Changes for page LSN50v2-D20-D22-D23 LoRaWAN Temperature Sensor User Manual
Last modified by Xiaoling on 2025/04/24 17:18
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... ... @@ -63,25 +63,29 @@ 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 - 67 - 68 - 69 - 70 - 71 - 72 72 = 1. Introduction = 73 73 74 74 == 1.1 What is LoRaWAN Soil pH Sensor == 75 75 70 +((( 76 76 The Dragino LSPH01 is a (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**LoRaWAN Soil pH Sensor**(%%) for IoT of Agriculture. It is designed to measure the soil PH and soil temperature, so to send to the platform to analyze the soil acid or alkali level. The probe is IP68 waterproof. 72 +))) 77 77 74 +((( 78 78 LSPH01 probe is made by Solid AgCl reference electrode and Pure metal pH sensitive electrode. It can detect soil's** (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)pH (%%)**with high accuracy and stable value. The LSPH01 probe can be buried into soil for long time use. 76 +))) 79 79 78 +((( 80 80 The LoRa wireless technology used in LSPH01 allows device to send data and reach extremely long ranges at low data-rates. It provides ultra-long range spread spectrum communication and high interference immunity whilst minimizing current consumption. 80 +))) 81 81 82 +((( 82 82 LSPH01 is powered by (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**8500mAh Li-SOCI2 battery**(%%), it is designed for long term use up to 5 years. 84 +))) 83 83 86 +((( 84 84 Each LSPH01 is pre-load with a set of unique keys for LoRaWAN registrations, register these keys to local LoRaWAN server and it will auto connect after power on. 88 +))) 85 85 86 86 87 87 [[image:1654592435432-887.png]] ... ... @@ -209,7 +209,9 @@ 209 209 [[image:image-20220607170442-2.png]] 210 210 211 211 216 +((( 212 212 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 3**(%%)**:** The LSPH01 will auto join to the TTN network. After join success, it will start to upload messages to TTN and you can see the messages in the panel. 218 +))) 213 213 214 214 [[image:1654592697690-910.png]] 215 215 ... ... @@ -217,11 +217,17 @@ 217 217 218 218 == 2.3 Uplink Payload == 219 219 226 +((( 220 220 LSPH01 will uplink payload via LoRaWAN with below payload format: 228 +))) 221 221 230 +((( 222 222 Uplink payload includes in total 11 bytes. 232 +))) 223 223 234 +((( 224 224 Normal uplink payload: 236 +))) 225 225 226 226 (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; width:510px" %) 227 227 |((( ... ... @@ -305,18 +305,21 @@ 305 305 306 306 === 2.3.6 Message Type === 307 307 320 +((( 308 308 For a normal uplink payload, the message type is always 0x01. 322 +))) 309 309 324 +((( 310 310 Valid Message Type: 326 +))) 311 311 312 312 313 313 (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; width:510px" %) 314 -|**Message Type Code**|**Description**|**Payload** 330 +|=**Message Type Code**|=**Description**|=**Payload** 315 315 |0x01|Normal Uplink|[[Normal Uplink Payload>>path:#H2.3200BUplinkPayload]] 316 316 |0x02|Reply configures info|[[Configure Info Payload>>path:#H3.4GetFirmwareVersionInfo]] 317 317 |0x03|Reply Calibration Info|[[Calibration Payload>>path:#H2.7Calibration]] 318 318 319 - 320 320 === 2.3.7 Decode payload in The Things Network === 321 321 322 322 While using TTN network, you can add the payload format to decode the payload. ... ... @@ -342,12 +342,21 @@ 342 342 343 343 == 2.5 Show Data in DataCake IoT Server == 344 344 360 +((( 345 345 [[DATACAKE>>url:https://datacake.co/]] provides a human friendly interface to show the sensor data, once we have data in TTN, we can use [[DATACAKE>>url:https://datacake.co/]] to connect to TTN and see the data in DATACAKE. Below are the steps: 362 +))) 346 346 364 +((( 365 + 366 +))) 347 347 368 +((( 348 348 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1**(%%)**: Be sure that your device is programmed and properly connected to the network at this time.** 370 +))) 349 349 372 +((( 350 350 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**(%%)**: To configure the Application to forward data to DATACAKE you will need to add integration. To add the DATACAKE integration, perform the following steps:** 374 +))) 351 351 352 352 353 353 [[image:1654592790040-760.png]] ... ... @@ -370,9 +370,13 @@ 370 370 [[image:1654592856403-259.png]] 371 371 372 372 397 +((( 373 373 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 5**(%%)**: add payload decode** 399 +))) 374 374 401 +((( 375 375 Download Datacake decoder from: [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.pHp?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LSPH01/Decoder/>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LSNPK01/Decoder/]] 403 +))) 376 376 377 377 378 378 [[image:1654592878525-845.png]] ... ... @@ -395,8 +395,10 @@ 395 395 === 2.6.1 Before measurement === 396 396 397 397 ((( 426 +((( 398 398 If the LSPH01 has more than 7 days not use or just clean the pH probe. User should put the probe inside pure water for more than 24 hours for activation. If no put in water, user need to put inside soil for more than 24 hours to ensure the measurement accuracy. 399 399 ))) 429 +))) 400 400 401 401 402 402 ... ... @@ -403,24 +403,45 @@ 403 403 === 2.6.2 Measurement === 404 404 405 405 436 +((( 406 406 (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Measurement the soil surface:** 438 +))) 407 407 440 +((( 408 408 [[image:1654592946732-634.png]] 442 +))) 409 409 444 +((( 410 410 Choose the proper measuring position. Split the surface soil according to the measured deep. 446 +))) 411 411 448 +((( 412 412 Put pure water, or rainwater to make the soil of measurement point to moist mud. Remove rocks or hard things. 450 +))) 413 413 452 +((( 414 414 Slowly insert the probe to the measure point. Don’t use large force which will break the probe. Make sure not shake when inserting. 454 +))) 415 415 456 +((( 416 416 Put soil over the probe after insert. And start to measure. 458 +))) 417 417 460 +((( 461 + 462 +))) 418 418 464 +((( 419 419 (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Measurement inside soil:** 466 +))) 420 420 468 +((( 421 421 Dig a hole with diameter > 20CM. 470 +))) 422 422 472 +((( 423 423 Insert the probe inside, method like measure the surface. 474 +))) 424 424 425 425 426 426 ... ... @@ -450,9 +450,13 @@ 450 450 451 451 == 2.7 Calibration == 452 452 504 +((( 453 453 User can do calibration for the probe. It is limited to use below pH buffer solution to calibrate: 4.00, 6.86, 9.18. When calibration, user need to clean the electrode and put the probe in the pH buffer solution to wait the value stable ( a new clean electrode might need max 24 hours to be stable). 506 +))) 454 454 508 +((( 455 455 After stable, user can use below command to calibrate. 510 +))) 456 456 457 457 [[image:image-20220607171149-4.png]] 458 458 ... ... @@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ 459 459 460 460 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Calibration Payload** 461 461 462 -(% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; width:510px" %) 517 +(% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:510px" %) 463 463 |((( 464 464 **Size** 465 465 ... ... @@ -488,6 +488,8 @@ 488 488 * Reply to non-confirmed packet: 14 00 489 489 490 490 546 + 547 + 491 491 == 2.8 Frequency Plans == 492 492 493 493 ((( ... ... @@ -497,32 +497,61 @@ 497 497 498 498 === 2.8.1 EU863-870 (EU868) === 499 499 557 +((( 500 500 (% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink:** 559 +))) 501 501 561 +((( 502 502 868.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 563 +))) 503 503 565 +((( 504 504 868.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 and SF7BW250 567 +))) 505 505 569 +((( 506 506 868.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 571 +))) 507 507 573 +((( 508 508 867.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 575 +))) 509 509 577 +((( 510 510 867.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 579 +))) 511 511 581 +((( 512 512 867.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 583 +))) 513 513 585 +((( 514 514 867.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 587 +))) 515 515 589 +((( 516 516 867.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 591 +))) 517 517 593 +((( 518 518 868.8 - FSK 595 +))) 519 519 597 +((( 598 + 599 +))) 520 520 601 +((( 521 521 (% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:** 603 +))) 522 522 605 +((( 523 523 Uplink channels 1-9 (RX1) 607 +))) 524 524 609 +((( 525 525 869.525 - SF9BW125 (RX2 downlink only) 611 +))) 526 526 527 527 528 528 ... ... @@ -545,48 +545,92 @@ 545 545 546 546 547 547 634 + 548 548 === 2.8.3 CN470-510 (CN470) === 549 549 637 +((( 550 550 Used in China, Default use CHE=1 639 +))) 551 551 641 +((( 552 552 (% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink:** 643 +))) 553 553 645 +((( 554 554 486.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 647 +))) 555 555 649 +((( 556 556 486.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 651 +))) 557 557 653 +((( 558 558 486.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 655 +))) 559 559 657 +((( 560 560 486.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 659 +))) 561 561 661 +((( 562 562 487.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 663 +))) 563 563 665 +((( 564 564 487.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 667 +))) 565 565 669 +((( 566 566 487.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 671 +))) 567 567 673 +((( 568 568 487.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 675 +))) 569 569 677 +((( 678 + 679 +))) 570 570 681 +((( 571 571 (% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:** 683 +))) 572 572 685 +((( 573 573 506.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 687 +))) 574 574 689 +((( 575 575 506.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 691 +))) 576 576 693 +((( 577 577 507.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 695 +))) 578 578 697 +((( 579 579 507.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 699 +))) 580 580 701 +((( 581 581 507.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 703 +))) 582 582 705 +((( 583 583 507.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 707 +))) 584 584 709 +((( 585 585 507.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 711 +))) 586 586 713 +((( 587 587 508.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 715 +))) 588 588 717 +((( 589 589 505.3 - SF12BW125 (RX2 downlink only) 719 +))) 590 590 591 591 592 592 ... ... @@ -611,112 +611,219 @@ 611 611 * Check what sub-band the LoRaWAN server ask from the OTAA Join Accept message and switch to that sub-band 612 612 * Use the Join successful sub-band if the server doesn’t include sub-band info in the OTAA Join Accept message ( TTN v2 doesn't include) 613 613 614 - 615 - 616 616 === 2.8.5 AS920-923 & AS923-925 (AS923) === 617 617 746 +((( 618 618 (% style="color:blue" %)**Default Uplink channel:** 748 +))) 619 619 750 +((( 620 620 923.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 752 +))) 621 621 754 +((( 622 622 923.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 756 +))) 623 623 758 +((( 759 + 760 +))) 624 624 762 +((( 625 625 (% style="color:blue" %)**Additional Uplink Channel**: 764 +))) 626 626 766 +((( 627 627 (OTAA mode, channel added by JoinAccept message) 768 +))) 628 628 770 +((( 771 + 772 +))) 629 629 774 +((( 630 630 (% style="color:blue" %)**AS920~~AS923 for Japan, Malaysia, Singapore**: 776 +))) 631 631 778 +((( 632 632 922.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 780 +))) 633 633 782 +((( 634 634 922.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 784 +))) 635 635 786 +((( 636 636 922.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 788 +))) 637 637 790 +((( 638 638 922.8 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 792 +))) 639 639 794 +((( 640 640 923.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 796 +))) 641 641 798 +((( 642 642 922.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 800 +))) 643 643 802 +((( 803 + 804 +))) 644 644 806 +((( 645 645 (% style="color:blue" %)**AS923 ~~ AS925 for Brunei, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam**: 808 +))) 646 646 810 +((( 647 647 923.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 812 +))) 648 648 814 +((( 649 649 923.8 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 816 +))) 650 650 818 +((( 651 651 924.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 820 +))) 652 652 822 +((( 653 653 924.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 824 +))) 654 654 826 +((( 655 655 924.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 828 +))) 656 656 830 +((( 657 657 924.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125 832 +))) 658 658 834 +((( 835 + 836 +))) 659 659 838 +((( 660 660 (% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:** 840 +))) 661 661 842 +((( 662 662 Uplink channels 1-8 (RX1) 844 +))) 663 663 846 +((( 664 664 923.2 - SF10BW125 (RX2) 848 +))) 665 665 666 666 667 667 668 668 === 2.8.6 KR920-923 (KR920) === 669 669 854 +((( 670 670 (% style="color:blue" %)**Default channel:** 856 +))) 671 671 858 +((( 672 672 922.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 860 +))) 673 673 862 +((( 674 674 922.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 864 +))) 675 675 866 +((( 676 676 922.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 868 +))) 677 677 870 +((( 871 + 872 +))) 678 678 874 +((( 679 679 (% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink: (OTAA mode, channel added by JoinAccept message)** 876 +))) 680 680 878 +((( 681 681 922.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 880 +))) 682 682 882 +((( 683 683 922.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 884 +))) 684 684 886 +((( 685 685 922.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 888 +))) 686 686 890 +((( 687 687 922.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 892 +))) 688 688 894 +((( 689 689 922.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 896 +))) 690 690 898 +((( 691 691 923.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 900 +))) 692 692 902 +((( 693 693 923.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 904 +))) 694 694 906 +((( 907 + 908 +))) 695 695 910 +((( 696 696 (% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:** 912 +))) 697 697 914 +((( 698 698 Uplink channels 1-7(RX1) 916 +))) 699 699 918 +((( 700 700 921.9 - SF12BW125 (RX2 downlink only; SF12BW125 might be changed to SF9BW125) 920 +))) 701 701 702 702 703 703 704 704 === 2.8.7 IN865-867 (IN865) === 705 705 926 +((( 706 706 (% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink:** 928 +))) 707 707 930 +((( 708 708 865.0625 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 932 +))) 709 709 934 +((( 710 710 865.4025 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 936 +))) 711 711 938 +((( 712 712 865.9850 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 940 +))) 713 713 942 +((( 943 + 944 +))) 714 714 946 +((( 715 715 (% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:** 948 +))) 716 716 950 +((( 717 717 Uplink channels 1-3 (RX1) 952 +))) 718 718 954 +((( 719 719 866.550 - SF10BW125 (RX2) 956 +))) 720 720 721 721 722 722 ... ... @@ -729,6 +729,7 @@ 729 729 730 730 731 731 969 + 732 732 == 2.10 Firmware Change Log == 733 733 734 734 ... ... @@ -743,26 +743,51 @@ 743 743 744 744 = 3. Configure LSPH01 via AT Command or LoRaWAN Downlink = 745 745 984 +((( 746 746 Use can configure LSPH01 via AT Command or LoRaWAN Downlink. 986 +))) 747 747 748 -* AT Command Connection: See [[FAQ>>path:#H6.FAQ]]. 749 -* LoRaWAN Downlink instruction for different platforms: [[IoT LoRaWAN Server>>path:/xwiki/bin/view/Main/]] 988 +* ((( 989 +AT Command Connection: See [[FAQ>>path:#H6.FAQ]]. 990 +))) 991 +* ((( 992 +LoRaWAN Downlink instruction for different platforms: [[IoT LoRaWAN Server>>path:/xwiki/bin/view/Main/]] 993 +))) 750 750 995 +((( 751 751 There are two kinds of commands to configure LSPH01, they are: 997 +))) 752 752 753 -* (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)** General Commands**. 999 +* ((( 1000 +(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)** General Commands**. 1001 +))) 754 754 1003 +((( 755 755 These commands are to configure: 1005 +))) 756 756 757 -* General system settings like: uplink interval. 758 -* LoRaWAN protocol & radio related command. 1007 +* ((( 1008 +General system settings like: uplink interval. 1009 +))) 1010 +* ((( 1011 +LoRaWAN protocol & radio related command. 1012 +))) 759 759 1014 +((( 760 760 They are same for all Dragino Device which support DLWS-005 LoRaWAN Stack. These commands can be found on the wiki:[[End Device AT Commands and Downlink Command>>path:/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/]] 1016 +))) 761 761 1018 +((( 1019 + 1020 +))) 762 762 763 -* (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)** Commands special design for LSPH01** 1022 +* ((( 1023 +(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)** Commands special design for LSPH01** 1024 +))) 764 764 1026 +((( 765 765 These commands only valid for LSPH01, as below: 1028 +))) 766 766 767 767 768 768 ... ... @@ -776,16 +776,28 @@ 776 776 777 777 778 778 1042 +((( 779 779 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Command: 0x01** 1044 +))) 780 780 1046 +((( 781 781 Format: Command Code (0x01) followed by 3 bytes time value. 1048 +))) 782 782 1050 +((( 783 783 If the downlink payload=0100003C, it means set the END Node’s Transmit Interval to 0x00003C=60(S), while type code is 01. 1052 +))) 784 784 785 -* Example 1: Downlink Payload: 0100001E ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 30 seconds 786 -* Example 2: Downlink Payload: 0100003C ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 60 seconds 1054 +* ((( 1055 +Example 1: Downlink Payload: 0100001E ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 30 seconds 1056 +))) 1057 +* ((( 1058 +Example 2: Downlink Payload: 0100003C ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 60 seconds 787 787 788 788 1061 + 1062 +))) 1063 + 789 789 == 3.2 Set Interrupt Mode == 790 790 791 791 Feature, Set Interrupt mode for GPIO_EXIT. ... ... @@ -795,17 +795,31 @@ 795 795 [[image:image-20220607171716-9.png]] 796 796 797 797 1073 +((( 798 798 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Command: 0x06** 1075 +))) 799 799 1077 +((( 800 800 Format: Command Code (0x06) followed by 3 bytes. 1079 +))) 801 801 1081 +((( 802 802 This means that the interrupt mode of the end node is set to 0x000003=3 (rising edge trigger), and the type code is 06. 1083 +))) 803 803 804 -* Example 1: Downlink Payload: 06000000 ~/~/ Turn off interrupt mode 805 -* Example 2: Downlink Payload: 06000003 ~/~/ Set the interrupt mode to rising edge trigger 1085 +* ((( 1086 +Example 1: Downlink Payload: 06000000 ~/~/ Turn off interrupt mode 1087 +))) 1088 +* ((( 1089 +Example 2: Downlink Payload: 06000003 ~/~/ Set the interrupt mode to rising edge trigger 1090 +))) 806 806 1092 +((( 1093 + 1094 +))) 807 807 808 808 1097 + 809 809 == 3.3 Calibrate Sensor == 810 810 811 811 Detail See [[Calibration Guide>>path:#H2.7Calibration]] for the user of 0x13 and 0x14 downlink commands ... ... @@ -980,9 +980,13 @@ 980 980 981 981 === 4.3.2 Replace the battery === 982 982 1272 +((( 983 983 You can change the battery in the LSPH01.The type of battery is not limited as long as the output is between 3v to 3.6v. On the main board, there is a diode (D1) between the battery and the main circuit. If you need to use a battery with less than 3.3v, please remove the D1 and shortcut the two pads of it so there won’t be voltage drop between battery and main board. 1274 +))) 984 984 1276 +((( 985 985 The default battery pack of LSPH01 includes a ER26500 plus super capacitor. If user can’t find this pack locally, they can find ER26500 or equivalence, which will also work in most case. The SPC can enlarge the battery life for high frequency use (update period below 5 minutes) 1278 +))) 986 986 987 987 988 988 ... ... @@ -1003,7 +1003,9 @@ 1003 1003 (% style="background-color:yellow" %)** USB TTL RXD <~-~-~-~-> UART_TXD** 1004 1004 1005 1005 1299 +((( 1006 1006 In the PC, you need to set the serial baud rate to (% style="color:green" %)**9600**(%%) to access the serial console for LSPH01. LSPH01 will output system info once power on as below: 1301 +))) 1007 1007 1008 1008 1009 1009 [[image:1654593712276-618.png]] ... ... @@ -1011,7 +1011,6 @@ 1011 1011 Valid AT Command please check [[Configure Device>>path:#H3.ConfigureLSPH01viaATCommandorLoRaWANDownlink]]. 1012 1012 1013 1013 1014 - 1015 1015 = 6. FAQ = 1016 1016 1017 1017 == 6.1 How to change the LoRa Frequency Bands/Region == ... ... @@ -1020,7 +1020,6 @@ 1020 1020 When downloading the images, choose the required image file for download. 1021 1021 1022 1022 1023 - 1024 1024 = 7. Trouble Shooting = 1025 1025 1026 1026 == 7.1 AT Commands input doesn’t work == ... ... @@ -1028,7 +1028,6 @@ 1028 1028 In the case if user can see the console output but can’t type input to the device. Please check if you already include the (% style="color:green" %)**ENTER**(%%) while sending out the command. Some serial tool doesn’t send (% style="color:green" %)**ENTER**(%%) while press the send key, user need to add ENTER in their string. 1029 1029 1030 1030 1031 - 1032 1032 = 8. Order Info = 1033 1033 1034 1034 Part Number: (% style="color:blue" %)**LSPH01-XX** ... ... @@ -1046,7 +1046,6 @@ 1046 1046 * (% style="color:red" %)**CN470**(%%): LoRaWAN CN470 band 1047 1047 1048 1048 1049 - 1050 1050 = 9. Packing Info = 1051 1051 1052 1052 ... ... @@ -1062,7 +1062,6 @@ 1062 1062 * Weight / pcs : g 1063 1063 1064 1064 1065 - 1066 1066 = 10. Support = 1067 1067 1068 1068 * Support is provided Monday to Friday, from 09:00 to 18:00 GMT+8. Due to different timezones we cannot offer live support. However, your questions will be answered as soon as possible in the before-mentioned schedule.