Lux
984 ** Accuracy: ±3％FS
985 * Working Temperature: -30℃～70℃
986 * Working Humidity: 10～90%RH
987 * Power Consumption: 4mA @ 12v
988
989
990
991
992
993 === 6.5.3 Dimension ===
994
995 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.jpg]]
996
997
998 === 6.5.4 Pin Mapping ===
999
1000 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.png]]
1001
1002
1003 === 6.5.5 Installation Notice ===
1004
1005 Do not power on while connect the cables. Double check the wiring before power on.
1006
1007
1008
1009 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.png]]
1010
1011
1012 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.png]]
1013
1014
1015 == 6.6 Total Solar Radiation sensor ~-~- WSS-06 ==
1016
1017 WSS-06 is Total Radiation Sensor can be used to measure the total solar radiation in the spectral range of 0.3 to 3 μm (300 to 3000 nm). If the sensor face is down, the reflected radiation can be measured, and the shading ring can also be used to measure the scattered radiation.
1018
1019
1020 The core device of the radiation sensor is a high-precision photosensitive element, which has good stability and high precision; at the same time, a precision-machined PTTE radiation cover is installed outside the sensing element, which effectively prevents environmental factors from affecting its performance
1021
1022
1023 WSS-06 is designed to support the Dragino Weather station solution.
1024
1025
1026 Users only need to connect WSS-06 RS485 interface to WSC1-L. The weather station main
1027
1028 processor WSC1-L can detect and upload Total Solar Radiation to the IoT Server via wireless LoRaWAN protocol.
1029
1030
1031
1032 === 6.6.1 Feature ===
1033
1034 * RS485 Total Solar Radiation sensor
1035 * Measure Total Radiation between 0.3～3μm（300～3000nm）
1036 * Measure Reflected Radiation if sense area towards ground.
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042 === 6.6.2 Specification ===
1043
1044 * Input Power: DC 5 ~~ 24v
1045 * Interface: RS485
1046 * Detect spectrum: 0.3～3μm（300～3000nm）
1047 * Measure strength range: 0～2000W/m2
1048 * Resolution: 0.1W/m2
1049 * Accuracy: ±3%
1050 * Yearly Stability: ≤±2％
1051 * Cosine response: ≤7％ (@ Sun angle 10°)
1052 * Temperature Effect: ±2％（－10℃～40℃）
1053 * Working Temperature: -40℃～70℃
1054 * Working Humidity: 10～90%RH
1055 * Power Consumption: 4mA @ 12v
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061 === 6.6.3 Dimension ===
1062
1063 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.png]]
1064
1065
1066 === 6.6.4 Pin Mapping ===
1067
1068 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.png]]
1069
1070
1071 === 6.6.5 Installation Notice ===
1072
1073 Do not power on while connect the cables. Double check the wiring before power on.
1074
1075 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.png]]
1076
1077 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.png]]
1078
1079
1080 == 6.7 PAR (Photosynthetically Available Radiation) ~-~- WSS-07 ==
1081
1082 WSS-07 photosynthetically active radiation sensor is mainly used to measure the photosynthetically active radiation of natural light in the wavelength range of 400-700nm.
1083
1084
1085 WSS-07 use precision optical detectors and has an optical filter of 400-700nm, when natural light is irradiated, a voltage signal proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation is generated, and its luminous flux density is proportional to the cosine of the direct angle of the incident light.
1086
1087
1088
1089 WSS-07 is designed to support the Dragino Weather station solution.
1090
1091
1092 Users only need to connect WSS-07 RS485 interface to WSC1-L. The weather station main
1093
1094 processor WSC1-L can detect and upload Photosynthetically Available Radiation to the IoT Server via wireless LoRaWAN protocol.
1095
1096
1097 === 6.7.1 Feature ===
1098
1099 PAR (Photosynthetically Available Radiation) sensor measure 400 ~~ 700nm wavelength nature light’s Photosynthetically Available Radiation.
1100
1101
1102 When nature light shine on the sense area, it will generate a signal base on the incidence radiation strength.
1103
1104
1105 === 6.7.2 Specification ===
1106
1107 * Input Power: DC 5 ~~ 24v
1108 * Interface: RS485
1109 * Response Spectrum: 400～700nm
1110 * Measure range: 0～2500μmol/m2•s
1111 * Resolution: 1μmol/m2•s
1112 * Accuracy: ±2%
1113 * Yearly Stability: ≤±2％
1114 * Working Temperature: -30℃～75℃
1115 * Working Humidity: 10～90%RH
1116 * Power Consumption: 3mA @ 12v
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122 === 6.7.3 Dimension ===
1123
1124 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.png]]
1125
1126
1127 === 6.7.4 Pin Mapping ===
1128
1129 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.png]]
1130
1131
1132 === 6.7.5 Installation Notice ===
1133
1134 Do not power on while connect the cables. Double check the wiring before power on.
1135
1136
1137 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.png]]
1138
1139 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.png]]
1140
1141
1142 = 7. FAQ =
1143
1144 == 7.1 What else do I need to purchase to build Weather Station? ==
1145
1146 Below is the installation photo and structure:
1147
1148 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.png]]
1149
1150
1151 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.png]]
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156 == 7.2 How to upgrade firmware for WSC1-L? ==
1157
1158 Firmware Location & Change log:
1159
1160 [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/WSC1-L/>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/WSC1-L/]]
1161
1162
1163 Firmware Upgrade instruction:
1164
1165 [[https:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Firmware_Upgrade_Instruction_for_STM32_base_products#Hardware_Upgrade_Method_Support_List>>url:https://wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Firmware_Upgrade_Instruction_for_STM32_base_products#Hardware_Upgrade_Method_Support_List]]
1166
1167
1168 == 7.3 How to change the LoRa Frequency Bands/Region? ==
1169
1170 User can follow the introduction for how to upgrade image. When download the images, choose the required image file for download.
1171
1172
1173
1174 == 7.4 Can I add my weather sensors? ==
1175
1176 Yes, connect the sensor to RS485 bus and see instruction: [[add sensors.>>path:#Add_sensor]]
1177
1178
1179 = 8. Trouble Shooting =
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186 = 9. Order Info =
1187
1188
1189 == 9.1 Main Process Unit ==
1190
1191 Part Number: **(% style="color:blue" %)WSC1-L-XX**
1192
1193 **(% style="color:blue" %)XX**(%%): The default frequency band
1194
1195 * **(% style="color:red" %)AS923**(%%): LoRaWAN AS923 band
1196 * **(% style="color:red" %)AU915**(%%): LoRaWAN AU915 band
1197 * **(% style="color:red" %)EU433**(%%): LoRaWAN EU433 band
1198 * **(% style="color:red" %)EU868**(%%): LoRaWAN EU868 band
1199 * **(% style="color:red" %)KR920**(%%): LoRaWAN KR920 band
1200 * **(% style="color:red" %)US915**(%%): LoRaWAN US915 band
1201 * **(% style="color:red" %)IN865**(%%): LoRaWAN IN865 band
1202 * **(% style="color:red" %)CN470**(%%): LoRaWAN CN470 band
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208 == 9.2 Sensors ==
1209
1210 |**Sensor Model**|**Part Number**
1211 |**Rain Gauge**|WSS-01
1212 |**Rain Gauge installation Bracket for Pole**|WS-K2
1213 |**Wind Speed Direction 2 in 1 Sensor**|WSS-02
1214 |**CO2/PM2.5/PM10 3 in 1 Sensor**|WSS-03
1215 |**Rain/Snow Detect Sensor**|WSS-04
1216 |**Temperature, Humidity, illuminance and Pressure 4 in 1 sensor**|WSS-05
1217 |**Total Solar Radiation Sensor**|WSS-06
1218 |**PAR (Photosynthetically Available Radiation)**|WSS-07
1219
1220
1221
1222 = 10. Support =
1223
1224 * Support is provided Monday to Friday, from 09:00 to 18:00 GMT+8. Due to different timezones we cannot offer live support. However, your questions will be answered as soon as possible in the before-mentioned schedule.
1225 * Provide as much information as possible regarding your enquiry (product models, accurately describe your problem and steps to replicate it etc) and send a mail to
1226
1227 [[support@dragino.com>>url:file:///D:/市场资料/说明书/LoRa/LT系列/support@dragino.com]]
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233 = 11. Appendix I: Field Installation Photo =
1234
1235
1236 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.png]]
1237
1238
1239 **Storage Battery**: 12v,12AH li battery
1240
1241
1242 Wind Speed/Direction.
1243
1244 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.png]]
1245
1246
1247 Total Solar Radiation sensor
1248
1249 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.png]]
1250
1251
1252
1253 PAR Sensor
1254
1255 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image043.png]]
1256
1257
1258 CO2/PM2.5/PM10 3 in 1 sensor
1259
1260 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.png]]
1261
1262
1263 Rain / Snow Detect:
1264
1265 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.png]]
1266
1267
1268 Rain Gauge.
1269
1270 [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.png]]