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4	4
5	5
6	6
7		-
8		-
9	9	= 1.  OverView =
10	10
11	11
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12	12	In real-world deployment for LoRa, distance is a common topic. We always want to have the longest distance. This chapter shows some instructions for how to improve this.
13	13
14	14
	13	+
15	15	= 2.  Analyze at the software side =
16	16
17	17	== 2.1  LoRa parameters that effect distance ==
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37	37
38	38	**End node actually value when TXP=0 and DR=0**
39	39
40		-(% border="1.5" cellspacing="3" style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:1002px" %)
41		-|(% style="background-color:#D9E2F3;color:#0070C0; width:134px" %)**Frequency band**|(% style="background-color:#D9E2F3;color:#0070C0; width:400px" %)**Output Power in LoRa Module (consider 2dB antenna)**|(% style="background-color:#D9E2F3;color:#0070C0; width:362px" %)(((
	39	+(% border="1.5" cellspacing="4" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:black; width:1002px" %)
	40	+|(% style="width:134px" %)**Frequency band**|(% style="width:400px" %)**Output Power in LoRa Module (consider 2dB antenna)**|(% style="width:362px" %)(((
42	42	**Spreading Factor(Higher SF can transmit further)**
43		-)))|(% style="background-color:#D9E2F3;color:#0070C0; width:102px" %)**Band Width**
	42	+)))|(% style="width:102px" %)**Band Width**
44	44	|(% style="width:134px" %)**EU868**|(% style="width:400px" %)14dBm|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=12|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
45	45	|(% style="width:134px" %)**US915**|(% style="width:400px" %)20 or 22 dBm (depends on max output of module)|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=10|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
46	46	|(% style="width:134px" %)**AS923**|(% style="width:400px" %)14dBm|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=12|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
47	47
48	48
	48	+
49	49	== 2.2  Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) and set max distance ==
50	50
51	51
52		-(% style="color:#037691" %)**ADR**(%%) is the feature that Server will ask End Node to adjust the TXP and DR according to some rules in the server. This is for the purpose of Network Management and Optimize End Node battery life-time.
	52	+**ADR** is the feature that Server will ask End Node to adjust the TXP and DR according to some rules in the server. This is for the purpose of Network Management and Optimize End Node battery life-time.
53	53
54	54
55	55	By default, ADR is turn on((% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=1**) (%%)so End node ADR feature is enable.
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59	59
60	60	(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=0**
61	61
62		-(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0     **~/~/(%%) Use longest distance modulation
	62	+(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0**
63	63
64		-(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0   **(%%)~/~/ Use max power   For EU868, max power can be is AT+TXP=50
	64	+(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**
65	65
66	66
67	67	This can be downlink via the LoRaWAN downlink command, see [[this link>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/#H8.2UseDownlinkCommandtosetafixuplinkDR]] for reference.
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69	69
	70	+
70	70	== 2.3  Check for short distance problem ==
71	71
72	72
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79	79	[[image:image-20221006185826-3.png]]
80	80
81	81
	83	+
82	82	== 2.4  Best software settings for the longest distance ==
83	83
84	84
85	85	Below are the settings for longest distance transmission. ( will reduce battery life)
86	86
87		-* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=0**          (%%)~/~/  Disable ADR  (% style="color:#037691" %)**(downlinkpayload: 2200FFFF)**
88		-* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0**           (%%)~/~/  Use the smallest DR,the longest distance modulation (% style="color:#037691" %)**(downlinkpayload: 220000FF)**
89		-* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**          (%%)~/~/  Use max power   For EU868, max power can be is AT+TXP=50 (% style="color:#037691" %)** (downlinkpayload: 22000000)**
	89	+* (% style="color:#037691" %)AT+ADR=0     (%%)~/~/  Disable ADR
	90	+* (% style="color:#037691" %)AT+DR=  0     (%%)~/~/  Use the smallest DR
	91	+* (% style="color:#037691" %)AT+TXP=0    (%%) ~/~/  Use max power.
90	90
91		-== 2.5 Debug in Software ==
92	92
93		-Dragino can help client to debug the software for the distance issue. In the case , please send us below info:
94	94
95		-* Detail packets include for Join Request, Join Accept, Uplink & Downlink, These packets should include:
96		-** RSSI, DataRate, FCNT, Frequency.
97		-** MIC command detail & Payload detail.
	95	+= 3.  Installation Guidelines =
98	98
99		-= 3.  Analyze at the hardware side =
	97	+== 3.1  Check the use environment ==
100	100
101		-== 3.1  Check if the antenna path is good ~-~- For LSN50v2 series end node ==
102	102
	100	+First , User should notice: Radio link quality and performances are highly dependent of the environment.
103	103
104		-a) Open Enclosure and Check if the antenna connection to module is good.
105		-
106		-b) check if the connector match.
107		-
108		-
109		-[[image:image-20221016081725-1.png||height="426" width="706"]]
110		-
111		-
112		-= 4.  Installation Guidelines =
113		-
114		-== 4.1  Check the use environment ==
115		-
116		-
117		-First , User should notice: Radio link quality and performances are highly dependent of the environment.Even you have the same hardware and antenna, Different installation will result in different performance.
118		-
119	119	(% style="color:blue" %)**Better performances can be reached with:**
120	120
121	121	* Outdoor environment.
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123	123	* No high level radio interferes in the ISM band you use.
124	124	* At least 1 meter above the ground.
125	125
	109	+
	110	+
126	126	(% style="color:blue" %)**Radio performances are degraded with:**
127	127
128	128	* Obstacles: buildings, trees...
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130	130	* High ISM band usage by other technologies.
131	131	* Radio communication are usually killed with bad topographic conditions. It is usually not possible to communicate through a hill, even very small.
132	132
133		-== 4.2  Improve the Antenna ==
134	134
135	135
	120	+== 3.2  Improve the Antenna ==
	121	+
	122	+
136	136	In some case, we have to install the device inside the chamber or next to a metal case. So the signal between the antenna and the receiver (gateway) is blocked by the metal. This will greatly reduce the signal. In such case, we can consider using antenna extend cable to extend the antenna to a better position.
137	137
138	138
139		-= 5.  Some real-world case =
140	140
141		-== 5.1  Server reason cause end node has problem on Join. ==
	127	+= 4.  Some real-world case =
142	142
	129	+== 4.1  Server reason cause end node has problem on Join. ==
143	143
	131	+
144	144	In one case, the customer is using AWS IoT Core and gateway to connect to AWS via Basic Station Connection, Frequency Band is AU915 sub-band 2. For some unknown reason, AWS always set downlink power to 0dBm, which cause the gateway only emit a very low power and lead to a short distance for sensor.
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154	154
155	155	Reference Link:  [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview]]
156	156
157		-
158		-== 5.2 Chirpstack Default settings to 64 channels which cause Signal Poor. ==
159		-
160		-
161		-In this case, User use a Chirpstack LoRaWAN server with default settings. The Frequency Band is US915 and default settings of Chirpstack has all channels ( All sub-bands , total 72 channels) enable. User use a LDS03A and a LPS8N LoRaWAN gateway for the test.
162		-
163		-
164		-There is a strange issue: LDS03 has a very good RSSI ( RSSI=-40) during OTAA Join. But The LDS03A give a very poor RSSI after OTAA Join. After debug, it proves that the issue is with ChirpStack Frequency band settings. The ChirpStack server enables all 72 channels and the LDS03A will also use all channels after OTAA Join, but the LPS8N only can support 8 channels and set to Sub-Band2. When the LDS03A sends an uplink packet in the channel LPS8N doesn't support, because LDS03A is very close to LPS8N, LPS8N pick up this not support frequency and send to server. So in the platform we see a uplink packet with very poor RSSI.
165		-
166		-
167		-Above issue was confirmed and solved after set the ChirpStack support channels to sub-band2. See below for photos during debug.
168		-
169		-[[image:image-20221031233628-2.png]]
170		-
171		-
172		-[[image:image-20221031233759-3.png]]
173		-
174		-
175		-[[image:image-20221101000006-1.png||height="353" width="931"]]
176		-
177		-
178		-= 6. Use a repeater =
179		-
180		-
181		-In some cases, user can consider use a repeater for limitation transmition.
182		-
183		-See here for how to set up: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LoRaWAN%20IoT%20Kit%20v3%20User%20Manual/#H7.Example6:LimitedLoRaWANrelay >>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LoRaWAN%20IoT%20Kit%20v3%20User%20Manual/#H7.Example6:LimitedLoRaWANrelay]]
184		-
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