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Last modified by Mengting Qiu on 2025/08/06 17:02
From version 150.31
edited by Xiaoling
on 2022/06/11 09:08
Change comment: There is no comment for this version
To version 174.9
edited by Xiaoling
on 2022/06/15 10:43
Change comment: There is no comment for this version

Summary

Details

Page properties
Title
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1 -LDDS75 - LoRaWAN Distance Detection Sensor User Manual
1 +LDDS20 - LoRaWAN Ultrasonic Liquid Level Sensor User Manual
Content
... ... @@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
1 1  (% style="text-align:center" %)
2 -[[image:1654846127817-788.png]]
2 +[[image:1655254599445-662.png]]
3 3  
4 -**Contents:**
5 5  
6 -{{toc/}}
7 7  
8 8  
7 +**Table of Contents:**
9 9  
10 10  
11 11  
... ... @@ -12,35 +12,76 @@
12 12  
13 13  
14 14  
14 +
15 +
15 15  = 1.  Introduction =
16 16  
17 -== 1.1 ​ What is LoRaWAN Distance Detection Sensor ==
18 +== 1.1 ​ What is LoRaWAN Ultrasonic liquid level Sensor ==
18 18  
19 19  (((
20 20  
21 21  
22 22  (((
23 -The Dragino LDDS75 is a (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** LoRaWAN Distance Detection Sensor**(%%) for Internet of Things solution. It is used to measure the distance between the sensor and a flat object. The distance detection sensor is a module that uses (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** ultrasonic sensing** (%%)technology for distance measurement, and (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** temperature compensation**(%%) is performed internally to improve the reliability of data. The LDDS75 can be applied to scenarios such as horizontal distance measurement, liquid level measurement, parking management system, object proximity and presence detection, intelligent trash can management system, robot obstacle avoidance, automatic control, sewer, bottom water level monitoring, etc.
24 +(((
25 +(((
26 +The Dragino LDDS20 is a (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**LoRaWAN Ultrasonic liquid level sensor**(%%) for Internet of Things solution. It uses (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**none-contact method **(%%)to measure the height of liquid in a container without opening the container, and send the value via LoRaWAN network to IoT Server
27 +)))
24 24  
29 +(((
30 +
31 +)))
25 25  
26 -It detects the distance** (% style="color:#4472c4" %) between the measured object and the sensor(%%)**, and uploads the value via wireless to LoRaWAN IoT Server.
33 +(((
34 +The LDDS20 sensor is installed directly below the container to detect the height of the liquid level. User doesn’t need to open a hole on the container to be tested. The (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**none-contact measurement makes the measurement safety, easier and possible for some strict situation**. 
35 +)))
27 27  
37 +(((
38 +
39 +)))
28 28  
29 -The LoRa wireless technology used in LDDS75 allows device to send data and reach extremely long ranges at low data-rates. It provides ultra-long range spread spectrum communication and high interference immunity whilst minimizing current consumption.
41 +(((
42 +LDDS20 uses ultrasonic sensing technology for distance measurement. LDDS20 is of high accuracy to measure various liquid such as: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**toxic substances**(%%), (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**strong acids**(%%), (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**strong alkalis**(%%) and (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**various pure liquids**(%%) in high-temperature and high-pressure airtight containers.
43 +)))
30 30  
45 +(((
46 +
47 +)))
31 31  
32 -LDDS75 is powered by (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 4000mA or 8500mAh Li-SOCI2 battery**(%%); It is designed for long term use up to 10 years*.
49 +(((
50 +The LoRa wireless technology used in LDDS20 allows device to send data and reach extremely long ranges at low data-rates. It provides ultra-long range spread spectrum communication and high interference immunity whilst minimizing current consumption.
51 +)))
33 33  
53 +(((
54 +
55 +)))
34 34  
35 -Each LDDS75 pre-loads with a set of unique keys for LoRaWAN registrations, register these keys to local LoRaWAN server and it will auto connect if there is network coverage, after power on.
57 +(((
58 +LDDS20 is powered by (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**8500mA Li-SOCI2 battery**(%%); It is designed for long term use up to 10 years*.
59 +)))
36 36  
61 +(((
62 +
63 +)))
37 37  
65 +(((
66 +Each LDDS20 pre-loads with a set of unique keys for LoRaWAN registrations, register these keys to local LoRaWAN server and it will auto connect if there is network coverage, after power on.
67 +)))
68 +
69 +(((
70 +
71 +)))
72 +)))
73 +
74 +(((
75 +(((
38 38  (% style="color:#4472c4" %) * (%%)Actually lifetime depends on network coverage and uplink interval and other factors.
39 39  )))
40 40  )))
79 +)))
80 +)))
41 41  
42 42  
43 -[[image:1654847051249-359.png]]
83 +[[image:1655255122126-327.png]]
44 44  
45 45  
46 46  
... ... @@ -48,9 +48,10 @@
48 48  
49 49  * LoRaWAN 1.0.3 Class A
50 50  * Ultra low power consumption
51 -* Distance Detection by Ultrasonic technology
52 -* Flat object range 280mm - 7500mm
53 -* Accuracy: ±(1cm+S*0.3%) (S: Distance)
91 +* Liquid Level Measurement by Ultrasonic technology
92 +* Measure through container, No need to contact Liquid.
93 +* Valid level range 20mm - 2000mm
94 +* Accuracy: ±(5mm+S*0.5%) (S: Measure Value)
54 54  * Cable Length : 25cm
55 55  * Bands: CN470/EU433/KR920/US915/EU868/AS923/AU915/IN865
56 56  * AT Commands to change parameters
... ... @@ -57,67 +57,130 @@
57 57  * Uplink on periodically
58 58  * Downlink to change configure
59 59  * IP66 Waterproof Enclosure
60 -* 4000mAh or 8500mAh Battery for long term use
101 +* 8500mAh Battery for long term use
61 61  
62 -== 1.3  Specification ==
103 +== 1.3  Suitable Container & Liquid ==
63 63  
64 -=== 1.3.1  Rated environmental conditions ===
105 +* Solid Wall container such as: steel, iron, glass, ceramics, non-foaming plastics etc.
106 +* Container shape is regular, and surface is smooth.
107 +* Container Thickness:
108 +** Pure metal material.  2~~8mm, best is 3~~5mm
109 +** Pure non metal material: <10 mm
110 +* Pure liquid without irregular deposition.
65 65  
66 -[[image:image-20220610154839-1.png]]
112 +== 1.4  Mechanical ==
67 67  
68 -**Remarks: (1) a. When the ambient temperature is 0-39 ℃, the maximum humidity is 90% (non-condensing);**
114 +[[image:image-20220615090910-1.png]]
69 69  
70 -**b. When the ambient temperature is 40-50 ℃, the highest humidity is the highest humidity in the natural world at the current temperature (no condensation)**
71 71  
117 +[[image:image-20220615090910-2.png]]
72 72  
73 73  
74 -=== 1.3.2  Effective measurement range Reference beam pattern ===
75 75  
76 -**(1) The tested object is a white cylindrical tube made of PVC, with a height of 100cm and a diameter of 7.5cm.**
121 +== 1.5  Install LDDS20 ==
77 77  
78 78  
124 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1**(%%):  Choose the installation point.
79 79  
80 -[[image:1654852253176-749.png]]
126 +LDDS20 (% style="color:red" %)**MUST**(%%) be installed on the container bottom middle position.
81 81  
128 +[[image:image-20220615091045-3.png]]
82 82  
83 83  
84 -**(2)** **The object to be tested is a "corrugated cardboard box" perpendicular to the central axis of 0 °, and the length * width is 60cm * 50cm.**
85 85  
132 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**(%%):  Polish the installation point.
86 86  
87 -[[image:1654852175653-550.png]](% style="display:none" %) ** **
134 +For Metal Surface with paint, it is important to polish the surface, first use crude sand paper to polish the paint level , then use exquisite sand paper to polish the metal level to make it shine & smooth.
88 88  
136 +[[image:image-20220615092010-11.png]]
89 89  
90 90  
91 -== 1.5 ​ Applications ==
139 +No polish needed if the container is shine metal surface without paint or non-metal container.
92 92  
93 -* Horizontal distance measurement
94 -* Liquid level measurement
95 -* Parking management system
96 -* Object proximity and presence detection
97 -* Intelligent trash can management system
98 -* Robot obstacle avoidance
99 -* Automatic control
100 -* Sewer
101 -* Bottom water level monitoring
141 +[[image:image-20220615092044-12.png]]
102 102  
103 103  
104 -== 1.6  Pin mapping and power on ==
105 105  
145 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Step3:   **(%%)Test the installation point.
106 106  
107 -[[image:1654847583902-256.png]]
147 +Power on LDDS75, check if the blue LED is on, If the blue LED is on, means the sensor works. Then put ultrasonic coupling paste on the sensor and put it tightly on the installation point.
108 108  
109 109  
150 +It is necessary to put the coupling paste between the sensor and the container, otherwise LDDS20 won’t detect the liquid level.
110 110  
111 -= 2.  Configure LDDS75 to connect to LoRaWAN network =
152 +[[image:1655256160324-178.png]][[image:image-20220615092327-13.png]]
112 112  
154 +
155 +After paste the LDDS20 well, power on LDDS20. In the first 30 seconds of booting, device will check the sensors status and BLUE LED will show the status as below. After 30 seconds, BLUE LED will be off to save battery life.
156 +
157 +
158 +(% style="color:red" %)**LED Status:**
159 +
160 +* Onboard LED: When power on device, the onboard LED will fast blink 4 times which means detect the sensor well.
161 +
162 +* (% style="color:blue" %)BLUE LED(% style="color:red" %) always ON(%%): Sensor is power on but doesn’t detect liquid. There is problem in installation point.
163 +* (% style="color:blue" %)BLUE LED(% style="color:red" %) slowly blinking(%%): Sensor detects Liquid Level, The installation point is good.
164 +
165 +LDDS20 will enter into low power mode at 30 seconds after system reset or power on, Blue LED will be off after that.
166 +
167 +
168 +(% style="color:red" %)**Note 2:**
169 +
170 +(% style="color:red" %)Ultrasonic coupling paste (%%) is subjected in most shipping way. So the default package doesn’t include it and user needs to purchase locally.
171 +
172 +
173 +
174 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Step4:   **(%%)Install use Epoxy ab glue.
175 +
176 +Prepare Eproxy AB glue.
177 +
178 +Put Eproxy AB glue in the sensor and press it hard on the container installation point.
179 +
180 +Reset LDDS20 and see if the BLUE LED is slowly blinking.
181 +
182 +[[image:image-20220615091045-8.png||height="226" width="380"]] [[image:image-20220615091045-9.png||height="239" width="339"]]
183 +
184 +
185 +(% style="color:red" %)**Note 1:**
186 +
187 +Eproxy AB glue needs 3~~ 5 minutes to stable attached. we can use other glue material to keep it in the position.
188 +
189 +
190 +(% style="color:red" %)**Note 2:**
191 +
192 +(% style="color:red" %)Eproxy AB glue(%%) is subjected in most shipping way. So the default package doesn’t include it and user needs to purchase locally.
193 +
194 +
195 +
196 +== 1.6 ​ Applications ==
197 +
198 +* Smart liquid control solution.
199 +* Smart liquefied gas solution.
200 +
201 +== 1.7  Precautions ==
202 +
203 +* At room temperature, containers of different materials, such as steel, glass, iron, ceramics, non-foamed plastics and other dense materials, have different detection blind areas and detection limit heights.
204 +* For containers of the same material at room temperature, the detection blind zone and detection limit height are also different for the thickness of the container.
205 +* When the detected liquid level exceeds the effective detection value of the sensor, and the liquid level of the liquid to be measured shakes or tilts, the detected liquid height is unstable.
206 +
207 +== 1.8  Pin mapping and power on ==
208 +
209 +
210 +[[image:1655257026882-201.png]]
211 +
212 +
213 +
214 += 2.  Configure LDDS20 to connect to LoRaWAN network =
215 +
216 +
113 113  == 2.1  How it works ==
114 114  
115 115  (((
116 -The LDDS75 is configured as LoRaWAN OTAA Class A mode by default. It has OTAA keys to join LoRaWAN network. To connect a LoRaWAN network, you need to input the OTAA keys in the LoRaWAN IoT server and power on the LDDS75. If there is coverage of the LoRaWAN network, it will automatically join the network via OTAA and start to send the sensor value
220 +The LDDS20 is configured as LoRaWAN OTAA Class A mode by default. It has OTAA keys to join LoRaWAN network. To connect a LoRaWAN network, you need to input the OTAA keys in the LoRaWAN IoT server and power on the LDDS20. If there is coverage of the LoRaWAN network, it will automatically join the network via OTAA and start to send the sensor value.
117 117  )))
118 118  
119 119  (((
120 -In case you can't set the OTAA keys in the LoRaWAN OTAA server, and you have to use the keys from the server, you can [[use AT Commands >>||anchor="H3.A0ConfigureLDDS75viaATCommandorLoRaWANDownlink"]]to set the keys in the LDDS75.
224 +In case you can't set the OTAA keys in the LoRaWAN OTAA server, and you have to use the keys from the server, you can [[use AT Commands >>||anchor="H3.A0UsingtheATCommands"]]to set the keys in the LDDS20.
121 121  )))
122 122  
123 123  
... ... @@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
129 129  )))
130 130  
131 131  (((
132 -[[image:1654848616367-242.png]]
236 +[[image:1655257698953-697.png]]
133 133  )))
134 134  
135 135  (((
... ... @@ -137,21 +137,31 @@
137 137  )))
138 138  
139 139  (((
140 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1**(%%): Create a device in TTN with the OTAA keys from LDDS75.
244 +
245 +
246 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1**(%%): Create a device in TTN with the OTAA keys from LDDS20.
141 141  )))
142 142  
143 143  (((
144 -Each LDDS75 is shipped with a sticker with the default device keys, user can find this sticker in the box. it looks like below.
250 +Each LDDS20 is shipped with a sticker with the default device keys, user can find this sticker in the box. it looks like below.
145 145  )))
146 146  
147 147  [[image:image-20220607170145-1.jpeg]]
148 148  
149 149  
256 +(((
150 150  For OTAA registration, we need to set **APP EUI/ APP KEY/ DEV EUI**. Some server might no need to set APP EUI.
258 +)))
151 151  
260 +(((
152 152  Enter these keys in the LoRaWAN Server portal. Below is TTN V3 screen shot:
262 +)))
153 153  
264 +(((
265 +
266 +
154 154  **Add APP EUI in the application**
268 +)))
155 155  
156 156  [[image:image-20220610161353-4.png]]
157 157  
... ... @@ -163,6 +163,7 @@
163 163  [[image:image-20220610161353-7.png]]
164 164  
165 165  
280 +
166 166  You can also choose to create the device manually.
167 167  
168 168   [[image:image-20220610161538-8.png]]
... ... @@ -175,16 +175,17 @@
175 175  
176 176  
177 177  
178 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**(%%): Power on LDDS75
293 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**(%%):  Power on LDDS20
179 179  
180 180  
181 181  Put a Jumper on JP2 to power on the device. ( The Switch must be in FLASH position).
182 182  
183 -[[image:image-20220610161724-10.png]]
298 +[[image:image-20220615095102-14.png]]
184 184  
185 185  
301 +
186 186  (((
187 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 3**(%%)**:** The LDDS75 will auto join to the TTN network. After join success, it will start to upload messages to TTN and you can see the messages in the panel.
303 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 3**(%%)**:**  The LDDS20 will auto join to the TTN network. After join success, it will start to upload messages to TTN and you can see the messages in the panel.
188 188  )))
189 189  
190 190  [[image:1654849068701-275.png]]
... ... @@ -194,11 +194,13 @@
194 194  == 2.3  ​Uplink Payload ==
195 195  
196 196  (((
197 -LDDS75 will uplink payload via LoRaWAN with below payload format: 
313 +(((
314 +LDDS20 will uplink payload via LoRaWAN with below payload format: 
198 198  
199 -Uplink payload includes in total 4 bytes.
200 -Payload for firmware version v1.1.4. . Before v1.1.3, there is on two fields: BAT and Distance
316 +Uplink payload includes in total 8 bytes.
317 +Payload for firmware version v1.1.4. . Before v1.1.3, there is only 5 bytes: BAT and Distance(Please check manual v1.2.0 if you have 5 bytes payload).
201 201  )))
319 +)))
202 202  
203 203  (((
204 204  
... ... @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
223 223  === 2.3.1  Battery Info ===
224 224  
225 225  
226 -Check the battery voltage for LDDS75.
344 +Check the battery voltage for LDDS20.
227 227  
228 228  Ex1: 0x0B45 = 2885mV
229 229  
... ... @@ -233,19 +233,22 @@
233 233  
234 234  === 2.3.2  Distance ===
235 235  
236 -Get the distance. Flat object range 280mm - 7500mm.
354 +(((
355 +Get the distance. Flat object range 20mm - 2000mm.
356 +)))
237 237  
238 -For example, if the data you get from the register is 0x0B 0x05, the distance between the sensor and the measured object is(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0B05(H) = 2821 (D) = 2821 mm.**
358 +(((
359 +For example, if the data you get from the register is __0x06 0x05__, the distance between the sensor and the measured object is(% style="color:#4472c4" %)** 0605(H) = 1541 (D) = 1541 mm.**
360 +)))
239 239  
362 +* If the sensor value is 0x0000, it means system doesn't detect ultrasonic sensor.
363 +* If the sensor value lower than 0x0014 (20mm), the sensor value will be invalid.
240 240  
241 -* If the sensor value is 0x0000, it means system doesn’t detect ultrasonic sensor.
242 -* If the sensor value lower than 0x0118 (280mm), the sensor value will be invalid. Since v1.1.4, all value lower than 280mm will be set to 0x0014(20mm) which means the value is invalid.
243 243  
244 244  
245 -
246 246  === 2.3.3  Interrupt Pin ===
247 247  
248 -This data field shows if this packet is generated by interrupt or not. [[Click here>>||anchor="H3.3A0SetInterruptMode"]] for the hardware and software set up.
369 +This data field shows if this packet is generated by interrupt or not. [[Click here>>||anchor="H3.2A0SetInterruptMode"]] for the hardware and software set up.
249 249  
250 250  **Example:**
251 251  
... ... @@ -271,9 +271,13 @@
271 271  
272 272  === 2.3.5  Sensor Flag ===
273 273  
395 +(((
274 274  0x01: Detect Ultrasonic Sensor
397 +)))
275 275  
399 +(((
276 276  0x00: No Ultrasonic Sensor
401 +)))
277 277  
278 278  
279 279  
... ... @@ -286,691 +286,301 @@
286 286  
287 287  The payload decoder function for TTN V3 is here:
288 288  
289 -LDDS75 TTN V3 Payload Decoder: [[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LDDS75/Payload_Decoder/>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LSE01/Payload_Decoder/]]
290 -
291 -
292 -
293 -== 2.4  Uplink Interval ==
294 -
295 -The LDDS75 by default uplink the sensor data every 20 minutes. User can change this interval by AT Command or LoRaWAN Downlink Command. See this link: [[Change Uplink Interval>>doc:Main.End Device AT Commands and Downlink Command.WebHome||anchor="H4.1ChangeUplinkInterval"]]
296 -
297 -
298 -
299 -== 2.5  ​Show Data in DataCake IoT Server ==
300 -
301 301  (((
302 -[[DATACAKE>>url:https://datacake.co/]] provides a human friendly interface to show the sensor data, once we have data in TTN, we can use [[DATACAKE>>url:https://datacake.co/]] to connect to TTN and see the data in DATACAKE. Below are the steps:
415 +LDDS20 TTN V3 Payload Decoder: [[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LDDS20/Payload_Decoder/>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LSE01/Payload_Decoder/]]
303 303  )))
304 304  
305 -(((
306 -
307 -)))
308 308  
309 -(((
310 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1**(%%)**: Be sure that your device is programmed and properly connected to the network at this time.**
311 -)))
312 312  
313 -(((
314 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**(%%)**: To configure the Application to forward data to DATACAKE you will need to add integration. To add the DATACAKE integration, perform the following steps:**
315 -)))
420 +== 2.4  Downlink Payload ==
316 316  
422 +By default, LDDS20 prints the downlink payload to console port.
317 317  
318 -[[image:1654592790040-760.png]]
424 +[[image:image-20220615100930-15.png]]
319 319  
320 320  
321 -[[image:1654592800389-571.png]]
427 +**Examples:**
322 322  
323 323  
324 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 3**(%%)**: Create an account or log in Datacake.**
430 +* (% style="color:blue" %)**Set TDC**
325 325  
326 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 4**(%%)**: Search the LDDS75 and add DevEUI.**
432 +If the payload=0100003C, it means set the END Node's TDC to 0x00003C=60(S), while type code is 01.
327 327  
328 -[[image:1654851029373-510.png]]
434 +Payload:    01 00 00 1E    TDC=30S
329 329  
436 +Payload:    01 00 00 3C    TDC=60S
330 330  
331 -After added, the sensor data arrive TTN V3, it will also arrive and show in Datacake.
332 332  
333 -[[image:image-20220610165129-11.png||height="595" width="1088"]]
439 +* (% style="color:blue" %)**Reset**
334 334  
441 +If payload = 0x04FF, it will reset the LDDS20
335 335  
336 336  
337 -== 2.6  Frequency Plans ==
444 +* (% style="color:blue" %)**CFM**
338 338  
339 -(((
340 -The LDDS75 uses OTAA mode and below frequency plans by default. If user want to use it with different frequency plan, please refer the AT command sets.
341 -)))
446 +Downlink Payload: 05000001, Set AT+CFM=1 or 05000000 , set AT+CFM=0
342 342  
343 343  
344 344  
345 -=== 2.6.1  EU863-870 (EU868) ===
450 +== 2.5  ​Show Data in DataCake IoT Server ==
346 346  
347 347  (((
348 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink:**
453 +[[DATACAKE>>url:https://datacake.co/]] provides a human friendly interface to show the sensor data, once we have data in TTN, we can use [[DATACAKE>>url:https://datacake.co/]] to connect to TTN and see the data in DATACAKE. Below are the steps:
349 349  )))
350 350  
351 351  (((
352 -868.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
353 -)))
354 -
355 -(((
356 -868.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125 and SF7BW250
357 -)))
358 -
359 -(((
360 -868.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
361 -)))
362 -
363 -(((
364 -867.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
365 -)))
366 -
367 -(((
368 -867.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
369 -)))
370 -
371 -(((
372 -867.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
373 -)))
374 -
375 -(((
376 -867.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
377 -)))
378 -
379 -(((
380 -867.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
381 -)))
382 -
383 -(((
384 -868.8 - FSK
385 -)))
386 -
387 -(((
388 388  
389 389  )))
390 390  
391 391  (((
392 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
461 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1**(%%)**: Be sure that your device is programmed and properly connected to the network at this time.**
393 393  )))
394 394  
395 395  (((
396 -Uplink channels 1-9 (RX1)
465 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**(%%)**: To configure the Application to forward data to DATACAKE you will need to add integration. To add the DATACAKE integration, perform the following steps:**
397 397  )))
398 398  
399 -(((
400 -869.525 - SF9BW125 (RX2 downlink only)
401 -)))
402 402  
469 +[[image:1654592790040-760.png]]
403 403  
404 404  
405 -=== 2.6.2  US902-928(US915) ===
472 +[[image:1654592800389-571.png]]
406 406  
407 -(((
408 -Used in USA, Canada and South America. Default use CHE=2
409 409  
410 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink:**
475 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 3**(%%)**: Create an account or log in Datacake.**
411 411  
412 -903.9 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
477 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 4**(%%)**: Search the LDDS75 and add DevEUI.(% style="color:red" %)(Note: LDDS20 use same payload as LDDS75)(%%)**
413 413  
414 -904.1 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
479 +[[image:1654851029373-510.png]]
415 415  
416 -904.3 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
417 417  
418 -904.5 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
482 +After added, the sensor data arrive TTN V3, it will also arrive and show in Datacake.
419 419  
420 -904.7 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
484 +[[image:image-20220610165129-11.png||height="595" width="1088"]]
421 421  
422 -904.9 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
423 423  
424 -905.1 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
425 425  
426 -905.3 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
488 +== 2.6  LED Indicator ==
427 427  
490 +The LDDS20 has an internal LED which is to show the status of different state.
428 428  
429 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
430 430  
431 -923.3 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
493 +* Blink once when device power on.
494 +* The device detects the sensor and flashes 5 times.
495 +* Solid ON for 5 seconds once device successful Join the network.
496 +* Blink once when device transmit a packet.
432 432  
433 -923.9 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
434 434  
435 -924.5 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
436 436  
437 -925.1 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
500 +== 2.7  ​Firmware Change Log ==
438 438  
439 -925.7 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
440 440  
441 -926.3 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
442 -
443 -926.9 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
444 -
445 -927.5 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
446 -
447 -923.3 - SF12BW500(RX2 downlink only)
448 -
449 -
450 -
451 -)))
452 -
453 -=== 2.6.3  CN470-510 (CN470) ===
454 -
455 455  (((
456 -Used in China, Default use CHE=1
504 +**Firmware download link:  **[[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LSE01/Firmware/>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LSE01/Firmware/]]
457 457  )))
458 458  
459 459  (((
460 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink:**
461 -)))
462 -
463 -(((
464 -486.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
465 -)))
466 -
467 -(((
468 -486.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
469 -)))
470 -
471 -(((
472 -486.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
473 -)))
474 -
475 -(((
476 -486.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
477 -)))
478 -
479 -(((
480 -487.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
481 -)))
482 -
483 -(((
484 -487.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
485 -)))
486 -
487 -(((
488 -487.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
489 -)))
490 -
491 -(((
492 -487.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
493 -)))
494 -
495 -(((
496 496  
497 497  )))
498 498  
499 499  (((
500 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
512 +**Firmware Upgrade Method:  [[Firmware Upgrade Instruction>>doc:Main.Firmware Upgrade Instruction for STM32 base products.WebHome]]**
501 501  )))
502 502  
503 -(((
504 -506.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
505 -)))
506 506  
507 -(((
508 -506.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
509 -)))
510 510  
511 -(((
512 -507.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
513 -)))
517 +== 2.8  Battery Analysis ==
514 514  
515 -(((
516 -507.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
517 -)))
518 518  
519 -(((
520 -507.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
521 -)))
522 522  
523 -(((
524 -507.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
525 -)))
526 526  
527 -(((
528 -507.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
529 -)))
522 +=== 2.8.1  Battery Type ===
530 530  
531 -(((
532 -508.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
533 -)))
524 +The LDDS20 battery is a combination of a 8500mAh Li/SOCI2 Battery and a Super Capacitor. The battery is non-rechargeable battery type with a low discharge rate (<2% per year). This type of battery is commonly used in IoT devices such as water meter.
534 534  
535 -(((
536 -505.3 - SF12BW125 (RX2 downlink only)
537 -)))
538 538  
527 +The battery related documents as below:
539 539  
540 -
541 -=== 2.6.4  AU915-928(AU915) ===
542 -
543 -(((
544 -Default use CHE=2
545 -
546 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink:**
547 -
548 -916.8 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
549 -
550 -917.0 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
551 -
552 -917.2 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
553 -
554 -917.4 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
555 -
556 -917.6 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
557 -
558 -917.8 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
559 -
560 -918.0 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
561 -
562 -918.2 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
563 -
564 -
565 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
566 -
567 -923.3 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
568 -
569 -923.9 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
570 -
571 -924.5 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
572 -
573 -925.1 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
574 -
575 -925.7 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
576 -
577 -926.3 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
578 -
579 -926.9 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
580 -
581 -927.5 - SF7BW500 to SF12BW500
582 -
583 -923.3 - SF12BW500(RX2 downlink only)
584 -
585 -
586 -
529 +* (((
530 +[[Battery Dimension>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=datasheet/Battery/ER26500/]],
587 587  )))
588 -
589 -=== 2.6.5  AS920-923 & AS923-925 (AS923) ===
590 -
591 -(((
592 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Default Uplink channel:**
532 +* (((
533 +[[Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Battery  datasheet>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=datasheet/Battery/ER26500/]],
593 593  )))
594 -
595 -(((
596 -923.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
535 +* (((
536 +[[Lithium-ion Battery-Capacitor datasheet>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=datasheet/Battery/ER26500/]]
597 597  )))
598 598  
599 -(((
600 -923.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
601 -)))
539 + [[image:image-20220615102527-16.png]]
602 602  
603 -(((
604 -
605 -)))
606 606  
607 -(((
608 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Additional Uplink Channel**:
609 -)))
610 610  
611 -(((
612 -(OTAA mode, channel added by JoinAccept message)
613 -)))
543 +== 2.8.2  Battery Note ==
614 614  
615 -(((
616 -
617 -)))
545 +The Li-SICO battery is designed for small current / long period application. It is not good to use a high current, short period transmit method. The recommended minimum period for use of this battery is 5 minutes. If you use a shorter period time to uplink data, then the battery life may be decreased.
618 618  
619 -(((
620 -(% style="color:blue" %)**AS920~~AS923 for Japan, Malaysia, Singapore**:
621 -)))
622 622  
623 -(((
624 -922.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
625 -)))
626 626  
627 -(((
628 -922.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
629 -)))
549 +=== 2.8.3  Replace the battery ===
630 630  
631 631  (((
632 -922.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
552 +You can change the battery in the LDDS75.The type of battery is not limited as long as the output is between 3v to 3.6v. On the main board, there is a diode (D1) between the battery and the main circuit. If you need to use a battery with less than 3.3v, please remove the D1 and shortcut the two pads of it so there won't be voltage drop between battery and main board.
633 633  )))
634 634  
635 635  (((
636 -922.8 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
637 -)))
638 -
639 -(((
640 -923.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
641 -)))
642 -
643 -(((
644 -922.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
645 -)))
646 -
647 -(((
648 648  
649 649  )))
650 650  
651 651  (((
652 -(% style="color:blue" %)**AS923 ~~ AS925 for Brunei, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam**:
560 +The default battery pack of LDDS75 includes a ER18505 plus super capacitor. If user can't find this pack locally, they can find ER18505 or equivalence, which will also work in most case. The SPC can enlarge the battery life for high frequency use (update period below 5 minutes)
653 653  )))
654 654  
655 -(((
656 -923.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
657 -)))
658 658  
659 -(((
660 -923.8 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
661 -)))
662 662  
663 -(((
664 -924.0 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
665 -)))
565 +== 2.8.4  Battery Life Analyze ==
666 666  
667 -(((
668 -924.2 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
669 -)))
567 +Dragino battery powered products are all run in Low Power mode. User can check the guideline from this link to calculate the estimate battery life:
670 670  
671 -(((
672 -924.4 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
673 -)))
569 +[[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_End_Node/Battery_Analyze/DRAGINO_Battery_Life_Guide.pdf>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_End_Node/Battery_Analyze/DRAGINO_Battery_Life_Guide.pdf]]
674 674  
675 -(((
676 -924.6 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
677 -)))
678 678  
679 -(((
680 -
681 -)))
682 682  
683 -(((
684 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
685 -)))
573 += 3.  Using the AT Commands =
686 686  
687 687  (((
688 -Uplink channels 1-8 (RX1)
689 -)))
690 -
691 691  (((
692 -923.2 - SF10BW125 (RX2)
693 -)))
694 -
695 -
696 -
697 -=== 2.6.6  KR920-923 (KR920) ===
698 -
699 -(((
700 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Default channel:**
701 -)))
702 -
703 -(((
704 -922.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
705 -)))
706 -
707 -(((
708 -922.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
709 -)))
710 -
711 -(((
712 -922.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
713 -)))
714 -
715 -(((
716 716  
717 717  )))
718 -
719 -(((
720 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink: (OTAA mode, channel added by JoinAccept message)**
721 721  )))
722 722  
723 -(((
724 -922.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
725 -)))
581 +== 3.1  Access AT Commands ==
726 726  
727 -(((
728 -922.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
729 -)))
583 +LDDS20 supports AT Command set in the stock firmware. You can use a USB to TTL adapter to connect to LDDS20 for using AT command, as below.
730 730  
731 -(((
732 -922.5 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
733 -)))
734 734  
735 -(((
736 -922.7 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
737 -)))
586 +[[image:image-20220610172924-4.png||height="483" width="988"]]
738 738  
739 -(((
740 -922.9 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
741 -)))
742 742  
743 -(((
744 -923.1 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
745 -)))
589 +Or if you have below board, use below connection:
746 746  
747 -(((
748 -923.3 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
749 -)))
750 750  
751 -(((
752 -
753 -)))
592 +[[image:image-20220610172924-5.png]]
754 754  
755 -(((
756 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
757 -)))
758 758  
759 759  (((
760 -Uplink channels 1-7(RX1)
596 +In the PC, you need to set the serial baud rate to (% style="color:green" %)**9600**(%%) to access the serial console for LDDS20. LDDS20 will output system info once power on as below:
761 761  )))
762 762  
763 -(((
764 -921.9 - SF12BW125 (RX2 downlink only; SF12BW125 might be changed to SF9BW125)
765 -)))
766 766  
600 + [[image:image-20220610172924-6.png||height="601" width="860"]]
767 767  
602 +Below are the available commands, a more detailed AT Command manual can be found at [[AT Command Manual>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LSE01/]].
768 768  
769 -=== 2.6.7  IN865-867 (IN865) ===
770 770  
771 -(((
772 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Uplink:**
773 -)))
605 +AT+<CMD>?  :  Help on <CMD>
774 774  
775 -(((
776 -865.0625 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
777 -)))
607 +AT+<CMD>  :  Run <CMD>
778 778  
779 -(((
780 -865.4025 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
781 -)))
609 +AT+<CMD>=<value>  :  Set the value
782 782  
783 -(((
784 -865.9850 - SF7BW125 to SF12BW125
785 -)))
611 +AT+<CMD>=?  :  Get the value
786 786  
787 -(((
788 -
789 -)))
790 790  
791 -(((
792 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink:**
793 -)))
614 +**General Commands**      
794 794  
795 -(((
796 -Uplink channels 1-3 (RX1)
797 -)))
616 +AT                    : Attention       
798 798  
799 -(((
800 -866.550 - SF10BW125 (RX2)
801 -)))
618 +AT?                            : Short Help     
802 802  
620 +ATZ                            : MCU Reset    
803 803  
622 +AT+TDC           : Application Data Transmission Interval 
804 804  
805 -== 2.7  LED Indicator ==
806 806  
807 -The LDDS75 has an internal LED which is to show the status of different state.
625 +**Keys, IDs and EUIs management**
808 808  
627 +AT+APPEUI              : Application EUI      
809 809  
810 -* Blink once when device power on.
811 -* The device detects the sensor and flashes 5 times.
812 -* Solid ON for 5 seconds once device successful Join the network.
813 -* Blink once when device transmit a packet.
629 +AT+APPKEY              : Application Key     
814 814  
631 +AT+APPSKEY            : Application Session Key
815 815  
633 +AT+DADDR              : Device Address     
816 816  
817 -== 2.8  ​Firmware Change Log ==
635 +AT+DEUI                   : Device EUI     
818 818  
637 +AT+NWKID               : Network ID (You can enter this command change only after successful network connection) 
819 819  
820 -**Firmware download link: **[[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LSE01/Firmware/>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_End_Node/LSE01/Firmware/]]
639 +AT+NWKSKEY          : Network Session Key Joining and sending date on LoRa network  
821 821  
641 +AT+CFM          : Confirm Mode       
822 822  
823 -**Firmware Upgrade Method: **[[Firmware Upgrade Instruction>>doc:Main.Firmware Upgrade Instruction for STM32 base products.WebHome]]
643 +AT+CFS                     : Confirm Status       
824 824  
645 +AT+JOIN          : Join LoRa? Network       
825 825  
647 +AT+NJM          : LoRa? Network Join Mode    
826 826  
827 -== 2.9  Mechanical ==
649 +AT+NJS                     : LoRa? Network Join Status    
828 828  
651 +AT+RECV                  : Print Last Received Data in Raw Format
829 829  
830 -[[image:image-20220610172003-1.png]]
653 +AT+RECVB                : Print Last Received Data in Binary Format      
831 831  
655 +AT+SEND                  : Send Text Data      
832 832  
833 -[[image:image-20220610172003-2.png]]
657 +AT+SENB                  : Send Hexadecimal Data
834 834  
835 835  
660 +**LoRa Network Management**
836 836  
837 -== 2.10  Battery Analysis ==
662 +AT+ADR          : Adaptive Rate
838 838  
839 -=== 2.10.1  Battery Type ===
664 +AT+CLASS                : LoRa Class(Currently only support class A
840 840  
841 -The LDDS75 battery is a combination of a 4000mAh or 8500mAh Li/SOCI2 Battery and a Super Capacitor. The battery is non-rechargeable battery type with a low discharge rate (<2% per year). This type of battery is commonly used in IoT devices such as water meter.
666 +AT+DCS           : Duty Cycle Setting 
842 842  
668 +AT+DR                      : Data Rate (Can Only be Modified after ADR=0)     
843 843  
844 -The battery related documents as below:
670 +AT+FCD           : Frame Counter Downlink       
845 845  
846 -* (((
847 -[[Battery Dimension>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=datasheet/Battery/&file=LSN50-Battery-Dimension.pdf]],
848 -)))
849 -* (((
850 -[[Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Battery  datasheet>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/datasheet/Battery/ER26500/ER26500_Datasheet-EN.pdf]],
851 -)))
852 -* (((
853 -[[Lithium-ion Battery-Capacitor datasheet>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/datasheet/Battery/SPC_1520_datasheet.jpg]], [[Tech Spec>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/datasheet/Battery/SPC1520%20Technical%20Specification20171123.pdf]]
854 -)))
672 +AT+FCU           : Frame Counter Uplink   
855 855  
856 - [[image:image-20220610172400-3.png]]
674 +AT+JN1DL                : Join Accept Delay1
857 857  
676 +AT+JN2DL                : Join Accept Delay2
858 858  
678 +AT+PNM                   : Public Network Mode   
859 859  
860 -=== 2.10.2  Replace the battery ===
680 +AT+RX1DL                : Receive Delay1      
861 861  
862 -(((
863 -You can change the battery in the LDDS75.The type of battery is not limited as long as the output is between 3v to 3.6v. On the main board, there is a diode (D1) between the battery and the main circuit. If you need to use a battery with less than 3.3v, please remove the D1 and shortcut the two pads of it so there won't be voltage drop between battery and main board.
864 -)))
682 +AT+RX2DL                : Receive Delay2      
865 865  
866 -(((
867 -
868 -)))
684 +AT+RX2DR               : Rx2 Window Data Rate 
869 869  
870 -(((
871 -The default battery pack of LDDS75 includes a ER18505 plus super capacitor. If user can't find this pack locally, they can find ER18505 or equivalence, which will also work in most case. The SPC can enlarge the battery life for high frequency use (update period below 5 minutes)
872 -)))
686 +AT+RX2FQ               : Rx2 Window Frequency
873 873  
688 +AT+TXP           : Transmit Power
874 874  
875 875  
876 -= 3.  Configure LDDS75 via AT Command or LoRaWAN Downlink =
691 +**Information** 
877 877  
878 -(((
879 -(((
880 -Use can configure LDDS75 via AT Command or LoRaWAN Downlink.
881 -)))
882 -)))
693 +AT+RSSI           : RSSI of the Last Received Packet   
883 883  
884 -* (((
885 -(((
886 -AT Command Connection: See [[FAQ>>||anchor="H4.A0FAQ"]].
887 -)))
888 -)))
889 -* (((
890 -(((
891 -LoRaWAN Downlink instruction for different platforms: [[IoT LoRaWAN Server>>doc:Main.WebHome]]
892 -)))
893 -)))
695 +AT+SNR           : SNR of the Last Received Packet   
894 894  
895 -(((
896 -(((
897 -
898 -)))
697 +AT+VER           : Image Version and Frequency Band       
899 899  
900 -(((
901 -There are two kinds of commands to configure LDDS75, they are:
902 -)))
903 -)))
699 +AT+FDR           : Factory Data Reset
904 904  
905 -* (((
906 -(((
907 -(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)** General Commands**.
908 -)))
909 -)))
701 +AT+PORT                  : Application Port    
910 910  
911 -(((
912 -(((
913 -These commands are to configure:
914 -)))
915 -)))
703 +AT+CHS           : Get or Set Frequency (Unit: Hz) for Single Channel Mode
916 916  
917 -* (((
918 -(((
919 -General system settings like: uplink interval.
920 -)))
921 -)))
922 -* (((
923 -(((
924 -LoRaWAN protocol & radio related command.
925 -)))
926 -)))
705 + AT+CHE                   : Get or Set eight channels mode, Only for US915, AU915, CN470
927 927  
928 -(((
929 -(((
930 -They are same for all Dragino Device which support DLWS-005 LoRaWAN Stack. These commands can be found on the wiki: [[End Device AT Commands and Downlink Command>>doc:Main.End Device AT Commands and Downlink Command.WebHome]]
931 -)))
932 -)))
933 933  
934 -(((
935 -(((
936 -
937 -)))
938 -)))
939 939  
940 -* (((
941 -(((
942 -(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)** Commands special design for LDDS75**
943 -)))
944 -)))
945 -
946 -(((
947 -(((
948 -These commands only valid for LDDS75, as below:
949 -)))
950 -)))
951 -
952 -
953 -
954 -== 3.1  Access AT Commands ==
955 -
956 -LDDS75 supports AT Command set in the stock firmware. You can use a USB to TTL adapter to connect to LDDS75 for using AT command, as below.
957 -
958 -[[image:image-20220610172924-4.png||height="483" width="988"]]
959 -
960 -
961 -Or if you have below board, use below connection:
962 -
963 -
964 -[[image:image-20220610172924-5.png]]
965 -
966 -
967 -In the PC, you need to set the serial baud rate to (% style="color:green" %)**9600**(%%) to access the serial console for LDDS75. LDDS75 will output system info once power on as below:
968 -
969 -
970 - [[image:image-20220610172924-6.png||height="601" width="860"]]
971 -
972 -
973 -
974 974  == 3.2  Set Transmit Interval Time ==
975 975  
976 976  Feature: Change LoRaWAN End Node Transmit Interval.
... ... @@ -988,16 +988,19 @@
988 988  (((
989 989  Format: Command Code (0x01) followed by 3 bytes time value.
990 990  
726 +(((
991 991  If the downlink payload=0100003C, it means set the END Node’s Transmit Interval to 0x00003C=60(S), while type code is 01.
728 +)))
992 992  
993 993  * Example 1: Downlink Payload: 0100001E ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 30 seconds
994 994  * Example 2: Downlink Payload: 0100003C ~/~/ Set Transmit Interval (TDC) = 60 seconds
995 995  )))
733 +)))
996 996  
997 997  
998 -
999 -)))
1000 1000  
737 +
738 +
1001 1001  == 3.3  Set Interrupt Mode ==
1002 1002  
1003 1003  Feature, Set Interrupt mode for GPIO_EXIT.
... ... @@ -1011,14 +1011,13 @@
1011 1011  
1012 1012  Format: Command Code (0x06) followed by 3 bytes.
1013 1013  
752 +(((
1014 1014  This means that the interrupt mode of the end node is set to 0x000003=3 (rising edge trigger), and the type code is 06.
754 +)))
1015 1015  
1016 1016  * Example 1: Downlink Payload: 06000000 ~/~/ Turn off interrupt mode
1017 1017  * Example 2: Downlink Payload: 06000003 ~/~/ Set the interrupt mode to rising edge trigger
1018 1018  
1019 -
1020 -
1021 -
1022 1022  = 4.  FAQ =
1023 1023  
1024 1024  == 4.1  What is the frequency plan for LDDS75? ==
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