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Last modified by Xiaoling on 2023/09/19 09:20
From version 148.6
edited by Xiaoling
on 2022/10/10 11:31
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To version 98.3
edited by Xiaoling
on 2022/07/18 09:56
Change comment: There is no comment for this version

Summary

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Title
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1 -LA66 LoRaWAN Module User Manual
1 +LA66 LoRaWAN Module
Content
... ... @@ -13,27 +13,16 @@
13 13  
14 14  
15 15  (((
16 -(((
17 -[[image:image-20220719093358-2.png||height="145" width="220"]](% style="color:blue" %)** **
18 -)))
16 +[[image:image-20220715000242-1.png||height="110" width="132"]]
19 19  
20 -(((
21 -
22 -)))
23 -
24 -(((
25 25  (% style="color:blue" %)**Dragino LA66**(%%) is a small wireless LoRaWAN module that offers a very compelling mix of long-range, low power consumption, and secure data transmission. It is designed to facilitate developers to quickly deploy industrial-level LoRaWAN and IoT solutions. It helps users to turn the idea into a practical application and make the Internet of Things a reality. It is easy to create and connect your things everywhere.
26 26  )))
27 -)))
28 28  
29 29  (((
30 -(((
31 -(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66**(%%) is a ready-to-use module that includes the (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN v1.0.3 protocol**(%%). The LoRaWAN stack used in LA66 is used in more than 1 million LoRaWAN End Devices deployed world widely. This mature LoRaWAN stack greatly reduces the risk to make stable LoRaWAN Sensors to support different LoRaWAN servers and different countries' standards. External MCU can use AT command to call LA66 and start to transmit data via the LoRaWAN protocol.
22 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66**(%%) is a ready-to-use module that includes the (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol**(%%). The LoRaWAN stack used in LA66 is used in more than 1 million LoRaWAN End Devices deployed world widely. This mature LoRaWAN stack greatly reduces the risk to make stable LoRaWAN Sensors to support different LoRaWAN servers and different countries' standards. External MCU can use AT command to call LA66 and start to transmit data via the LoRaWAN protocol.
32 32  )))
33 -)))
34 34  
35 35  (((
36 -(((
37 37  Each LA66 module includes a (% style="color:blue" %)**world-unique OTAA key**(%%) for LoRaWAN registration.
38 38  )))
39 39  
... ... @@ -40,20 +40,15 @@
40 40  (((
41 41  Besides the support of the LoRaWAN protocol, LA66 also supports (% style="color:blue" %)**open-source peer-to-peer LoRa Protocol**(%%) for the none-LoRaWAN application.
42 42  )))
43 -)))
44 44  
45 45  (((
46 -(((
47 47  LA66 is equipped with (% style="color:blue" %)**TCXO crystal**(%%) which ensures the module can achieve stable performance in extreme temperatures.
48 48  )))
49 -)))
50 50  
51 51  
52 -
53 53  == 1.2  Features ==
54 54  
55 -
56 -* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.3 protocol
40 +* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol
57 57  * Support peer-to-peer protocol
58 58  * TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature
59 59  * SMD Antenna pad and i-pex antenna connector
... ... @@ -64,9 +64,9 @@
64 64  * Ultra-long RF range
65 65  
66 66  
51 +
67 67  == 1.3  Specification ==
68 68  
69 -
70 70  * CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz
71 71  * Flash: 256KB
72 72  * RAM: 64KB
... ... @@ -86,107 +86,429 @@
86 86  * I/O Voltage: 3.3v
87 87  
88 88  
89 -== 1.4  AT Command ==
90 90  
91 91  
92 -AT Command is valid over Main TXD and Main RXD. Serial Baud Rate is 9600. AT commands can be found in[[ AT Command documents>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/wtq43za8sykpgta/AABAEE02uEAsRU-JV7bzEhMba?dl=0]].
75 +== 1.4  AT Command ==
93 93  
94 94  
78 +AT Command is valid over Main TXD and Main RXD. Serial Baud Rate is 9600. AT commands can be found in AT Command documents.
95 95  
80 +
96 96  == 1.5  Dimension ==
97 97  
98 -
99 99  [[image:image-20220718094750-3.png]]
100 100  
101 101  
102 102  
87 +
103 103  == 1.6  Pin Mapping ==
104 104  
105 -[[image:image-20220720111850-1.png]]
106 106  
91 +[[image:image-20220523101537-1.png]]
107 107  
108 108  
94 +
109 109  == 1.7  Land Pattern ==
110 110  
111 -
112 112  [[image:image-20220517072821-2.png]]
113 113  
114 114  
115 115  
116 -= 2.  FAQ =
101 += 2.  LA66 LoRaWAN Shield =
117 117  
118 118  
119 -== 2.1  How to Compile Source Code for LA66? ==
104 +== 2.1  Overview ==
120 120  
121 121  
122 -Compile and Upload Code to ASR6601 Platform：[[Instruction>>Compile and Upload Code to ASR6601 Platform]]
107 +[[image:image-20220715000826-2.png||height="386" width="449"]]
123 123  
124 124  
110 +LA66 LoRaWAN Shield is the Arduino shield base on LA66. Users can use LA66 LoRaWAN Shield to rapidly add LoRaWAN or peer-to-peer LoRa wireless function to  Arduino projects.
125 125  
126 -== 2.2 Can i use LA66 module's internal I/O without external MCU, So to save product cost? ==
112 +(((
113 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66**(%%) is a ready-to-use module that includes the (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol**(%%). The LoRaWAN stack used in LA66 is used in more than 1 million LoRaWAN End Devices deployed world widely. This mature LoRaWAN stack greatly reduces the risk to make stable LoRaWAN Sensors to support different LoRaWAN servers and different countries' standards. External MCU can use AT command to call LA66 and start to transmit data via the LoRaWAN protocol.
114 +)))
127 127  
116 +(((
117 +Each LA66 module includes a (% style="color:blue" %)**world-unique OTAA key**(%%) for LoRaWAN registration.
118 +)))
128 128  
129 -Yes, this is possible, user can refer[[ the source code from ASR >>https://github.com/asrlora/asr_lora_6601/tree/master/projects/ASR6601SE-EVAL/examples/lora]]to get examples for how to its I/O Interfaces.
120 +(((
121 +Besides the support of the LoRaWAN protocol, LA66 also supports (% style="color:blue" %)**open-source peer-to-peer LoRa Protocol**(%%) for the none-LoRaWAN application.
122 +)))
130 130  
124 +(((
125 +LA66 is equipped with (% style="color:blue" %)**TCXO crystal**(%%) which ensures the module can achieve stable performance in extreme temperatures.
126 +)))
131 131  
132 132  
133 -== 2.3  Where to find Peer-to-Peer firmware of LA66? ==
129 +== 2.2  Features ==
134 134  
131 +* Arduino Shield base on LA66 LoRaWAN module
132 +* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol
133 +* Support peer-to-peer protocol
134 +* TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature
135 +* SMA connector
136 +* Available in different frequency LoRaWAN frequency bands.
137 +* World-wide unique OTAA keys.
138 +* AT Command via UART-TTL interface
139 +* Firmware upgradable via UART interface
140 +* Ultra-long RF range
135 135  
136 -Instruction for LA66 Peer to Peer firmware :[[ Instruction >>doc:Main.User Manual for LoRaWAN End Nodes.LA66 LoRaWAN Shield User Manual.Instruction for LA66 Peer to Peer firmware.WebHome]]
142 +== 2.3  Specification ==
137 137  
144 +* CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz
145 +* Flash: 256KB
146 +* RAM: 64KB
147 +* Input Power Range: 1.8v ~~ 3.7v
148 +* Power Consumption: < 4uA.
149 +* Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz
150 +* Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output
151 +* High sensitivity: -148 dBm
152 +* Temperature:
153 +** Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃
154 +** Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃
155 +* Humidity:
156 +** Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
157 +** Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
158 +* LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm
159 +* LoRa Rx current: <9 mA
160 +* I/O Voltage: 3.3v
138 138  
162 +== 2.4  Pin Mapping & LED ==
139 139  
140 -= 3.  Order Info =
141 141  
142 142  
143 -**Part Number:**  (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-XXX**
166 +== 2.5  Example: Use AT Command to communicate with LA66 module via Arduino UNO. ==
144 144  
145 145  
146 -(% style="color:blue" %)**XXX**(%%): The default frequency band
147 147  
148 -* (% style="color:red" %)**AS923**(%%):  LoRaWAN AS923 band
149 -* (% style="color:red" %)**AU915**(%%):  LoRaWAN AU915 band
150 -* (% style="color:red" %)**EU433**(%%):  LoRaWAN EU433 band
151 -* (% style="color:red" %)**EU868**(%%):  LoRaWAN EU868 band
152 -* (% style="color:red" %)**KR920**(%%):  LoRaWAN KR920 band
153 -* (% style="color:red" %)**US915**(%%):  LoRaWAN US915 band
154 -* (% style="color:red" %)**IN865**(%%):  LoRaWAN IN865 band
155 -* (% style="color:red" %)**CN470**(%%): LoRaWAN CN470 band
156 -* (% style="color:red" %)**PP**(%%):  Peer to Peer LoRa Protocol
170 +== 2.6  Example: Join TTN network and send an uplink message, get downlink message. ==
157 157  
158 158  
159 159  
160 -= 4.  FCC Statement =
174 +== 2.7  Example: Log Temperature Sensor(DHT11) and send data to TTN, show it in DataCake. ==
161 161  
162 162  
163 -**(% style="color:red" %)FCC Caution:**
164 164  
178 +== 2.8  Upgrade Firmware of LA66 LoRaWAN Shield ==
165 165  
166 -Any Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
167 167  
181 +=== 2.8.1  Items needed for update ===
168 168  
169 -This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
183 +1. LA66 LoRaWAN Shield
184 +1. Arduino
185 +1. USB TO TTL Adapter
170 170  
187 +[[image:image-20220602100052-2.png||height="385" width="600"]]
171 171  
172 -**(% style="color:red" %)IMPORTANT NOTE: **
173 173  
190 +=== 2.8.2  Connection ===
174 174  
175 -Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
176 176  
193 +[[image:image-20220602101311-3.png||height="276" width="600"]]
177 177  
178 -—Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
179 179  
196 +(((
197 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66 LoRaWAN Shield**(%%)  **<->** (% style="color:blue" %)**USB TTL**
198 +)))
180 180  
181 -—Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
200 +(((
201 +(% style="background-color:yellow" %)**GND  <-> GND
202 +TXD  <->  TXD
203 +RXD  <->  RXD**
204 +)))
182 182  
183 183  
184 -—Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
207 +Put a jumper cap on JP6 of LA66 LoRaWAN Shield. ( the jumper is to power on LA66 module)
185 185  
209 +Connect USB TTL Adapter to PC after connecting the wires
186 186  
187 -—Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
188 188  
212 +[[image:image-20220602102240-4.png||height="304" width="600"]]
189 189  
190 -**(% style="color:red" %)FCC Radiation Exposure Statement: **
191 191  
192 -This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment.This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator& your body.
215 +=== 2.8.3  Upgrade steps ===
216 +
217 +
218 +==== 1.  Switch SW1 to put in ISP position ====
219 +
220 +
221 +[[image:image-20220602102824-5.png||height="306" width="600"]]
222 +
223 +
224 +
225 +==== 2.  Press the RST switch once ====
226 +
227 +
228 +[[image:image-20220602104701-12.png||height="285" width="600"]]
229 +
230 +
231 +
232 +==== 3.  Open the Upgrade tool (Tremo Programmer) in PC and Upgrade ====
233 +
234 +
235 +(((
236 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Software download link:  [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LSN50-LoRaST/Utility/LSN50N/]]**
237 +)))
238 +
239 +
240 +[[image:image-20220602103227-6.png]]
241 +
242 +
243 +[[image:image-20220602103357-7.png]]
244 +
245 +
246 +
247 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HSelecttheCOMportcorrespondingtoUSBTTL" %)
248 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Select the COM port corresponding to USB TTL**
249 +
250 +
251 +[[image:image-20220602103844-8.png]]
252 +
253 +
254 +
255 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HSelectthebinfiletoburn" %)
256 +(% style="color:blue" %)**3. Select the bin file to burn**
257 +
258 +
259 +[[image:image-20220602104144-9.png]]
260 +
261 +
262 +[[image:image-20220602104251-10.png]]
263 +
264 +
265 +[[image:image-20220602104402-11.png]]
266 +
267 +
268 +
269 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HClicktostartthedownload" %)
270 +(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Click to start the download**
271 +
272 +[[image:image-20220602104923-13.png]]
273 +
274 +
275 +
276 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HThefollowingfigureappearstoprovethattheburningisinprogress" %)
277 +(% style="color:blue" %)**5. Check update process**
278 +
279 +
280 +[[image:image-20220602104948-14.png]]
281 +
282 +
283 +
284 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="HThefollowingpictureappearstoprovethattheburningissuccessful" %)
285 +(% style="color:blue" %)**The following picture shows that the burning is successful**
286 +
287 +[[image:image-20220602105251-15.png]]
288 +
289 +
290 +
291 += 3.  LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter =
292 +
293 +
294 +== 3.1  Overview ==
295 +
296 +[[image:image-20220715001142-3.png||height="145" width="220"]]
297 +
298 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter**(%%) is designed to fast turn USB devices to support LoRaWAN wireless features. It combines a CP2101 USB TTL Chip and LA66 LoRaWAN module which can easy to add LoRaWAN wireless feature to PC / Mobile phone or an embedded device that has USB Interface.
299 +
300 +(% style="color:blue" %)**LA66**(%%) is a ready-to-use module that includes the (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol**(%%). The LoRaWAN stack used in LA66 is used in more than 1 million LoRaWAN End Devices deployed world widely. This mature LoRaWAN stack greatly reduces the risk to make stable LoRaWAN Sensors to support different LoRaWAN servers and different countries' standards. External MCU can use AT command to call LA66 and start to transmit data via the LoRaWAN protocol.
301 +
302 +Each LA66 module includes a (% style="color:blue" %)**world-unique OTAA key**(%%) for LoRaWAN registration.
303 +
304 +Besides the support of the LoRaWAN protocol, LA66 also supports (% style="color:blue" %)**open-source peer-to-peer LoRa Protocol**(%%) for the none-LoRaWAN application.
305 +
306 +LA66 is equipped with (% style="color:blue" %)**TCXO crystal**(%%) which ensures the module can achieve stable performance in extreme temperatures.
307 +
308 +
309 +== 3.2  Features ==
310 +
311 +* LoRaWAN USB adapter base on LA66 LoRaWAN module
312 +* Ultra-long RF range
313 +* Support LoRaWAN v1.0.4 protocol
314 +* Support peer-to-peer protocol
315 +* TCXO crystal to ensure RF performance on low temperature
316 +* Spring RF antenna
317 +* Available in different frequency LoRaWAN frequency bands.
318 +* World-wide unique OTAA keys.
319 +* AT Command via UART-TTL interface
320 +* Firmware upgradable via UART interface
321 +* Open Source Mobile App for LoRaWAN signal detect and GPS tracking.
322 +
323 +== 3.3  Specification ==
324 +
325 +* CPU: 32-bit 48 MHz
326 +* Flash: 256KB
327 +* RAM: 64KB
328 +* Input Power Range: 5v
329 +* Frequency Range: 150 MHz ~~ 960 MHz
330 +* Maximum Power +22 dBm constant RF output
331 +* High sensitivity: -148 dBm
332 +* Temperature:
333 +** Storage: -55 ~~ +125℃
334 +** Operating: -40 ~~ +85℃
335 +* Humidity:
336 +** Storage: 5 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
337 +** Operating: 10 ~~ 95% (Non-Condensing)
338 +* LoRa Tx Current: <90 mA at +17 dBm, 108 mA at +22 dBm
339 +* LoRa Rx current: <9 mA
340 +
341 +== 3.4  Pin Mapping & LED ==
342 +
343 +
344 +
345 +== 3.5  Example: Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in PC ==
346 +
347 +
348 +Assume user already input the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter OTAA Keys in TTN and there is already TTN network coverage.
349 +
350 +
351 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Connect the LA66 USB LoRaWAN adapter to PC**
352 +
353 +
354 +[[image:image-20220602171217-1.png||height="538" width="800"]]
355 +
356 +
357 +Open the serial port tool
358 +
359 +[[image:image-20220602161617-8.png]]
360 +
361 +[[image:image-20220602161718-9.png||height="457" width="800"]]
362 +
363 +
364 +
365 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Press the reset switch RST on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter to reset it.**
366 +
367 +The following picture appears to prove that the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter successfully Join the LoRaWAN network
368 +
369 +
370 +[[image:image-20220602161935-10.png||height="498" width="800"]]
371 +
372 +
373 +
374 +(% style="color:blue" %)**3. See Uplink Command**
375 +
376 +Command format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data>**
377 +
378 +example: AT+SENDB=01,02,8,05820802581ea0a5
379 +
380 +[[image:image-20220602162157-11.png||height="497" width="800"]]
381 +
382 +
383 +
384 +(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Check to see if TTN received the message**
385 +
386 +[[image:image-20220602162331-12.png||height="420" width="800"]]
387 +
388 +
389 +
390 +== 3.6  Example: Send PC's CPU/RAM usage to TTN via python ==
391 +
392 +
393 +**Use python as an example：**[[https:~~/~~/github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_WindosPC.py>>https://github.com/dragino/LA66/blob/main/Send_information_to_TTN_WindosPC.py]]
394 +
395 +
396 +(% style="color:red" %)**Preconditions:**
397 +
398 +(% style="color:red" %)**1. LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter works fine**
399 +
400 +(% style="color:red" %)**2. LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter  is registered with TTN**
401 +
402 +
403 +
404 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Steps for usage:**
405 +
406 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1.**(%%) Press the reset switch RESET on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter
407 +
408 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2.**(%%) Run the python script in PC and see the TTN
409 +
410 +[[image:image-20220602115852-3.png||height="450" width="1187"]]
411 +
412 +
413 +
414 +== 3.7  Example: Send & Get Messages via LoRaWAN in RPi ==
415 +
416 +
417 +Assume user already input the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter OTAA Keys in TTN and there is already TTN network coverage.
418 +
419 +
420 +(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Connect the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter to the Raspberry Pi**
421 +
422 +[[image:image-20220602171233-2.png||height="538" width="800"]]
423 +
424 +
425 +
426 +(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Install Minicom in RPi.**
427 +
428 +(% id="cke_bm_509388S" style="display:none" %) (%%)Enter the following command in the RPi terminal
429 +
430 + (% style="background-color:yellow" %)**apt update**
431 +
432 + (% style="background-color:yellow" %)**apt install minicom**
433 +
434 +
435 +Use minicom to connect to the RPI's terminal
436 +
437 +[[image:image-20220602153146-3.png||height="439" width="500"]]
438 +
439 +
440 +
441 +(% style="color:blue" %)**3. Press the reset switch RST on the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter.**
442 +
443 +The following picture appears to prove that the LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter successfully entered the network.
444 +
445 +
446 +[[image:image-20220602154928-5.png||height="436" width="500"]]
447 +
448 +
449 +
450 +(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Send Uplink message**
451 +
452 +Format: (% style="color:#4472c4" %)**AT+SENDB=<confirn_status>,<Fport>,<data_len>,<data>**
453 +
454 +example: AT+SENDB=01,02,8,05820802581ea0a5
455 +
456 +
457 +[[image:image-20220602160339-6.png||height="517" width="600"]]
458 +
459 +
460 +
461 +Check to see if TTN received the message
462 +
463 +[[image:image-20220602160627-7.png||height="369" width="800"]]
464 +
465 +
466 +
467 +== 3.8  Example: LA66 USB Module got a message from LA66 LoRa Shield and send the sensor data to NodeRed. ==
468 +
469 +
470 +
471 +== 3.9  Upgrade Firmware of LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter ==
472 +
473 +
474 +
475 +
476 += 4.  Order Info =
477 +
478 +
479 +**Part Number:**  (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-XXX**(%%), (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-LoRaWAN-Shield-XXX** (%%) **or**  (% style="color:blue" %)**LA66-USB-LoRaWAN-Adapter-XXX**
480 +
481 +
482 +(% style="color:blue" %)**XXX**(%%): The default frequency band
483 +
484 +* (% style="color:red" %)**AS923**(%%):  LoRaWAN AS923 band
485 +* (% style="color:red" %)**AU915**(%%):  LoRaWAN AU915 band
486 +* (% style="color:red" %)**EU433**(%%):  LoRaWAN EU433 band
487 +* (% style="color:red" %)**EU868**(%%):  LoRaWAN EU868 band
488 +* (% style="color:red" %)**KR920**(%%):  LoRaWAN KR920 band
489 +* (% style="color:red" %)**US915**(%%):  LoRaWAN US915 band
490 +* (% style="color:red" %)**IN865**(%%):  LoRaWAN IN865 band
491 +* (% style="color:red" %)**CN470**(%%): LoRaWAN CN470 band
492 +* (% style="color:red" %)**PP**(%%):  Peer to Peer LoRa Protocol
493 +
494 += 5.  Reference =
495 +
496 +* Hardware Design File for LA66 LoRaWAN Shield, LA66 USB LoRaWAN Adapter : [[Download>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/a3wbmdcvqjxaqw5/AADZfvAiykJTK624RgMquH86a?dl=0]]
497 +
498 +
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