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4 4  
5 5  
6 6  
7 -= OverView =
7 += 1.  OverView =
8 8  
9 +
9 9  In real-world deployment for LoRa, distance is a common topic. We always want to have the longest distance. This chapter shows some instructions for how to improve this.
10 10  
11 11  
12 -= Analyze at the software side =
13 13  
14 -== LoRa parameters that effect distance ==
14 += 2.  Analyze at the software side =
15 15  
16 +== 2.1  LoRa parameters that effect distance ==
17 +
18 +
16 16  Some settings in End Node will affect the transfer distance. They are:
17 17  
18 -* **TXPower: **This means the output power from End Node. There is a command [[AT+TXP>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/#H7.14TransmitPower]] can be used to set the output power. TXP parameters follow the LoRaWAN regional document (rp2-1.0.3-lorawan-regional-parameters.pdf). Set to AT+TXP=0 is always has the maximum output, but AT+TXP=0 has different value in different frequency bands.
21 +* (% style="color:blue" %)**TXPower: **(%%)This means the output power from End Node. There is a command [[AT+TXP>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/#H7.14TransmitPower]] can be used to set the output power. TXP parameters follow the LoRaWAN regional document (rp2-1.0.3-lorawan-regional-parameters.pdf). Set to (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**(%%) is always has the maximum output, but (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**(%%) has different value in different frequency bands.
19 19  
20 -* **Data Rate(DR): **This is a combination of Spreading Factor and Band Width. Lowest Data Rate (DR=0) always has the longest transmit distance in LoRaWAN protocol.
23 +* (% style="color:blue" %)**Data Rate(DR): **(%%)This is a combination of Spreading Factor and Band Width. Lowest Data Rate (DR=0) always has the longest transmit distance in LoRaWAN protocol.
21 21  
22 22  Below is the TXPower and DR table of EU868 Frequency band as reference.
23 23  
27 +
24 24  [[image:image-20221006185826-1.png]]
25 25  
30 +
26 26  [[image:image-20221006185826-2.png]]
27 27  
28 28  
29 -Set AT+TXP=0 and AT+DR=0 will always has the longest transmit distance. But note that different frequency band has different TXP and DR coding according to LoRaWAN regional settings. Below is example for EU868, US915 and AS923 compare for example.
34 +Set (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**(%%) **and** (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0**(%%) will always has the longest transmit distance. But note that different frequency band has different TXP and DR coding according to LoRaWAN regional settings. Below is example for EU868, US915 and AS923 compare for example.
30 30  
31 31  
32 -End node actually value when TXP=0 and DR=0
37 +**End node actually value when TXP=0 and DR=0**
33 33  
34 -| |**Output Power in LoRa Module (consider 2dB antenna)**|(((
35 -**Spreading Factor**
39 +(% border="1.5" cellspacing="4" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:black; width:1002px" %)
40 +|(% style="width:134px" %)**Frequency band**|(% style="width:400px" %)**Output Power in LoRa Module (consider 2dB antenna)**|(% style="width:362px" %)(((
41 +**Spreading Factor(Higher SF can transmit further)**
42 +)))|(% style="width:102px" %)**Band Width**
43 +|(% style="width:134px" %)**EU868**|(% style="width:400px" %)14dBm|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=12|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
44 +|(% style="width:134px" %)**US915**|(% style="width:400px" %)20 or 22 dBm (depends on max output of module)|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=10|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
45 +|(% style="width:134px" %)**AS923**|(% style="width:400px" %)14dBm|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=12|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
36 36  
37 -**(Higher SF can transmit further)**
38 -)))|**Band Width**
39 -|**EU868**|14dBm|SF=12|125Khz
40 -|**US915**|20 or 22 dBm (depends on max output of module)|SF=10|125Khz
41 -|**AS923**|14dBm|SF=12|125Khz
47 +== 2.2  Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) and set max distance ==
42 42  
43 -== Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) and set max distance ==
44 44  
45 -ADR is the feature that Server will ask End Node to adjust the TXP and DR according to some rules in the server. This is for the purpose of Network Management and Optimize End Node battery life-time.
50 +**ADR** is the feature that Server will ask End Node to adjust the TXP and DR according to some rules in the server. This is for the purpose of Network Management and Optimize End Node battery life-time.
46 46  
47 47  
48 -By default, ADR is turn on(AT+ADR=1) so End node ADR feature is enable.
53 +By default, ADR is turn on((% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=1**) (%%)so End node ADR feature is enable.
49 49  
50 50  
51 -Normally, user can set the max distance by setting:
56 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Normally, user can set the max distance by setting:**
52 52  
53 -AT+ADR=0
58 +(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=0**
54 54  
55 -AT+DR=0
60 +(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0**
56 56  
57 -AT+TXP=0
62 +(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**
58 58  
59 59  
60 60  This can be downlink via the LoRaWAN downlink command, see [[this link>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/#H8.2UseDownlinkCommandtosetafixuplinkDR]] for reference.
... ... @@ -61,41 +61,57 @@
61 61  
62 62  
63 63  
64 -== Check for short distance problem ==
69 +== 2.3  Check for short distance problem ==
65 65  
71 +
66 66  According to the above technology, if we have a problem on the distance, we can first check if the end node is trying to longest distance modulation already. We can see that from the LoRaWAN server. Below is an example from Chirpstack.
67 67  
68 68  
69 -We can see the traffic in gateway’s page and know that the distance is SF12 / BW125. (note, server is not able to know Transmit Power settings from End Node)
75 +We can see the traffic in gateway's page and know that the distance is SF12 / BW125. (note, server is not able to know Transmit Power settings from End Node)
70 70  
77 +
71 71  [[image:image-20221006185826-3.png]]
72 72  
73 73  
74 74  
75 -== Best software settings for the longest distance ==
82 +== 2.4  Best software settings for the longest distance ==
76 76  
84 +
77 77  Below are the settings for longest distance transmission. ( will reduce battery life)
78 78  
79 -* AT+ADR=0 ~/~/ Disable ADR
80 -* AT+DR=0 ~/~/ Use the smallest DR
81 -* AT+TXP=0 ~/~/ Use max power.
87 +* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=0**     (%%)~/~/  Disable ADR
88 +* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=  0**     (%%)~/~/  Use the smallest DR
89 +* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**    (%%) ~/~/  Use max power.
82 82  
91 += 3.  Analyze at the hardware side =
83 83  
93 +== 3.1  Check if the antenna path is good ~-~- For LSn50v2 series end node ==
84 84  
85 -= Installation Guidelines =
86 86  
87 -== Check the use environment ==
96 +a) Open Enclosure and Check if the antenna connection to module is good.
88 88  
89 -First , User should notice: Radio link quality and performances are highly dependent of the environment.
98 +b) check if the connector match.
90 90  
91 -Better performances can be reached with:
92 92  
101 +[[image:image-20221016081725-1.png||height="426" width="706"]]
102 +
103 +
104 +
105 += 4.  Installation Guidelines =
106 +
107 +== 4.1  Check the use environment ==
108 +
109 +
110 +First , User should notice: Radio link quality and performances are highly dependent of the environment.Even you have the same hardware and antenna, Different installation will result in different performance.
111 +
112 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Better performances can be reached with:**
113 +
93 93  * Outdoor environment.
94 94  * No obstacles.
95 95  * No high level radio interferes in the ISM band you use.
96 96  * At least 1 meter above the ground.
97 97  
98 -Radio performances are degraded with:
119 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Radio performances are degraded with:**
99 99  
100 100  * Obstacles: buildings, trees...
101 101  * Inner buildings environments.
... ... @@ -102,15 +102,18 @@
102 102  * High ISM band usage by other technologies.
103 103  * Radio communication are usually killed with bad topographic conditions. It is usually not possible to communicate through a hill, even very small.
104 104  
105 -== Improve the Antenna ==
126 +== 4.2  Improve the Antenna ==
106 106  
128 +
107 107  In some case, we have to install the device inside the chamber or next to a metal case. So the signal between the antenna and the receiver (gateway) is blocked by the metal. This will greatly reduce the signal. In such case, we can consider using antenna extend cable to extend the antenna to a better position.
108 108  
109 109  
110 -= Some real-world case =
111 111  
112 -== Server reason cause end node has problem on Join. ==
133 += 5.  Some real-world case =
113 113  
135 +== 5.1  Server reason cause end node has problem on Join. ==
136 +
137 +
114 114  In one case, the customer is using AWS IoT Core and gateway to connect to AWS via Basic Station Connection, Frequency Band is AU915 sub-band 2. For some unknown reason, AWS always set downlink power to 0dBm, which cause the gateway only emit a very low power and lead to a short distance for sensor.
115 115  
116 116  
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122 122  
123 123  The fix of this issue is to set the output power to a high value even server ask to send out 0dBm.
124 124  
125 -Reference Link:
149 +Reference Link:  [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview]]
126 126  
127 -http:~/~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview
151 +
152 +== 5.2 Chirpstack Default settings to 64 channels which cause Signal Poor. ==
153 +
154 +
155 +In this case, User use a Chirpstack LoRaWAN server with default settings. The Frequency Band is US915 and default settings of Chirpstack has all channels ( All sub-bands , total 72 channels) enable. User use a LDS03A and a LPS8N LoRaWAN gateway for the test.
156 +
157 +
158 +There is a strange issue: LDS03 has a very good RSSI ( RSSI=-40) during OTAA Join. But The LDS03A give a very poor RSSI after OTAA Join. After debug, it proves that the issue is with ChirpStack Frequency band settings. The ChirpStack server enables all 72 channels and the LDS03A will also use all channels after OTAA Join, but the LPS8N only can support 8 channels and set to Sub-Band2. When the LDS03A sends an uplink packet in the channel LPS8N doesn't support, because LDS03A is very close to LPS8N, LPS8N pick up this not support frequency and send to server. So in the platform we see a uplink packet with very poor RSSI.
159 +
160 +
161 +Above issue was confirmed and solved after set the ChirpStack support channels to sub-band2. See below for photos during debug.
162 +
163 +[[image:image-20221031233628-2.png]]
164 +
165 +
166 +[[image:image-20221031233759-3.png]]
167 +
168 +
169 +[[image:image-20221101000006-1.png||height="353" width="931"]]
170 +
171 +
172 +
173 +
174 +
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