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Last modified by Xiaoling on 2025/02/07 16:37
From version 170.1
edited by Bei Jinggeng
on 2024/03/15 09:47
Change comment: There is no comment for this version
To version 139.1
edited by Edwin Chen
on 2022/08/13 17:43
Change comment: Uploaded new attachment "image-20220813174353-2.png", version {1}

Summary

Details

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Title
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1 -LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter User Manual
1 +LA66 LoRaWAN Module
Author
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1 -XWiki.Bei
1 +XWiki.Edwin
Content
... ... @@ -6,25 +6,34 @@
6 6  
7 7  
8 8  
9 += 1.  LA66 LoRaWAN Module =
9 9  
10 10  
11 -= 1.  LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter =
12 +== 1.1  What is LA66 LoRaWAN Module ==
12 12  
13 -== 1.1  Overview ==
14 14  
15 +(((
16 +(((
17 +[[image:image-20220719093358-2.png||height="145" width="220"]](% style="color:blue" %)** **
18 +)))
15 15  
16 -[[image:image-20220715001142-3.png||height="194" width="294"]][[image:image-20240101111030-2.png]]
20 +(((
21 +
22 +)))
17 17  
18 -
19 19  (((
20 -(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter**(%%) is designed to fast turn USB devices to support LoRaWAN wireless features. It combines a CP2101 USB TTL Chip and LA66 LoRaWAN module which can easy to add LoRaWAN wireless feature to PC / Mobile phone or an embedded device that has USB Interface.
25 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Dragino LA66**(%%) is a small wireless LoRaWAN module that offers a very compelling mix of long-range, low power consumption, and secure data transmission. It is designed to facilitate developers to quickly deploy industrial-level LoRaWAN and IoT solutions. It helps users to turn the idea into a practical application and make the Internet of Things a reality. It is easy to create and connect your things everywhere.
21 21  )))
27 +)))
22 22  
23 23  (((
30 +(((
24 24  (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66**(%%) is a ready-to-use module that includes the (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN v1.0.3 protocol**(%%). The LoRaWAN stack used in LA66 is used in more than 1 million LoRaWAN End Devices deployed world widely. This mature LoRaWAN stack greatly reduces the risk to make stable LoRaWAN Sensors to support different LoRaWAN servers and different countries' standards. External MCU can use AT command to call LA66 and start to transmit data via the LoRaWAN protocol.
25 25  )))
33 +)))
26 26  
27 27  (((
36 +(((
28 28  Each LA66 module includes a (% style="color:blue" %)**world-unique OTAA key**(%%) for LoRaWAN registration.
29 29  )))
30 30  
... ... @@ -31,27 +31,33 @@
31 31  (((
32 32  Besides the support of the LoRaWAN protocol, LA66 also supports (% style="color:blue" %)**open-source peer-to-peer LoRa Protocol**(%%) for the none-LoRaWAN application.
33 33  )))
43 +)))
34 34  
35 35  (((
46 +(((
36 36  LA66 is equipped with (% style="color:blue" %)**TCXO crystal**(%%) which ensures the module can achieve stable performance in extreme temperatures.
37 37  )))
49 +)))
38 38  
39 39  
52 +
40 40  == 1.2  Features ==
41 41  
42 42  
43 -* LoRaWAN USB adapter base on LA66 LoRaWAN module
44 -* Ultra-long RF range
45 -* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.3 protocol
56 +* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol
46 46  * Support peer-to-peer protocol
47 47  * TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature
48 -* Spring RF antenna
59 +* SMD Antenna pad and i-pex antenna connector
49 49  * Available in different frequency LoRaWAN frequency bands.
50 50  * World-wide unique OTAA keys.
51 51  * AT Command via UART-TTL interface
52 52  * Firmware upgradable via UART interface
53 -* Open Source Mobile App for LoRaWAN signal detect and GPS tracking.
64 +* Ultra-long RF range
54 54  
66 +
67 +
68 +
69 +
55 55  == 1.3  Specification ==
56 56  
57 57  
... ... @@ -58,7 +58,8 @@
58 58  * CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz
59 59  * Flash: 256KB
60 60  * RAM: 64KB
61 -* Input Power Range: 5v
76 +* Input Power Range: 1.8v ~~ 3.7v
77 +* Power Consumption: < 4uA.
62 62  * Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz
63 63  * Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output
64 64  * High sensitivity: -148 dBm
... ... @@ -70,404 +70,681 @@
70 70  ** Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
71 71  * LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm
72 72  * LoRa Rx current: <9 mA
89 +* I/O Voltage: 3.3v
73 73  
74 -== 1.4  Pin Mapping & LED ==
75 75  
76 76  
77 -[[image:image-20220813183239-3.png||height="526" width="662"]]
78 78  
79 79  
80 -== 1.5  Example: Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in PC ==
95 +== 1.4  AT Command ==
81 81  
82 82  
98 +AT Command is valid over Main TXD and Main RXD. Serial Baud Rate is 9600. AT commands can be found in AT Command documents.
99 +
100 +
101 +
102 +== 1.5  Dimension ==
103 +
104 +[[image:image-20220718094750-3.png]]
105 +
106 +
107 +
108 +== 1.6  Pin Mapping ==
109 +
110 +[[image:image-20220720111850-1.png]]
111 +
112 +
113 +
114 +== 1.7  Land Pattern ==
115 +
116 +
117 +[[image:image-20220517072821-2.png]]
118 +
119 +
120 +
121 += 2.  LA66 LoRaWAN Shield =
122 +
123 +
124 +== 2.1  Overview ==
125 +
126 +
83 83  (((
84 -Assume user already input the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter OTAA Keys in TTN and there is already TTN network coverage.
128 +[[image:image-20220715000826-2.png||height="145" width="220"]]
85 85  )))
86 86  
87 -(% style="color:blue" %)**1.  Connect the LA66 USB LoRaWAN adapter to PC**
131 +(((
132 +
133 +)))
88 88  
89 -[[image:image-20220723100027-1.png]]
135 +(((
136 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66 LoRaWAN Shield**(%%) is the Arduino shield base on LA66. Users can use LA66 LoRaWAN Shield to rapidly add LoRaWAN or peer-to-peer LoRa wireless function to  Arduino projects.
137 +)))
90 90  
139 +(((
140 +(((
141 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66**(%%) is a ready-to-use module that includes the (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN v1.0.3 protocol**(%%). The LoRaWAN stack used in LA66 is used in more than 1 million LoRaWAN End Devices deployed world widely.  This mature LoRaWAN stack greatly reduces the risk to make stable LoRaWAN Sensors to support different LoRaWAN servers and different countries' standards. External MCU can use AT command to call LA66 and start to transmit data via the LoRaWAN protocol.
142 +)))
143 +)))
91 91  
92 -Open the serial port tool
145 +(((
146 +(((
147 +Each LA66 module includes a (% style="color:blue" %)**world-unique OTAA key**(%%) for LoRaWAN registration.
148 +)))
149 +)))
93 93  
94 -[[image:image-20220602161617-8.png]]
151 +(((
152 +(((
153 +Besides the support of the LoRaWAN protocol, LA66 also supports (% style="color:blue" %)**open-source peer-to-peer LoRa Protocol**(%%) for the none-LoRaWAN application.
154 +)))
155 +)))
95 95  
157 +(((
158 +(((
159 +LA66 is equipped with (% style="color:blue" %)**TCXO crystal**(%%) which ensures the module can achieve stable performance in extreme temperatures.
160 +)))
161 +)))
96 96  
97 -[[image:image-20220602161718-9.png||height="457" width="800"]]
98 98  
99 99  
100 -(% style="color:blue" %)**2.  Press the reset switch RST on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter to reset it.**
165 +== 2.2  Features ==
101 101  
102 -The following picture appears to prove that the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter successfully Join the LoRaWAN network
103 103  
104 -[[image:image-20220602161935-10.png||height="498" width="800"]]
168 +* Arduino Shield base on LA66 LoRaWAN module
169 +* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol
170 +* Support peer-to-peer protocol
171 +* TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature
172 +* SMA connector
173 +* Available in different frequency LoRaWAN frequency bands.
174 +* World-wide unique OTAA keys.
175 +* AT Command via UART-TTL interface
176 +* Firmware upgradable via UART interface
177 +* Ultra-long RF range
105 105  
106 106  
107 -(% style="color:blue" %)**3.  See Uplink Command**
108 108  
109 -Command format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data>**
110 110  
111 -example: AT+SENDB=01,02,8,05820802581ea0a5
112 112  
113 -[[image:image-20220602162157-11.png||height="497" width="800"]]
183 +== 2.3  Specification ==
114 114  
115 115  
116 -(% style="color:blue" %)**4.  Check to see if TTN received the message**
186 +* CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz
187 +* Flash: 256KB
188 +* RAM: 64KB
189 +* Input Power Range: 1.8v ~~ 3.7v
190 +* Power Consumption: < 4uA.
191 +* Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz
192 +* Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output
193 +* High sensitivity: -148 dBm
194 +* Temperature:
195 +** Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃
196 +** Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃
197 +* Humidity:
198 +** Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
199 +** Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
200 +* LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm
201 +* LoRa Rx current: <9 mA
202 +* I/O Voltage: 3.3v
117 117  
118 -[[image:image-20220817093644-1.png]]
119 119  
120 120  
121 -== 1.6  Example: How to join helium ==
122 122  
123 123  
124 -(% style="color:blue" %)**1.  Create a new device.**
208 +== 2.4  LED ==
125 125  
126 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220907165500-1.png?width=940&height=464&rev=1.1||alt="image-20220907165500-1.png"]]
127 127  
211 +~1. The LED lights up red when there is an upstream data packet
212 +2. When the network is successfully connected, the green light will be on for 5 seconds
213 +3. Purple light on when receiving downlink data packets
128 128  
129 -(% style="color:blue" %)**2.  Save the device after filling in the necessary information.**
130 130  
131 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220907165837-2.png?width=809&height=375&rev=1.1||alt="image-20220907165837-2.png" height="375" width="809"]]
132 132  
217 +== 2.5  Example: Use AT Command to communicate with LA66 module via Arduino UNO. ==
133 133  
134 -(% style="color:blue" %)**3.  Use AT commands.**
135 135  
136 -[[image:image-20220909151441-1.jpeg||height="695" width="521"]]
220 +**Show connection diagram：**
137 137  
138 138  
139 -(% style="color:blue" %)**4.  Use the serial port tool**
223 +[[image:image-20220723170210-2.png||height="908" width="681"]]
140 140  
141 -[[image:image-20220909151517-2.png||height="543" width="708"]]
142 142  
143 143  
144 -(% style="color:blue" %)**5.  Use command AT+CFG to get device configuration**
227 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1.  open Arduino IDE**
145 145  
146 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220907170308-3.png?width=617&height=556&rev=1.1||alt="image-20220907170308-3.png" height="556" width="617"]]
147 147  
230 +[[image:image-20220723170545-4.png]]
148 148  
149 -(% style="color:blue" %)**6.  Network successfully.**
150 150  
151 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220907170436-4.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220907170436-4.png"]]
152 152  
234 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2.  Open project**
153 153  
154 -(% style="color:blue" %)**7.  Send uplink using command**
155 155  
156 -[[image:image-20220912085244-1.png]]
237 +LA66-LoRaWAN-shield-AT-command-via-Arduino-UNO source code link: [[https:~~/~~/www.dropbox.com/sh/cx0pspkwu62pr97/AAAbKh2ioPdZfSDtdDpooYqha?dl=0>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/cx0pspkwu62pr97/AAAbKh2ioPdZfSDtdDpooYqha?dl=0]]
157 157  
158 -[[image:image-20220912085307-2.png]]
239 +[[image:image-20220726135239-1.png]]
159 159  
160 160  
161 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220907170744-6.png?width=798&height=242&rev=1.1||alt="image-20220907170744-6.png" height="242" width="798"]]
242 +(% style="color:blue" %)**3.  Click the button marked 1 in the figure to compile, and after the compilation is complete, click the button marked 2 in the figure to upload**
162 162  
244 +[[image:image-20220726135356-2.png]]
163 163  
164 -== 1.7  Example: Send PC's CPU/RAM usage to TTN via python ==
165 165  
247 +(% style="color:blue" %)**4.  After the upload is successful, open the serial port monitoring and send the AT command**
166 166  
167 -**Use python as an example：**[[https:~~/~~/github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_WindosPC.py>>https://github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_WindosPC.py]]
168 168  
169 -(**Raspberry Pi example: **[[https:~~/~~/github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_Raspberry%20Pi.py>>https://github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_Raspberry%20Pi.py]])
250 +[[image:image-20220723172235-7.png||height="480" width="1027"]]
170 170  
171 171  
172 -(% style="color:red" %)**Preconditions:**
173 173  
174 -(% style="color:red" %)**1. LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter works fine**
254 +== 2.6  Example: Join TTN network and send an uplink message, get downlink message. ==
175 175  
176 -(% style="color:red" %)**2. LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter  is registered with TTN**
177 177  
257 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1.  Open project**
178 178  
179 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Steps for usage:**
180 180  
181 -(% style="color:blue" %)**1.**(%%) Press the reset switch RESET on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter
260 +Join-TTN-network source code link: [[https:~~/~~/www.dropbox.com/sh/0sjyncafa0gjv00/AACC2m1orov-QHRkvH8-ddCka?dl=0>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/0sjyncafa0gjv00/AACC2m1orov-QHRkvH8-ddCka?dl=0]]
182 182  
183 -(% style="color:blue" %)**2.**(%%) Add [[decoder>>https://github.com/dragino/dragino-end-node-decoder/tree/main/LA66%20USB]] on TTN
184 184  
185 -(% style="color:blue" %)**3.**(%%) Run the python script in PC and see the TTN
263 +[[image:image-20220723172502-8.png]]
186 186  
187 187  
188 -[[image:image-20220602115852-3.png||height="450" width="1187"]]
189 189  
267 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2.  Same steps as 2.5,after opening the serial port monitoring, it will automatically connect to the network and send packets**
190 190  
191 -== 1.8  Example: Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in RPi ==
192 192  
270 +[[image:image-20220723172938-9.png||height="652" width="1050"]]
193 193  
194 -Assume user already input the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter OTAA Keys in TTN and there is already TTN network coverage.
195 195  
196 -(% style="color:blue" %)**1.  Connect the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter to the Raspberry Pi**
197 197  
198 -[[image:image-20220723100439-2.png]]
274 +== 2.7  Example: Log Temperature Sensor(DHT11) and send data to TTN, show it in Node-RED. ==
199 199  
200 200  
201 -(% style="color:blue" %)**2.  Install Minicom in RPi.**
277 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1.  Open project**
202 202  
203 -(% id="cke_bm_509388S" style="display:none" %) (%%)Enter the following command in the RPi terminal
204 204  
205 - (% style="background-color:yellow" %)**apt update**
280 +Log-Temperature-Sensor-and-send-data-to-TTN source code link: [[https:~~/~~/www.dropbox.com/sh/0aagmrpec1lxmva/AABMXWVMSHG9dK1_Zv_7xOmCa?dl=0>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/0aagmrpec1lxmva/AABMXWVMSHG9dK1_Zv_7xOmCa?dl=0]]
206 206  
207 - (% style="background-color:yellow" %)**apt install minicom**
208 208  
209 -Use minicom to connect to the RPI's terminal
283 +[[image:image-20220723173341-10.png||height="581" width="1014"]]
210 210  
211 -[[image:image-20220602153146-3.png||height="439" width="500"]]
212 212  
213 213  
214 -(% style="color:blue" %)**3.  Press the reset switch RST on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter.**
287 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2.  Same steps as 2.5,after opening the serial port monitoring, it will automatically connect to the network and send packets**
215 215  
216 -The following picture appears to prove that the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter successfully entered the network.
217 217  
218 -[[image:image-20220602154928-5.png||height="436" width="500"]]
290 +[[image:image-20220723173950-11.png||height="665" width="1012"]]
219 219  
220 220  
221 -(% style="color:blue" %)**4.  Send Uplink message**
222 222  
223 -Format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data>**
294 +(% style="color:blue" %)**3.  Integration into Node-red via TTNV3**
224 224  
225 -example: AT+SENDB=01,02,8,05820802581ea0a5
296 +For the usage of Node-RED, please refer to: [[http:~~/~~/8.211.40.43:8080/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Node-RED/>>http://8.211.40.43:8080/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Node-RED/]]
226 226  
227 -[[image:image-20220602160339-6.png||height="517" width="600"]]
298 +[[image:image-20220723175700-12.png||height="602" width="995"]]
228 228  
229 229  
230 -Check to see if TTN received the message
231 231  
302 +== 2.8  Upgrade Firmware of LA66 LoRaWAN Shield ==
232 232  
233 -[[image:image-20220602160627-7.png||height="369" width="800"]]
234 234  
305 +=== 2.8.1  Items needed for update ===
235 235  
236 -== 1.9  Example: Use of LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter and mobile APP ==
237 237  
238 -=== 1.9.1  Hardware and Software Connection ===
308 +1. LA66 LoRaWAN Shield
309 +1. Arduino
310 +1. USB TO TTL Adapter
239 239  
312 +[[image:image-20220602100052-2.png||height="385" width="600"]]
240 240  
241 -==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Overview：**(%%) ====
242 242  
315 +
316 +=== 2.8.2  Connection ===
317 +
318 +
319 +[[image:image-20220602101311-3.png||height="276" width="600"]]
320 +
321 +
243 243  (((
244 -DRAGINO-LA66-APP is an Open Source mobile APP for LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter. DRAGINO-LA66-APP has below features:
323 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66 LoRaWAN Shield**(%%)  **<->** (% style="color:blue" %)**USB TTL**
324 +)))
245 245  
246 -* Send real-time location information of mobile phone to LoRaWAN network.
247 -* Check LoRaWAN network signal strengh.
248 -* Manually send messages to LoRaWAN network.
326 +(((
327 +(% style="background-color:yellow" %)**GND  <-> GND
328 +TXD  <->  TXD
329 +RXD  <->  RXD**
249 249  )))
250 250  
251 251  
333 +Put a jumper cap on JP6 of LA66 LoRaWAN Shield. ( the jumper is to power on LA66 module)
252 252  
253 -==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Hardware Connection:**(%%) ====
335 +Connect USB TTL Adapter to PC after connecting the wires
254 254  
255 -A USB to Type-C adapter is needed to connect to a Mobile phone.
256 256  
257 -Note: The package of LA66 USB adapter already includes this USB Type-C adapter.
338 +[[image:image-20220602102240-4.png||height="304" width="600"]]
258 258  
259 -[[image:image-20220813174353-2.png||height="360" width="313"]]
260 260  
261 261  
262 -==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Download and Install App:**(%%) ====
342 +=== 2.8.3  Upgrade steps ===
263 263  
264 -[[(% id="cke_bm_895007S" style="display:none" %)** **(%%)**Download Link for Android apk **>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/zxwx16qb777uvkz/AABE_P8coGCQ4DAC8enH4bUya?dl=0]].  (Android Version Only)
265 265  
266 -[[image:image-20220813173738-1.png]]
345 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)1.  Switch SW1 to put in ISP position(%%) ====
267 267  
268 268  
269 -==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Use of APP:**(%%) ====
348 +[[image:image-20220602102824-5.png||height="306" width="600"]]
270 270  
271 -Function and page introduction:
272 272  
273 -[[image:image-20220723113448-7.png||height="995" width="450"]]
274 274  
352 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)2.  Press the RST switch once(%%) ====
275 275  
276 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Block Explain:**
277 277  
278 -1.  Display LA66 USB LoRaWAN Module connection status
355 +[[image:image-20220602104701-12.png||height="285" width="600"]]
279 279  
280 -2.  Check and reconnect
281 281  
282 -3.  Turn send timestamps on or off
283 283  
284 -4.  Display LoRaWan connection status
359 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)3.  Open the Upgrade tool (Tremo Programmer) in PC and Upgrade(%%) ====
285 285  
286 -5.  Check LoRaWan connection status
287 287  
288 -6.  The RSSI value of the node when the ACK is received
362 +(((
363 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Software download link:  [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/]]**
364 +)))
289 289  
290 -7.  Node's Signal Strength Icon
291 291  
292 -8.  Configure Location Uplink Interval
367 +[[image:image-20220602103227-6.png]]
293 293  
294 -9.  AT command input box
295 295  
296 -10.  Send Button:  Send input box info to LA66 USB Adapter
370 +[[image:image-20220602103357-7.png]]
297 297  
298 -11.  Output Log from LA66 USB adapter
299 299  
300 -12.  clear log button
301 301  
302 -13.  exit button
374 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HSelecttheCOMportcorrespondingtoUSBTTL" %)
375 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Select the COM port corresponding to USB TTL**
303 303  
304 304  
305 -LA66 USB LoRaWAN Module not connected:
378 +[[image:image-20220602103844-8.png]]
306 306  
307 -[[image:image-20220723110520-5.png||height="677" width="508"]]
308 308  
309 309  
310 -Connect LA66 USB LoRaWAN Module:
382 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HSelectthebinfiletoburn" %)
383 +(% style="color:blue" %)**3. Select the bin file to burn**
311 311  
312 -[[image:image-20220723110626-6.png||height="681" width="511"]]
313 313  
386 +[[image:image-20220602104144-9.png]]
314 314  
315 -=== 1.9.2  Send data to TTNv3 and plot location info in Node-Red ===
316 316  
389 +[[image:image-20220602104251-10.png]]
317 317  
318 -(% style="color:blue" %)**1.  Register LA66 USB LoRaWAN Module to TTNV3**
319 319  
392 +[[image:image-20220602104402-11.png]]
320 320  
321 -[[image:image-20220723134549-8.png]]
322 322  
323 323  
396 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HClicktostartthedownload" %)
397 +(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Click to start the download**
324 324  
325 -(% style="color:blue" %)**2.  Open Node-RED,And import the JSON file to generate the flow**
399 +[[image:image-20220602104923-13.png]]
326 326  
327 327  
328 -Sample JSON file please go to **[[this link>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/zxwx16qb777uvkz/AABE_P8coGCQ4DAC8enH4bUya?dl=0]]** to download.
329 329  
330 -For the usage of Node-RED, please refer to: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Node-RED/>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Node-RED/]]
403 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HThefollowingfigureappearstoprovethattheburningisinprogress" %)
404 +(% style="color:blue" %)**5. Check update process**
331 331  
332 -After see LoRaWAN Online, walk around and the APP will keep sending location info to LoRaWAN server and then to the Node Red.
333 333  
334 -LA66~-~-node-red~-~-decoder:[[dragino-end-node-decoder/Node-RED at main · dragino/dragino-end-node-decoder · GitHub>>url:https://github.com/dragino/dragino-end-node-decoder/tree/main/Node-RED]]
407 +[[image:image-20220602104948-14.png]]
335 335  
336 336  
337 -Example output in NodeRed is as below:
338 338  
339 -[[image:image-20220723144339-1.png]]
411 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HThefollowingpictureappearstoprovethattheburningissuccessful" %)
412 +(% style="color:blue" %)**The following picture shows that the burning is successful**
340 340  
414 +[[image:image-20220602105251-15.png]]
341 341  
342 -== 1.10  Upgrade Firmware of LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter ==
343 343  
344 -=== 1.10.1 LA66V1 Update method ===
345 345  
346 -The LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter is the same as the LA66 LoRaWAN Shield update method.
418 += 3.  LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter =
347 347  
348 -Just use the yellow jumper cap to short the BOOT corner and the RX corner, and then press the RESET button (without the jumper cap, you can directly short the BOOT corner and the RX corner with a wire to achieve the same effect).
349 349  
350 -(% style="color:red" %)**Notice: If upgrade via USB hub is not sucessful. try to connect to PC directly.**
421 +== 3.1  Overview ==
351 351  
352 -[[image:image-20220723150132-2.png]]
353 353  
424 +[[image:image-20220715001142-3.png||height="145" width="220"]]
354 354  
355 -=== (% style="color:blue" %)**Open the Upgrade tool (Tremo Programmer) in PC and Upgrade** (%%) ===
356 356  
427 +(((
428 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter**(%%) is designed to fast turn USB devices to support LoRaWAN wireless features. It combines a CP2101 USB TTL Chip and LA66 LoRaWAN module which can easy to add LoRaWAN wireless feature to PC / Mobile phone or an embedded device that has USB Interface.
429 +)))
357 357  
358 -**1.  Software download link:  [[https:~~/~~/www.dropbox.com/sh/j0qyc7a9ejit7jk/AACtx2tK4gEv6YFXMIVUM4dLa?dl=0>>url:https://www.dropbox.com/sh/j0qyc7a9ejit7jk/AACtx2tK4gEv6YFXMIVUM4dLa?dl=0]]**
431 +(((
432 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66**(%%) is a ready-to-use module that includes the (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN v1.0.3 protocol**(%%). The LoRaWAN stack used in LA66 is used in more than 1 million LoRaWAN End Devices deployed world widely. This mature LoRaWAN stack greatly reduces the risk to make stable LoRaWAN Sensors to support different LoRaWAN servers and different countries' standards. External MCU can use AT command to call LA66 and start to transmit data via the LoRaWAN protocol.
433 +)))
359 359  
360 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220602103227-6.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220602103227-6.png"]]
435 +(((
436 +Each LA66 module includes a (% style="color:blue" %)**world-unique OTAA key**(%%) for LoRaWAN registration.
437 +)))
361 361  
362 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220602103357-7.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220602103357-7.png"]]
439 +(((
440 +Besides the support of the LoRaWAN protocol, LA66 also supports (% style="color:blue" %)**open-source peer-to-peer LoRa Protocol**(%%) for the none-LoRaWAN application.
441 +)))
363 363  
443 +(((
444 +LA66 is equipped with (% style="color:blue" %)**TCXO crystal**(%%) which ensures the module can achieve stable performance in extreme temperatures.
445 +)))
364 364  
365 -**2.  Select the COM port corresponding to USB TTL**
366 366  
367 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220602103844-8.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220602103844-8.png"]]
368 368  
449 +== 3.2  Features ==
369 369  
370 -**3.  Select the bin file to burn**
371 371  
372 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220602104144-9.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220602104144-9.png"]]
452 +* LoRaWAN USB adapter base on LA66 LoRaWAN module
453 +* Ultra-long RF range
454 +* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol
455 +* Support peer-to-peer protocol
456 +* TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature
457 +* Spring RF antenna
458 +* Available in different frequency LoRaWAN frequency bands.
459 +* World-wide unique OTAA keys.
460 +* AT Command via UART-TTL interface
461 +* Firmware upgradable via UART interface
462 +* Open Source Mobile App for LoRaWAN signal detect and GPS tracking.
373 373  
374 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220602104251-10.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220602104251-10.png"]]
375 375  
376 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220602104402-11.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220602104402-11.png"]]
377 377  
378 378  
379 -**4.  Click to start the download**
380 380  
381 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220602104923-13.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220602104923-13.png"]]
468 +== 3.3  Specification ==
382 382  
383 383  
384 -**5.  Check update process**
471 +* CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz
472 +* Flash: 256KB
473 +* RAM: 64KB
474 +* Input Power Range: 5v
475 +* Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz
476 +* Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output
477 +* High sensitivity: -148 dBm
478 +* Temperature:
479 +** Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃
480 +** Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃
481 +* Humidity:
482 +** Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
483 +** Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
484 +* LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm
485 +* LoRa Rx current: <9 mA
385 385  
386 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220602104948-14.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220602104948-14.png"]]
387 387  
388 388  
389 -**The following picture shows that the burning is successful**
390 390  
391 -[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LA66%20LoRaWAN%20Shield%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220602105251-15.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220602105251-15.png"]]
392 392  
393 -= 2.  FAQ =
491 +== 3.4  Pin Mapping & LED ==
394 394  
395 -== 2.1  How to Compile Source Code for LA66? ==
396 396  
397 397  
398 -Compile and Upload Code to ASR6601 Platform ：[[Instruction>>Main.User Manual for LoRaWAN End Nodes.LA66 LoRaWAN Module.Compile and Upload Code to ASR6601 Platform.WebHome]]
495 +== 3.5  Example: Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in PC ==
399 399  
400 400  
401 -== 2.2  Where to find Peer-to-Peer firmware of LA66? ==
498 +(((
499 +Assume user already input the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter OTAA Keys in TTN and there is already TTN network coverage.
500 +)))
402 402  
403 403  
404 -Instruction for LA66 Peer to Peer firmware :[[ Instruction >>doc:Main.User Manual for LoRaWAN End Nodes.LA66 LoRaWAN Shield User Manual.Instruction for LA66 Peer to Peer firmware.WebHome]]
503 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Connect the LA66 USB LoRaWAN adapter to PC**
405 405  
406 406  
407 -== 2.3 My device keeps showing invalid credentials, the device goes into low power mode ==
506 +[[image:image-20220723100027-1.png]]
408 408  
409 409  
410 -Set the AT+COMMAND: (% style="color:blue" %)**AT+UUID=666666666666**
509 +Open the serial port tool
411 411  
511 +[[image:image-20220602161617-8.png]]
412 412  
413 -== 2.4 How to use external antenna via ipex connector? ==
513 +[[image:image-20220602161718-9.png||height="457" width="800"]]
414 414  
415 415  
416 -You need to remove the spring antenna first, and also remove the resistor and capacitor.
417 -Connect external antenna.
418 418  
419 -[[image:image-20231129155939-1.png||height="529" width="397"]]
517 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Press the reset switch RST on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter to reset it.**
420 420  
519 +The following picture appears to prove that the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter successfully Join the LoRaWAN network
421 421  
422 -= 3.  Order Info =
423 423  
522 +[[image:image-20220602161935-10.png||height="498" width="800"]]
424 424  
425 -**Part Number:**  (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-USB-LoRaWAN-Adapter-XXX**
426 426  
427 427  
428 -(% style="color:blue" %)**XXX**(%%): The default frequency band
526 +(% style="color:blue" %)**3. See Uplink Command**
429 429  
430 -* (% style="color:red" %)**AS923**(%%):  LoRaWAN AS923 band
431 -* (% style="color:red" %)**AU915**(%%):  LoRaWAN AU915 band
432 -* (% style="color:red" %)**EU433**(%%):  LoRaWAN EU433 band
433 -* (% style="color:red" %)**EU868**(%%):  LoRaWAN EU868 band
434 -* (% style="color:red" %)**KR920**(%%):  LoRaWAN KR920 band
435 -* (% style="color:red" %)**US915**(%%):  LoRaWAN US915 band
436 -* (% style="color:red" %)**IN865**(%%):  LoRaWAN IN865 band
437 -* (% style="color:red" %)**CN470**(%%): LoRaWAN CN470 band
438 -* (% style="color:red" %)**PP**(%%):  Peer to Peer LoRa Protocol
528 +Command format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data>**
439 439  
440 -= 4.  Reference =
530 +example: AT+SENDB=01,02,8,05820802581ea0a5
441 441  
532 +[[image:image-20220602162157-11.png||height="497" width="800"]]
442 442  
443 -* Hardware Design File for LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter : [[Download>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/a3wbmdcvqjxaqw5/AADZfvAiykJTK624RgMquH86a?dl=0]]
444 -* Mobile Phone App Source Code: [[Download>>https://github.com/dragino/LA66_Mobile_App]].
445 445  
446 -= 5.  FCC Statement =
447 447  
536 +(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Check to see if TTN received the message**
448 448  
449 -(% style="color:red" %)**FCC Caution:**
538 +[[image:image-20220602162331-12.png||height="420" width="800"]]
450 450  
451 -Any Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
452 452  
453 -This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
454 454  
542 +== 3.6  Example: Send PC's CPU/RAM usage to TTN via python ==
455 455  
456 -(% style="color:red" %)**IMPORTANT NOTE: **
457 457  
458 -(% style="color:red" %)**Note:**(%%) This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
545 +**Use python as an example：**[[https:~~/~~/github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_WindosPC.py>>https://github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_WindosPC.py]]
459 459  
460 -—Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
547 +(**Raspberry Pi example: **[[https:~~/~~/github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_Raspberry%20Pi.py>>https://github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_Raspberry%20Pi.py]])
461 461  
462 -—Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
549 +(% style="color:red" %)**Preconditions:**
463 463  
464 -—Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
551 +(% style="color:red" %)**1. LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter works fine**
465 465  
466 -—Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
553 +(% style="color:red" %)**2. LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter  is registered with TTN**
467 467  
468 468  
469 -(% style="color:red" %)**FCC Radiation Exposure Statement: **
470 470  
471 -This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment.This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator& your body.
557 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Steps for usage:**
472 472  
473 -
559 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1.**(%%) Press the reset switch RESET on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter
560 +
561 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2.**(%%) Run the python script in PC and see the TTN
562 +
563 +[[image:image-20220602115852-3.png||height="450" width="1187"]]
564 +
565 +
566 +
567 +== 3.7  Example: Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in RPi ==
568 +
569 +
570 +Assume user already input the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter OTAA Keys in TTN and there is already TTN network coverage.
571 +
572 +
573 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Connect the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter to the Raspberry Pi**
574 +
575 +[[image:image-20220723100439-2.png]]
576 +
577 +
578 +
579 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Install Minicom in RPi.**
580 +
581 +(% id="cke_bm_509388S" style="display:none" %) (%%)Enter the following command in the RPi terminal
582 +
583 + (% style="background-color:yellow" %)**apt update**
584 +
585 + (% style="background-color:yellow" %)**apt install minicom**
586 +
587 +
588 +Use minicom to connect to the RPI's terminal
589 +
590 +[[image:image-20220602153146-3.png||height="439" width="500"]]
591 +
592 +
593 +
594 +(% style="color:blue" %)**3. Press the reset switch RST on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter.**
595 +
596 +The following picture appears to prove that the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter successfully entered the network.
597 +
598 +
599 +[[image:image-20220602154928-5.png||height="436" width="500"]]
600 +
601 +
602 +
603 +(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Send Uplink message**
604 +
605 +Format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data>**
606 +
607 +example: AT+SENDB=01,02,8,05820802581ea0a5
608 +
609 +
610 +[[image:image-20220602160339-6.png||height="517" width="600"]]
611 +
612 +
613 +
614 +Check to see if TTN received the message
615 +
616 +[[image:image-20220602160627-7.png||height="369" width="800"]]
617 +
618 +
619 +
620 +== 3.8  Example: Use of LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter and APP sample process and DRAGINO-LA66-APP. ==
621 +
622 +
623 +=== 3.8.1  DRAGINO-LA66-APP ===
624 +
625 +
626 +[[image:image-20220723102027-3.png]]
627 +
628 +
629 +
630 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Overview：**(%%) ====
631 +
632 +
633 +(((
634 +DRAGINO-LA66-APP is a mobile APP for LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter and APP sample process. DRAGINO-LA66-APP can obtain the positioning information of the mobile phone and send it to the LoRaWAN platform through the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter.
635 +)))
636 +
637 +(((
638 +View the communication signal strength between the node and the gateway through the RSSI value（DRAGINO-LA66-APP currently only supports Android system）
639 +)))
640 +
641 +
642 +
643 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Conditions of Use：**(%%) ====
644 +
645 +
646 +Requires a type-c to USB adapter
647 +
648 +[[image:image-20220723104754-4.png]]
649 +
650 +
651 +
652 +==== (% style="color:blue" %)**Use of APP:**(%%) ====
653 +
654 +
655 +Function and page introduction
656 +
657 +[[image:image-20220723113448-7.png||height="1481" width="670"]]
658 +
659 +
660 +1.Display LA66 USB LoRaWAN Module connection status
661 +
662 +2.Check and reconnect
663 +
664 +3.Turn send timestamps on or off
665 +
666 +4.Display LoRaWan connection status
667 +
668 +5.Check LoRaWan connection status
669 +
670 +6.The RSSI value of the node when the ACK is received
671 +
672 +7.Node's Signal Strength Icon
673 +
674 +8.Set the packet sending interval of the node in seconds
675 +
676 +9.AT command input box
677 +
678 +10.Send AT command button
679 +
680 +11.Node log box
681 +
682 +12.clear log button
683 +
684 +13.exit button
685 +
686 +
687 +LA66 USB LoRaWAN Module not connected
688 +
689 +[[image:image-20220723110520-5.png||height="903" width="677"]]
690 +
691 +
692 +
693 +Connect LA66 USB LoRaWAN Module
694 +
695 +[[image:image-20220723110626-6.png||height="906" width="680"]]
696 +
697 +
698 +
699 +=== 3.8.2  Use DRAGINO-LA66-APP to obtain positioning information and send it to TTNV3 through LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter and integrate it into Node-RED ===
700 +
701 +
702 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1.  Register LA66 USB LoRaWAN Module to TTNV3**
703 +
704 +[[image:image-20220723134549-8.png]]
705 +
706 +
707 +
708 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2.  Open Node-RED,And import the JSON file to generate the flow**
709 +
710 +Sample JSON file please go to this link to download：放置JSON文件的链接
711 +
712 +For the usage of Node-RED, please refer to: [[http:~~/~~/8.211.40.43:8080/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Node-RED/>>http://8.211.40.43:8080/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Node-RED/]]
713 +
714 +The following is the positioning effect map
715 +
716 +[[image:image-20220723144339-1.png]]
717 +
718 +
719 +
720 +== 3.9  Upgrade Firmware of LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter ==
721 +
722 +
723 +The LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter is the same as the LA66 LoRaWAN Shield update method
724 +
725 +Just use the yellow jumper cap to short the BOOT corner and the RX corner, and then press the RESET button (without the jumper cap, you can directly short the BOOT corner and the RX corner with a wire to achieve the same effect)
726 +
727 +[[image:image-20220723150132-2.png]]
728 +
729 +
730 +
731 += 4.  FAQ =
732 +
733 +
734 +== 4.1  How to Compile Source Code for LA66? ==
735 +
736 +
737 +Compile and Upload Code to ASR6601 Platform ：[[Instruction>>Compile and Upload Code to ASR6601 Platform]]
738 +
739 +
740 +
741 += 5.  Order Info =
742 +
743 +
744 +**Part Number:**  (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-XXX**(%%), (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-LoRaWAN-Shield-XXX** (%%) **or**  (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-USB-LoRaWAN-Adapter-XXX**
745 +
746 +
747 +(% style="color:blue" %)**XXX**(%%): The default frequency band
748 +
749 +* (% style="color:red" %)**AS923**(%%):  LoRaWAN AS923 band
750 +* (% style="color:red" %)**AU915**(%%):  LoRaWAN AU915 band
751 +* (% style="color:red" %)**EU433**(%%):  LoRaWAN EU433 band
752 +* (% style="color:red" %)**EU868**(%%):  LoRaWAN EU868 band
753 +* (% style="color:red" %)**KR920**(%%):  LoRaWAN KR920 band
754 +* (% style="color:red" %)**US915**(%%):  LoRaWAN US915 band
755 +* (% style="color:red" %)**IN865**(%%):  LoRaWAN IN865 band
756 +* (% style="color:red" %)**CN470**(%%): LoRaWAN CN470 band
757 +* (% style="color:red" %)**PP**(%%):  Peer to Peer LoRa Protocol
758 +
759 +
760 +
761 +
762 +
763 += 6.  Reference =
764 +
765 +
766 +* Hardware Design File for LA66 LoRaWAN Shield, LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter : [[Download>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/a3wbmdcvqjxaqw5/AADZfvAiykJTK624RgMquH86a?dl=0]]
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