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6	6
7		-
8		-
9	9	= 1.  OverView =
10	10
11	11
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12	12	In real-world deployment for LoRa, distance is a common topic. We always want to have the longest distance. This chapter shows some instructions for how to improve this.
13	13
14	14
	13	+
15	15	= 2.  Analyze at the software side =
16	16
17	17	== 2.1  LoRa parameters that effect distance ==
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37	37
38	38	**End node actually value when TXP=0 and DR=0**
39	39
40		-(% border="1" cellspacing="3" style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:1002px" %)
41		-|(% style="background-color:#4f81bd; color:white; width:134px" %)**Frequency band**|(% style="background-color:#4f81bd; color:white; width:400px" %)**Output Power in LoRa Module (consider 2dB antenna)**|(% style="background-color:#4f81bd; color:white; width:362px" %)(((
	39	+(% border="1.5" cellspacing="4" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:black; width:1002px" %)
	40	+|(% style="width:134px" %)**Frequency band**|(% style="width:400px" %)**Output Power in LoRa Module (consider 2dB antenna)**|(% style="width:362px" %)(((
42	42	**Spreading Factor(Higher SF can transmit further)**
43		-)))|(% style="background-color:#4f81bd; color:white; width:102px" %)**Band Width**
	42	+)))|(% style="width:102px" %)**Band Width**
44	44	|(% style="width:134px" %)**EU868**|(% style="width:400px" %)14dBm|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=12|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
45	45	|(% style="width:134px" %)**US915**|(% style="width:400px" %)20 or 22 dBm (depends on max output of module)|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=10|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
46	46	|(% style="width:134px" %)**AS923**|(% style="width:400px" %)14dBm|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=12|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
47	47
	47	+
	48	+
48	48	== 2.2  Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) and set max distance ==
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50	50
51		-(% style="color:#037691" %)**ADR**(%%) is the feature that Server will ask End Node to adjust the TXP and DR according to some rules in the server. This is for the purpose of Network Management and Optimize End Node battery life-time.
	52	+**ADR** is the feature that Server will ask End Node to adjust the TXP and DR according to some rules in the server. This is for the purpose of Network Management and Optimize End Node battery life-time.
52	52
53	53
54	54	By default, ADR is turn on((% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=1**) (%%)so End node ADR feature is enable.
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58	58
59	59	(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=0**
60	60
61		-(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0     **~/~/(%%) Use longest distance modulation
	62	+(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0**
62	62
63		-(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0   **(%%)~/~/ Use max power   For EU868, max power can be is AT+TXP=50
	64	+(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**
64	64
65	65
66	66	This can be downlink via the LoRaWAN downlink command, see [[this link>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/#H8.2UseDownlinkCommandtosetafixuplinkDR]] for reference.
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68	68
	70	+
69	69	== 2.3  Check for short distance problem ==
70	70
71	71
72	72	According to the above technology, if we have a problem on the distance, we can first check if the end node is trying to longest distance modulation already. We can see that from the LoRaWAN server. Below is an example from Chirpstack.
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	76	+
74	74	We can see the traffic in gateway's page and know that the distance is SF12 / BW125. (note, server is not able to know Transmit Power settings from End Node)
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	79	+
76	76	[[image:image-20221006185826-3.png]]
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	83	+
79	79	== 2.4  Best software settings for the longest distance ==
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81	81
82	82	Below are the settings for longest distance transmission. ( will reduce battery life)
83	83
84		-* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=0**          (%%)~/~/  Disable ADR  (% style="color:#037691" %)**(downlinkpayload: 2200FFFF)**
85		-* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0**           (%%)~/~/  Use the smallest DR,the longest distance modulation (% style="color:#037691" %)**(downlinkpayload: 220000FF)**
86		-* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**          (%%)~/~/  Use max power   For EU868, max power can be is AT+TXP=50 (% style="color:#037691" %)** (downlinkpayload: 22000000)**
	89	+* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=0**     (%%)~/~/  Disable ADR
	90	+* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=  0**     (%%)~/~/  Use the smallest DR
	91	+* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**    (%%) ~/~/  Use max power.
87	87
88	88
89	89
90		-== 2.5 Debug in Software ==
91	91
92		-
93		-Dragino can help client to debug the software for the distance issue. In the case , please send us below info:
94		-
95		-* Detail packets include for Join Request, Join Accept, Uplink & Downlink, These packets should include:
96		-** RSSI, DataRate, FCNT, Frequency.
97		-** MIC command detail & Payload detail.
98		-
99		-
100	100	= 3.  Analyze at the hardware side =
101	101
102		-== 3.1  Check if the antenna path is good ~-~- For LSN50v2 series end node ==
	98	+== 3.1  Check if the antenna path is good ~-~- For LSn50v2 series end node ==
103	103
104	104
105	105	a) Open Enclosure and Check if the antenna connection to module is good.
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106	106
107	107	b) check if the connector match.
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	105	+
109	109	[[image:image-20221016081725-1.png||height="426" width="706"]]
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	109	+
112	112	= 4.  Installation Guidelines =
113	113
114	114	== 4.1  Check the use environment ==
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116	116
117		-First , User should notice: Radio link quality and performances are highly dependent of the environment.Even you have the same hardware and antenna, Different installation will result in different performance.
	115	+First , User should notice: Radio link quality and performances are highly dependent of the environment.
118	118
119	119	(% style="color:blue" %)**Better performances can be reached with:**
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134	134
	133	+
135	135	== 4.2  Improve the Antenna ==
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138	138	In some case, we have to install the device inside the chamber or next to a metal case. So the signal between the antenna and the receiver (gateway) is blocked by the metal. This will greatly reduce the signal. In such case, we can consider using antenna extend cable to extend the antenna to a better position.
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140	140
	140	+
141	141	= 5.  Some real-world case =
142	142
143	143	== 5.1  Server reason cause end node has problem on Join. ==
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148	148
149	149	Below is the output log in gateway side ( SSH Access to Gateway and Check Station log)
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	151	+
151	151	[[image:image-20221006185826-4.png]]
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156	156	Reference Link:  [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview]]
157	157
158		-
159		-== 5.2 Chirpstack Default settings to 64 channels which cause Signal Poor. ==
160		-
161		-
162		-In this case, User use a Chirpstack LoRaWAN server with default settings. The Frequency Band is US915 and default settings of Chirpstack has all channels ( All sub-bands , total 72 channels) enable. User use a LDS03A and a LPS8N LoRaWAN gateway for the test.
163		-
164		-
165		-There is a strange issue: LDS03 has a very good RSSI ( RSSI=-40) during OTAA Join. But The LDS03A give a very poor RSSI after OTAA Join. After debug, it proves that the issue is with ChirpStack Frequency band settings. The ChirpStack server enables all 72 channels and the LDS03A will also use all channels after OTAA Join, but the LPS8N only can support 8 channels and set to Sub-Band2. When the LDS03A sends an uplink packet in the channel LPS8N doesn't support, because LDS03A is very close to LPS8N, LPS8N pick up this not support frequency and send to server. So in the platform we see a uplink packet with very poor RSSI.
166		-
167		-
168		-Above issue was confirmed and solved after set the ChirpStack support channels to sub-band2. See below for photos during debug.
169		-
170		-[[image:image-20221031233628-2.png]]
171		-
172		-
173		-[[image:image-20221031233759-3.png]]
174		-
175		-
176		-[[image:image-20221101000006-1.png||height="353" width="931"]]
177		-
178		-
179		-= 6. Use a repeater =
180		-
181		-
182		-In some cases, user can consider use a repeater for limitation transmition.
183		-
184		-See here for how to set up: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LoRaWAN%20IoT%20Kit%20v3%20User%20Manual/#H7.Example6:LimitedLoRaWANrelay >>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LoRaWAN%20IoT%20Kit%20v3%20User%20Manual/#H7.Example6:LimitedLoRaWANrelay]]
185		-
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