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	7	+
	8	+
7	7	= 1.  OverView =
8	8
9	9
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10	10	In real-world deployment for LoRa, distance is a common topic. We always want to have the longest distance. This chapter shows some instructions for how to improve this.
11	11
12	12
13		-
14	14	= 2.  Analyze at the software side =
15	15
16	16	== 2.1  LoRa parameters that effect distance ==
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36	36
37	37	**End node actually value when TXP=0 and DR=0**
38	38
39		-(% border="1.5" cellspacing="4" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:black; width:1002px" %)
40		-|(% style="width:134px" %)**Frequency band**|(% style="width:400px" %)**Output Power in LoRa Module (consider 2dB antenna)**|(% style="width:362px" %)(((
	40	+(% border="1.5" cellspacing="4" style="background-color:#F2F2F2; width:1002px" %)
	41	+|(% style="width:134px;background-color:#D9E2F3" %)**Frequency band**|(% style="width:400px;background-color:#D9E2F3" %)**Output Power in LoRa Module (consider 2dB antenna)**|(% style="width:362px;background-color:#D9E2F3" %)(((
41	41	**Spreading Factor(Higher SF can transmit further)**
42		-)))|(% style="width:102px" %)**Band Width**
	43	+)))|(% style="width:102px;background-color:#D9E2F3" %)**Band Width**
43	43	|(% style="width:134px" %)**EU868**|(% style="width:400px" %)14dBm|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=12|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
44	44	|(% style="width:134px" %)**US915**|(% style="width:400px" %)20 or 22 dBm (depends on max output of module)|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=10|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
45	45	|(% style="width:134px" %)**AS923**|(% style="width:400px" %)14dBm|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=12|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
46	46
47		-
48		-
49	49	== 2.2  Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) and set max distance ==
50	50
51	51
52		-**ADR** is the feature that Server will ask End Node to adjust the TXP and DR according to some rules in the server. This is for the purpose of Network Management and Optimize End Node battery life-time.
	51	+(% style="color:#037691" %)**ADR**(%%) is the feature that Server will ask End Node to adjust the TXP and DR according to some rules in the server. This is for the purpose of Network Management and Optimize End Node battery life-time.
53	53
54	54
55	55	By default, ADR is turn on((% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=1**) (%%)so End node ADR feature is enable.
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59	59
60	60	(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=0**
61	61
62		-(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0**
	61	+(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0  **~/~/(%%) Use longest distance modulation
63	63
64		-(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**
	63	+(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0   **(%%)~/~/Use max power   For EU868, max power can be is AT+TXP=50
65	65
66	66
67	67	This can be downlink via the LoRaWAN downlink command, see [[this link>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/#H8.2UseDownlinkCommandtosetafixuplinkDR]] for reference.
68	68
69	69
70		-
71	71	== 2.3  Check for short distance problem ==
72	72
73	73
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80	80	[[image:image-20221006185826-3.png]]
81	81
82	82
83		-
84	84	== 2.4  Best software settings for the longest distance ==
85	85
86	86
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87	87	Below are the settings for longest distance transmission. ( will reduce battery life)
88	88
89	89	* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=0**     (%%)~/~/  Disable ADR
90		-* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=  0**     (%%)~/~/  Use the smallest DR
91		-* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**    (%%) ~/~/  Use max power.
	87	+* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=  0**     (%%)~/~/  Use the smallest DR,the longest distance modulation
	88	+* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**    (%%) ~/~/  Use max power   For EU868, max power can be is AT+TXP=50
92	92
	90	+= 3.  Analyze at the hardware side =
93	93
	92	+== 3.1  Check if the antenna path is good ~-~- For LSn50v2 series end node ==
94	94
95		-= 3.  Installation Guidelines =
96	96
97		-== 3.1  Check the use environment ==
	95	+a) Open Enclosure and Check if the antenna connection to module is good.
98	98
	97	+b) check if the connector match.
99	99
100		-First , User should notice: Radio link quality and performances are highly dependent of the environment.
101	101
	100	+[[image:image-20221016081725-1.png||height="426" width="706"]]
	101	+
	102	+
	103	+= 4.  Installation Guidelines =
	104	+
	105	+== 4.1  Check the use environment ==
	106	+
	107	+
	108	+First , User should notice: Radio link quality and performances are highly dependent of the environment.Even you have the same hardware and antenna, Different installation will result in different performance.
	109	+
102	102	(% style="color:blue" %)**Better performances can be reached with:**
103	103
104	104	* Outdoor environment.
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106	106	* No high level radio interferes in the ISM band you use.
107	107	* At least 1 meter above the ground.
108	108
109		-
110		-
111	111	(% style="color:blue" %)**Radio performances are degraded with:**
112	112
113	113	* Obstacles: buildings, trees...
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115	115	* High ISM band usage by other technologies.
116	116	* Radio communication are usually killed with bad topographic conditions. It is usually not possible to communicate through a hill, even very small.
117	117
	124	+== 4.2  Improve the Antenna ==
118	118
119	119
120		-== 3.2  Improve the Antenna ==
121		-
122		-
123	123	In some case, we have to install the device inside the chamber or next to a metal case. So the signal between the antenna and the receiver (gateway) is blocked by the metal. This will greatly reduce the signal. In such case, we can consider using antenna extend cable to extend the antenna to a better position.
124	124
125	125
	130	+= 5.  Some real-world case =
126	126
127		-= 4.  Some real-world case =
	132	+== 5.1  Server reason cause end node has problem on Join. ==
128	128
129		-== 4.1  Server reason cause end node has problem on Join. ==
130	130
131		-
132	132	In one case, the customer is using AWS IoT Core and gateway to connect to AWS via Basic Station Connection, Frequency Band is AU915 sub-band 2. For some unknown reason, AWS always set downlink power to 0dBm, which cause the gateway only emit a very low power and lead to a short distance for sensor.
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142	142
143	143	Reference Link:  [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview]]
144	144
	148	+
	149	+== 5.2 Chirpstack Default settings to 64 channels which cause Signal Poor. ==
	150	+
	151	+
	152	+In this case, User use a Chirpstack LoRaWAN server with default settings. The Frequency Band is US915 and default settings of Chirpstack has all channels ( All sub-bands , total 72 channels) enable. User use a LDS03A and a LPS8N LoRaWAN gateway for the test.
	153	+
	154	+
	155	+There is a strange issue: LDS03 has a very good RSSI ( RSSI=-40) during OTAA Join. But The LDS03A give a very poor RSSI after OTAA Join. After debug, it proves that the issue is with ChirpStack Frequency band settings. The ChirpStack server enables all 72 channels and the LDS03A will also use all channels after OTAA Join, but the LPS8N only can support 8 channels and set to Sub-Band2. When the LDS03A sends an uplink packet in the channel LPS8N doesn't support, because LDS03A is very close to LPS8N, LPS8N pick up this not support frequency and send to server. So in the platform we see a uplink packet with very poor RSSI.
	156	+
	157	+
	158	+Above issue was confirmed and solved after set the ChirpStack support channels to sub-band2. See below for photos during debug.
	159	+
	160	+[[image:image-20221031233628-2.png]]
	161	+
	162	+
	163	+[[image:image-20221031233759-3.png]]
	164	+
	165	+
	166	+[[image:image-20221101000006-1.png||height="353" width="931"]]
	167	+
	168	+
	169	+= 6. Use a repeater =
	170	+
	171	+
	172	+In some cases, user can consider use a repeater for limitation transmition.
	173	+
	174	+See here for how to set up: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LoRaWAN%20IoT%20Kit%20v3%20User%20Manual/#H7.Example6:LimitedLoRaWANrelay >>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LoRaWAN%20IoT%20Kit%20v3%20User%20Manual/#H7.Example6:LimitedLoRaWANrelay]]
	175	+
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