Last modified by Xiaoling on 2025/04/27 16:45
<
From version < 73.2 >
edited by Xiaoling
on 2022/06/07 17:24
To version < 79.6 >
edited by Xiaoling
on 2022/06/07 18:02
>
Change comment: There is no comment for this version

Summary

Details

Page properties
Content
... ... @@ -62,26 +62,29 @@
62 62  * [[10. ​Support>>path:#H10.A0200BSupport]]
63 63  
64 64  
65 -
66 -
67 -
68 -
69 -
70 -
71 -
72 72  = 1. Introduction =
73 73  
74 74  == 1.1 ​What is LoRaWAN Soil pH Sensor ==
75 75  
69 +(((
76 76  The Dragino LSPH01 is a (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**LoRaWAN Soil pH Sensor**(%%) for IoT of Agriculture. It is designed to measure the soil PH and soil temperature, so to send to the platform to analyze the soil acid or alkali level. The probe is IP68 waterproof.
71 +)))
77 77  
73 +(((
78 78  LSPH01 probe is made by Solid AgCl reference electrode and Pure metal pH sensitive electrode. It can detect soil's** (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)pH (%%)**with high accuracy and stable value. The LSPH01 probe can be buried into soil for long time use.
75 +)))
79 79  
77 +(((
80 80  The LoRa wireless technology used in LSPH01 allows device to send data and reach extremely long ranges at low data-rates. It provides ultra-long range spread spectrum communication and high interference immunity whilst minimizing current consumption.
79 +)))
81 81  
81 +(((
82 82  LSPH01 is powered by (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**8500mAh Li-SOCI2 battery**(%%), it is designed for long term use up to 5 years.
83 +)))
83 83  
85 +(((
84 84  Each LSPH01 is pre-load with a set of unique keys for LoRaWAN registrations, register these keys to local LoRaWAN server and it will auto connect after power on.
87 +)))
85 85  
86 86  
87 87  [[image:1654592435432-887.png]]
... ... @@ -104,9 +104,6 @@
104 104  * IP68 rate for the Sensor Probe
105 105  * 8500mAh Battery for long term use
106 106  
107 -
108 -
109 -
110 110  == 1.3 Probe Specification ==
111 111  
112 112  
... ... @@ -127,10 +127,16 @@
127 127  * IP68 Protection
128 128  * Length: 3.5 meters
129 129  
130 +
131 +
132 +
130 130  == 1.4 ​Applications ==
131 131  
132 132  * Smart Agriculture
133 133  
137 +
138 +
139 +
134 134  == 1.5 Pin mapping and power on ==
135 135  
136 136  [[image:1654592472094-134.png]]
... ... @@ -209,7 +209,9 @@
209 209  [[image:image-20220607170442-2.png]]
210 210  
211 211  
218 +(((
212 212  (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 3**(%%)**:** The LSPH01 will auto join to the TTN network. After join success, it will start to upload messages to TTN and you can see the messages in the panel.
220 +)))
213 213  
214 214  [[image:1654592697690-910.png]]
215 215  
... ... @@ -217,11 +217,17 @@
217 217  
218 218  == 2.3 ​Uplink Payload ==
219 219  
228 +(((
220 220  LSPH01 will uplink payload via LoRaWAN with below payload format: 
230 +)))
221 221  
232 +(((
222 222  Uplink payload includes in total 11 bytes.
234 +)))
223 223  
236 +(((
224 224  Normal uplink payload:
238 +)))
225 225  
226 226  (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; width:510px" %)
227 227  |(((
... ... @@ -305,18 +305,24 @@
305 305  
306 306  === 2.3.6 Message Type ===
307 307  
322 +(((
308 308  For a normal uplink payload, the message type is always 0x01.
324 +)))
309 309  
326 +(((
310 310  Valid Message Type:
328 +)))
311 311  
312 312  
313 313  (% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; width:510px" %)
314 -|**Message Type Code**|**Description**|**Payload**
332 +|=**Message Type Code**|=**Description**|=**Payload**
315 315  |0x01|Normal Uplink|[[Normal Uplink Payload>>path:#H2.3200BUplinkPayload]]
316 316  |0x02|Reply configures info|[[Configure Info Payload>>path:#H3.4GetFirmwareVersionInfo]]
317 317  |0x03|Reply Calibration Info|[[Calibration Payload>>path:#H2.7Calibration]]
318 318  
319 319  
338 +
339 +
320 320  === 2.3.7 Decode payload in The Things Network ===
321 321  
322 322  While using TTN network, you can add the payload format to decode the payload.
... ... @@ -342,12 +342,21 @@
342 342  
343 343  == 2.5 ​Show Data in DataCake IoT Server ==
344 344  
365 +(((
345 345  [[DATACAKE>>url:https://datacake.co/]] provides a human friendly interface to show the sensor data, once we have data in TTN, we can use [[DATACAKE>>url:https://datacake.co/]] to connect to TTN and see the data in DATACAKE. Below are the steps:
367 +)))
346 346  
369 +(((
370 +
371 +)))
347 347  
373 +(((
348 348  (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1**(%%)**: Be sure that your device is programmed and properly connected to the network at this time.**
375 +)))
349 349  
377 +(((
350 350  (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**(%%)**: To configure the Application to forward data to DATACAKE you will need to add integration. To add the DATACAKE integration, perform the following steps:**
379 +)))
351 351  
352 352  
353 353  [[image:1654592790040-760.png]]
... ... @@ -370,9 +370,13 @@
370 370  [[image:1654592856403-259.png]]
371 371  
372 372  
402 +(((
373 373  (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 5**(%%)**: add payload decode**
404 +)))
374 374  
406 +(((
375 375  Download Datacake decoder from: [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.pHp?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LSPH01/Decoder/>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LSNPK01/Decoder/]]
408 +)))
376 376  
377 377  
378 378  [[image:1654592878525-845.png]]
... ... @@ -395,8 +395,10 @@
395 395  === 2.6.1 Before measurement ===
396 396  
397 397  (((
431 +(((
398 398  If the LSPH01 has more than 7 days not use or just clean the pH probe. User should put the probe inside pure water for more than 24 hours for activation. If no put in water, user need to put inside soil for more than 24 hours to ensure the measurement accuracy. 
399 399  )))
434 +)))
400 400  
401 401  
402 402  
... ... @@ -403,24 +403,45 @@
403 403  === 2.6.2 Measurement ===
404 404  
405 405  
441 +(((
406 406  (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Measurement the soil surface:**
443 +)))
407 407  
445 +(((
408 408  [[image:1654592946732-634.png]]
447 +)))
409 409  
449 +(((
410 410  Choose the proper measuring position. Split the surface soil according to the measured deep.
451 +)))
411 411  
453 +(((
412 412  Put pure water, or rainwater to make the soil of measurement point to moist mud. Remove rocks or hard things.
455 +)))
413 413  
457 +(((
414 414  Slowly insert the probe to the measure point. Don’t use large force which will break the probe. Make sure not shake when inserting.
459 +)))
415 415  
461 +(((
416 416  Put soil over the probe after insert. And start to measure.
463 +)))
417 417  
465 +(((
466 +
467 +)))
418 418  
469 +(((
419 419  (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Measurement inside soil:**
471 +)))
420 420  
473 +(((
421 421  Dig a hole with diameter > 20CM.
475 +)))
422 422  
477 +(((
423 423  Insert the probe inside, method like measure the surface.
479 +)))
424 424  
425 425  
426 426  
... ... @@ -450,9 +450,13 @@
450 450  
451 451  == 2.7 Calibration ==
452 452  
509 +(((
453 453  User can do calibration for the probe. It is limited to use below pH buffer solution to calibrate: 4.00, 6.86, 9.18. When calibration, user need to clean the electrode and put the probe in the pH buffer solution to wait the value stable ( a new clean electrode might need max 24 hours to be stable).
511 +)))
454 454  
513 +(((
455 455  After stable, user can use below command to calibrate.
515 +)))
456 456  
457 457  [[image:image-20220607171149-4.png]]
458 458  
... ... @@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
459 459  
460 460  (% style="color:#037691" %)**Calibration Payload**
461 461  
462 -(% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; width:510px" %)
522 +(% border="1" cellspacing="10" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:green; width:510px" %)
463 463  |(((
464 464  **Size**
465 465  
... ... @@ -488,6 +488,8 @@
488 488  * Reply to non-confirmed packet: 14 00
489 489  
490 490  
551 +
552 +
491 491  == 2.8 Frequency Plans ==
492 492  
493 493  (((
... ... @@ -497,32 +497,61 @@
497 497  
498 498  === 2.8.1 EU863-870 (EU868) ===
499 499  
562 +(((
500 500  (% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink:**
564 +)))
501 501  
566 +(((
502 502  868.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
568 +)))
503 503  
570 +(((
504 504  868.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 and SF7BW250
572 +)))
505 505  
574 +(((
506 506  868.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
576 +)))
507 507  
578 +(((
508 508  867.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
580 +)))
509 509  
582 +(((
510 510  867.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
584 +)))
511 511  
586 +(((
512 512  867.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
588 +)))
513 513  
590 +(((
514 514  867.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
592 +)))
515 515  
594 +(((
516 516  867.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
596 +)))
517 517  
598 +(((
518 518  868.8 - FSK
600 +)))
519 519  
602 +(((
603 +
604 +)))
520 520  
606 +(((
521 521  (% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
608 +)))
522 522  
610 +(((
523 523  Uplink channels 1-9 (RX1)
612 +)))
524 524  
614 +(((
525 525  869.525 - SF9BW125 (RX2 downlink only)
616 +)))
526 526  
527 527  
528 528  
... ... @@ -545,48 +545,92 @@
545 545  
546 546  
547 547  
639 +
548 548  === 2.8.3 CN470-510 (CN470) ===
549 549  
642 +(((
550 550  Used in China, Default use CHE=1
644 +)))
551 551  
646 +(((
552 552  (% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink:**
648 +)))
553 553  
650 +(((
554 554  486.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
652 +)))
555 555  
654 +(((
556 556  486.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
656 +)))
557 557  
658 +(((
558 558  486.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
660 +)))
559 559  
662 +(((
560 560  486.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
664 +)))
561 561  
666 +(((
562 562  487.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
668 +)))
563 563  
670 +(((
564 564  487.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
672 +)))
565 565  
674 +(((
566 566  487.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
676 +)))
567 567  
678 +(((
568 568  487.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
680 +)))
569 569  
682 +(((
683 +
684 +)))
570 570  
686 +(((
571 571  (% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
688 +)))
572 572  
690 +(((
573 573  506.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
692 +)))
574 574  
694 +(((
575 575  506.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
696 +)))
576 576  
698 +(((
577 577  507.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
700 +)))
578 578  
702 +(((
579 579  507.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
704 +)))
580 580  
706 +(((
581 581  507.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
708 +)))
582 582  
710 +(((
583 583  507.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
712 +)))
584 584  
714 +(((
585 585  507.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
716 +)))
586 586  
718 +(((
587 587  508.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
720 +)))
588 588  
722 +(((
589 589  505.3 - SF12BW125 (RX2 downlink only)
724 +)))
590 590  
591 591  
592 592  
... ... @@ -613,110 +613,220 @@
613 613  
614 614  
615 615  
751 +
616 616  === 2.8.5 AS920-923 & AS923-925 (AS923) ===
617 617  
754 +(((
618 618  (% style="color:blue" %)**Default Uplink channel:**
756 +)))
619 619  
758 +(((
620 620  923.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
760 +)))
621 621  
762 +(((
622 622  923.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
764 +)))
623 623  
766 +(((
767 +
768 +)))
624 624  
770 +(((
625 625  (% style="color:blue" %)**Additional Uplink Channel**:
772 +)))
626 626  
774 +(((
627 627  (OTAA mode, channel added by JoinAccept message)
776 +)))
628 628  
778 +(((
779 +
780 +)))
629 629  
782 +(((
630 630  (% style="color:blue" %)**AS920~~AS923 for Japan, Malaysia, Singapore**:
784 +)))
631 631  
786 +(((
632 632  922.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
788 +)))
633 633  
790 +(((
634 634  922.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
792 +)))
635 635  
794 +(((
636 636  922.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
796 +)))
637 637  
798 +(((
638 638  922.8 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
800 +)))
639 639  
802 +(((
640 640  923.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
804 +)))
641 641  
806 +(((
642 642  922.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
808 +)))
643 643  
810 +(((
811 +
812 +)))
644 644  
814 +(((
645 645  (% style="color:blue" %)**AS923 ~~ AS925 for Brunei, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam**:
816 +)))
646 646  
818 +(((
647 647  923.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
820 +)))
648 648  
822 +(((
649 649  923.8 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
824 +)))
650 650  
826 +(((
651 651  924.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
828 +)))
652 652  
830 +(((
653 653  924.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
832 +)))
654 654  
834 +(((
655 655  924.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
836 +)))
656 656  
838 +(((
657 657  924.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
840 +)))
658 658  
842 +(((
843 +
844 +)))
659 659  
846 +(((
660 660  (% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
848 +)))
661 661  
850 +(((
662 662  Uplink channels 1-8 (RX1)
852 +)))
663 663  
854 +(((
664 664  923.2 - SF10BW125 (RX2)
856 +)))
665 665  
666 666  
667 667  
668 668  === 2.8.6 KR920-923 (KR920) ===
669 669  
862 +(((
670 670  (% style="color:blue" %)**Default channel:**
864 +)))
671 671  
866 +(((
672 672  922.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
868 +)))
673 673  
870 +(((
674 674  922.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
872 +)))
675 675  
874 +(((
676 676  922.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
876 +)))
677 677  
878 +(((
879 +
880 +)))
678 678  
882 +(((
679 679  (% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink: (OTAA mode, channel added by JoinAccept message)**
884 +)))
680 680  
886 +(((
681 681  922.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
888 +)))
682 682  
890 +(((
683 683  922.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
892 +)))
684 684  
894 +(((
685 685  922.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
896 +)))
686 686  
898 +(((
687 687  922.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
900 +)))
688 688  
902 +(((
689 689  922.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
904 +)))
690 690  
906 +(((
691 691  923.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
908 +)))
692 692  
910 +(((
693 693  923.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
912 +)))
694 694  
914 +(((
915 +
916 +)))
695 695  
918 +(((
696 696  (% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
920 +)))
697 697  
922 +(((
698 698  Uplink channels 1-7(RX1)
924 +)))
699 699  
926 +(((
700 700  921.9 - SF12BW125 (RX2 downlink only; SF12BW125 might be changed to SF9BW125)
928 +)))
701 701  
702 702  
703 703  
704 704  === 2.8.7 IN865-867 (IN865) ===
705 705  
934 +(((
706 706  (% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink:**
936 +)))
707 707  
938 +(((
708 708  865.0625 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
940 +)))
709 709  
942 +(((
710 710  865.4025 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
944 +)))
711 711  
946 +(((
712 712  865.9850 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
948 +)))
713 713  
950 +(((
951 +
952 +)))
714 714  
954 +(((
715 715  (% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
956 +)))
716 716  
958 +(((
717 717  Uplink channels 1-3 (RX1)
960 +)))
718 718  
962 +(((
719 719  866.550 - SF10BW125 (RX2)
964 +)))
720 720  
721 721  
722 722  
... ... @@ -743,26 +743,51 @@
743 743  
744 744  = 3. Configure LSPH01 via AT Command or LoRaWAN Downlink =
745 745  
991 +(((
746 746  Use can configure LSPH01 via AT Command or LoRaWAN Downlink.
993 +)))
747 747  
748 -* AT Command Connection: See [[FAQ>>path:#H6.FAQ]].
749 -* LoRaWAN Downlink instruction for different platforms: [[IoT LoRaWAN Server>>path:/xwiki/bin/view/Main/]]
995 +* (((
996 +AT Command Connection: See [[FAQ>>path:#H6.FAQ]].
997 +)))
998 +* (((
999 +LoRaWAN Downlink instruction for different platforms: [[IoT LoRaWAN Server>>path:/xwiki/bin/view/Main/]]
1000 +)))
750 750  
1002 +(((
751 751  There are two kinds of commands to configure LSPH01, they are:
1004 +)))
752 752  
753 -* (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)** General Commands**.
1006 +* (((
1007 +(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)** General Commands**.
1008 +)))
754 754  
1010 +(((
755 755  These commands are to configure:
1012 +)))
756 756  
757 -* General system settings like: uplink interval.
758 -* LoRaWAN protocol & radio related command.
1014 +* (((
1015 +General system settings like: uplink interval.
1016 +)))
1017 +* (((
1018 +LoRaWAN protocol & radio related command.
1019 +)))
759 759  
1021 +(((
760 760  They are same for all Dragino Device which support DLWS-005 LoRaWAN Stack. These commands can be found on the wiki:[[End Device AT Commands and Downlink Command>>path:/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/]]
1023 +)))
761 761  
1025 +(((
1026 +
1027 +)))
762 762  
763 -* (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)** Commands special design for LSPH01**
1029 +* (((
1030 +(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)** Commands special design for LSPH01**
1031 +)))
764 764  
1033 +(((
765 765  These commands only valid for LSPH01, as below:
1035 +)))
766 766  
767 767  
768 768  
... ... @@ -776,16 +776,28 @@
776 776  
777 777  
778 778  
1049 +(((
779 779  (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Command: 0x01**
1051 +)))
780 780  
1053 +(((
781 781  Format: Command Code (0x01) followed by 3 bytes time value.
1055 +)))
782 782  
1057 +(((
783 783  If the downlink payload=0100003C, it means set the END Node’s Transmit Interval to 0x00003C=60(S), while type code is 01.
1059 +)))
784 784  
785 -* Example 1: Downlink Payload: 0100001E ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 30 seconds
786 -* Example 2: Downlink Payload: 0100003C ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 60 seconds
1061 +* (((
1062 +Example 1: Downlink Payload: 0100001E ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 30 seconds
1063 +)))
1064 +* (((
1065 +Example 2: Downlink Payload: 0100003C ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 60 seconds
787 787  
788 788  
1068 +
1069 +)))
1070 +
789 789  == 3.2 Set Interrupt Mode ==
790 790  
791 791  Feature, Set Interrupt mode for GPIO_EXIT.
... ... @@ -795,17 +795,31 @@
795 795  [[image:image-20220607171716-9.png]]
796 796  
797 797  
1080 +(((
798 798  (% style="color:#037691" %)**Downlink Command: 0x06**
1082 +)))
799 799  
1084 +(((
800 800  Format: Command Code (0x06) followed by 3 bytes.
1086 +)))
801 801  
1088 +(((
802 802  This means that the interrupt mode of the end node is set to 0x000003=3 (rising edge trigger), and the type code is 06.
1090 +)))
803 803  
804 -* Example 1: Downlink Payload: 06000000 ~/~/ Turn off interrupt mode
805 -* Example 2: Downlink Payload: 06000003 ~/~/ Set the interrupt mode to rising edge trigger
1092 +* (((
1093 +Example 1: Downlink Payload: 06000000 ~/~/ Turn off interrupt mode
1094 +)))
1095 +* (((
1096 +Example 2: Downlink Payload: 06000003 ~/~/ Set the interrupt mode to rising edge trigger
1097 +)))
806 806  
1099 +(((
1100 +
1101 +)))
807 807  
808 808  
1104 +
809 809  == 3.3 Calibrate Sensor ==
810 810  
811 811  Detail See [[Calibration Guide>>path:#H2.7Calibration]] for the user of 0x13 and 0x14 downlink commands
... ... @@ -980,9 +980,13 @@
980 980  
981 981  === ​4.3.2 Replace the battery ===
982 982  
1279 +(((
983 983  You can change the battery in the LSPH01.The type of battery is not limited as long as the output is between 3v to 3.6v. On the main board, there is a diode (D1) between the battery and the main circuit. If you need to use a battery with less than 3.3v, please remove the D1 and shortcut the two pads of it so there won’t be voltage drop between battery and main board.
1281 +)))
984 984  
1283 +(((
985 985  The default battery pack of LSPH01 includes a ER26500 plus super capacitor. If user can’t find this pack locally, they can find ER26500 or equivalence, which will also work in most case. The SPC can enlarge the battery life for high frequency use (update period below 5 minutes)
1285 +)))
986 986  
987 987  
988 988  
... ... @@ -1003,7 +1003,9 @@
1003 1003  (% style="background-color:yellow" %)** USB TTL RXD  <~-~-~-~-> UART_TXD**
1004 1004  
1005 1005  
1306 +(((
1006 1006  In the PC, you need to set the serial baud rate to (% style="color:green" %)**9600**(%%) to access the serial console for LSPH01. LSPH01 will output system info once power on as below:
1308 +)))
1007 1007  
1008 1008  
1009 1009   [[image:1654593712276-618.png]]
... ... @@ -1045,8 +1045,6 @@
1045 1045  * (% style="color:red" %)**IN865**(%%):  LoRaWAN IN865 band
1046 1046  * (% style="color:red" %)**CN470**(%%): LoRaWAN CN470 band
1047 1047  
1048 -
1049 -
1050 1050  = 9. ​Packing Info =
1051 1051  
1052 1052  
... ... @@ -1061,8 +1061,6 @@
1061 1061  * Package Size / pcs : cm
1062 1062  * Weight / pcs : g
1063 1063  
1064 -
1065 -
1066 1066  = 10. ​Support =
1067 1067  
1068 1068  * Support is provided Monday to Friday, from 09:00 to 18:00 GMT+8. Due to different timezones we cannot offer live support. However, your questions will be answered as soon as possible in the before-mentioned schedule.

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