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7		-= OverView =
	7	+= 1.  OverView =
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	9	+
9	9	In real-world deployment for LoRa, distance is a common topic. We always want to have the longest distance. This chapter shows some instructions for how to improve this.
10	10
11	11
12		-= Analyze at the software side =
13	13
14		-== LoRa parameters that effect distance ==
	14	+= 2.  Analyze at the software side =
15	15
	16	+== 2.1  LoRa parameters that effect distance ==
	17	+
	18	+
16	16	Some settings in End Node will affect the transfer distance. They are:
17	17
18		-* **TXPower: **This means the output power from End Node. There is a command [[AT+TXP>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/#H7.14TransmitPower]] can be used to set the output power. TXP parameters follow the LoRaWAN regional document (rp2-1.0.3-lorawan-regional-parameters.pdf). Set to AT+TXP=0 is always has the maximum output, but AT+TXP=0 has different value in different frequency bands.
	21	+* (% style="color:blue" %)**TXPower: **(%%)This means the output power from End Node. There is a command [[AT+TXP>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/#H7.14TransmitPower]] can be used to set the output power. TXP parameters follow the LoRaWAN regional document (rp2-1.0.3-lorawan-regional-parameters.pdf). Set to (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**(%%) is always has the maximum output, but (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**(%%) has different value in different frequency bands.
19	19
20		-* **Data Rate(DR): **This is a combination of Spreading Factor and Band Width. Lowest Data Rate (DR=0) always has the longest transmit distance in LoRaWAN protocol.
	23	+* (% style="color:blue" %)**Data Rate(DR): **(%%)This is a combination of Spreading Factor and Band Width. Lowest Data Rate (DR=0) always has the longest transmit distance in LoRaWAN protocol.
21	21
22	22	Below is the TXPower and DR table of EU868 Frequency band as reference.
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	27	+
24	24	[[image:image-20221006185826-1.png]]
25	25
	30	+
26	26	[[image:image-20221006185826-2.png]]
27	27
28	28
29		-Set AT+TXP=0 and AT+DR=0 will always has the longest transmit distance. But note that different frequency band has different TXP and DR coding according to LoRaWAN regional settings. Below is example for EU868, US915 and AS923 compare for example.
	34	+Set (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**(%%) **and** (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0**(%%) will always has the longest transmit distance. But note that different frequency band has different TXP and DR coding according to LoRaWAN regional settings. Below is example for EU868, US915 and AS923 compare for example.
30	30
31	31
32		-End node actually value when TXP=0 and DR=0
	37	+**End node actually value when TXP=0 and DR=0**
33	33
34		-| |**Output Power in LoRa Module (consider 2dB antenna)**|(((
35		-**Spreading Factor**
	39	+(% border="1.5" cellspacing="4" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:black; width:1002px" %)
	40	+|(% style="width:134px" %)**Frequency band**|(% style="width:400px" %)**Output Power in LoRa Module (consider 2dB antenna)**|(% style="width:362px" %)(((
	41	+**Spreading Factor(Higher SF can transmit further)**
	42	+)))|(% style="width:102px" %)**Band Width**
	43	+|(% style="width:134px" %)**EU868**|(% style="width:400px" %)14dBm|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=12|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
	44	+|(% style="width:134px" %)**US915**|(% style="width:400px" %)20 or 22 dBm (depends on max output of module)|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=10|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
	45	+|(% style="width:134px" %)**AS923**|(% style="width:400px" %)14dBm|(% style="width:362px" %)SF=12|(% style="width:102px" %)125Khz
36	36
37		-**(Higher SF can transmit further)**
38		-)))|**Band Width**
39		-|**EU868**|14dBm|SF=12|125Khz
40		-|**US915**|20 or 22 dBm (depends on max output of module)|SF=10|125Khz
41		-|**AS923**|14dBm|SF=12|125Khz
42	42
43		-== Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) and set max distance ==
44	44
45		-ADR is the feature that Server will ask End Node to adjust the TXP and DR according to some rules in the server. This is for the purpose of Network Management and Optimize End Node battery life-time.
	49	+== 2.2  Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) and set max distance ==
46	46
47	47
48		-By default, ADR is turn on(AT+ADR=1) so End node ADR feature is enable.
	52	+**ADR** is the feature that Server will ask End Node to adjust the TXP and DR according to some rules in the server. This is for the purpose of Network Management and Optimize End Node battery life-time.
49	49
50	50
51		-Normally, user can set the max distance by setting:
	55	+By default, ADR is turn on((% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=1**) (%%)so End node ADR feature is enable.
52	52
53		-AT+ADR=0
54	54
55		-AT+DR=0
	58	+(% style="color:blue" %)**Normally, user can set the max distance by setting:**
56	56
57		-AT+TXP=0
	60	+(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=0**
58	58
	62	+(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=0**
59	59
	64	+(% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**
	65	+
	66	+
60	60	This can be downlink via the LoRaWAN downlink command, see [[this link>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/#H8.2UseDownlinkCommandtosetafixuplinkDR]] for reference.
61	61
62	62
63	63
64		-== Check for short distance problem ==
	71	+== 2.3  Check for short distance problem ==
65	65
	73	+
66	66	According to the above technology, if we have a problem on the distance, we can first check if the end node is trying to longest distance modulation already. We can see that from the LoRaWAN server. Below is an example from Chirpstack.
67	67
68	68
69		-We can see the traffic in gateway’s page and know that the distance is SF12 / BW125. (note, server is not able to know Transmit Power settings from End Node)
	77	+We can see the traffic in gateway's page and know that the distance is SF12 / BW125. (note, server is not able to know Transmit Power settings from End Node)
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	79	+
71	71	[[image:image-20221006185826-3.png]]
72	72
73	73
74	74
75		-== Best software settings for the longest distance ==
	84	+== 2.4  Best software settings for the longest distance ==
76	76
	86	+
77	77	Below are the settings for longest distance transmission. ( will reduce battery life)
78	78
79		-* AT+ADR=0 ~/~/ Disable ADR
80		-* AT+DR=0 ~/~/ Use the smallest DR
81		-* AT+TXP=0 ~/~/ Use max power.
	89	+* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+ADR=0**     (%%)~/~/  Disable ADR
	90	+* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+DR=  0**     (%%)~/~/  Use the smallest DR
	91	+* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+TXP=0**    (%%) ~/~/  Use max power.
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84	84
85		-= Installation Guidelines =
	95	+= 3.  Installation Guidelines =
86	86
87		-== Check the use environment ==
	97	+== 3.1  Check the use environment ==
88	88
	99	+
89	89	First , User should notice: Radio link quality and performances are highly dependent of the environment.
90	90
91		-Better performances can be reached with:
	102	+(% style="color:blue" %)**Better performances can be reached with:**
92	92
93	93	* Outdoor environment.
94	94	* No obstacles.
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95	95	* No high level radio interferes in the ISM band you use.
96	96	* At least 1 meter above the ground.
97	97
98		-Radio performances are degraded with:
99	99
	110	+
	111	+(% style="color:blue" %)**Radio performances are degraded with:**
	112	+
100	100	* Obstacles: buildings, trees...
101	101	* Inner buildings environments.
102	102	* High ISM band usage by other technologies.
103	103	* Radio communication are usually killed with bad topographic conditions. It is usually not possible to communicate through a hill, even very small.
104	104
105		-== Improve the Antenna ==
106	106
	119	+
	120	+== 3.2  Improve the Antenna ==
	121	+
	122	+
107	107	In some case, we have to install the device inside the chamber or next to a metal case. So the signal between the antenna and the receiver (gateway) is blocked by the metal. This will greatly reduce the signal. In such case, we can consider using antenna extend cable to extend the antenna to a better position.
108	108
109	109
110		-= Some real-world case =
111	111
112		-== Server reason cause end node has problem on Join. ==
	127	+= 4.  Some real-world case =
113	113
	129	+== 4.1  Server reason cause end node has problem on Join. ==
	130	+
	131	+
114	114	In one case, the customer is using AWS IoT Core and gateway to connect to AWS via Basic Station Connection, Frequency Band is AU915 sub-band 2. For some unknown reason, AWS always set downlink power to 0dBm, which cause the gateway only emit a very low power and lead to a short distance for sensor.
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122	122
123	123	The fix of this issue is to set the output power to a high value even server ask to send out 0dBm.
124	124
125		-Reference Link:
	143	+Reference Link:  [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview]]
126	126
127		-http:~/~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Change%20Gateway%20Power/#H1.A0Overview
	145	+

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