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1 -PG1302 -- LoRaWAN Concentrator User Manual
1 +PG1302
Content
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1 +
2 +
1 1  (% style="text-align:center" %)
2 -[[image:image-20220616085956-1.jpeg||height="609" width="609"]]
4 +[[image:Main.User Manual for All Gateway models.WebHome@pg1302.jpg]]
3 3  
4 4  
5 5  
6 6  
7 -**Table of Contents:**
9 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif]]
8 8  
9 -{{toc/}}
10 10  
11 11  
12 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H" %)
13 -(((
14 -
15 -)))
13 +**PG1302 LoRaWAN Concentrator User Manual**
16 16  
17 -= 1. Introduction =
15 +[[image:1651796979665-130.png]]
18 18  
19 -== 1.1 What is PG1302 LoRaWAN Concentrator? ==
17 +Document Version: 1.0.0
20 20  
19 +Image Version: v1.0
21 21  
22 -(((
23 -The PG1302 is a (% style="color:blue" %)**multi-channel high-performance transmitter/receiver**(%%) designed to simultaneously receive several LoRa packets using random spreading factors on random channels. Its goal is to enable robust connection between a central wireless data concentrator and a massive amount of wireless end-points spread over a very wide range of distances.
24 -)))
25 25  
26 -(((
27 -The PG1302 is designed to use with Raspberry Pi to build smart metering fixed networks and Internet of Things applications with up to 5000 nodes per km2 in a moderately interfered environment.
28 -)))
29 29  
30 -(((
31 -PG1302 is fully compatible with (% style="color:blue" %)**RPi3/4 or Tinker Board**(%%), users can use the pre-build OS from Dragino to set up and easy to use the module by Web UI. Or install the raw LoRaWAN driver in the existing OS.
32 -)))
33 33  
24 +{{toc/}}
34 34  
35 -== 1.2 Features ==
26 +[[1.       Introduction. 4>>path:#_Toc99563935]]
36 36  
28 +[[1.1     What is PG1302 LoRaWAN Concentrator?. 4>>path:#_Toc99563936]]
37 37  
38 -* Base on Semtech SX1302 solution
39 -* Support Raspberry Pi 3B/3B+/4, TinkerBoard2/2S, Orange Pi Pc/PC PLUS.
40 -* Up to -140dBm sensitivity
41 -* Support 3.3v and 5v.
42 -* Mini-PCIe Interface
43 -* Converter board to support Raspberry Pi
30 +[[1.2     Features. 4>>path:#_Toc99563937]]
44 44  
45 -== 1.3 General Interfaces for PG1302 ==
32 +[[1.3     General Interfaces. 5>>path:#_Toc99563938]]
46 46  
34 +[[1.4     Pin Mapping. 5>>path:#_Toc99563939]]
47 47  
48 -* SPI interface for LoRa
49 -* Power Input: 5v, 1A
50 -* 1 x I-PEX for LoRa
51 -* Working Temperature: -40 ℃ ~~ 80℃
36 +[[1.5     LEDs. 5>>path:#_Toc99563940]]
52 52  
53 -== 1.4 Pin Mapping ==
38 +[[1.6     Power Consumption. 6>>path:#_Toc99563941]]
54 54  
40 +[[1.7     Applications. 6>>path:#_Toc99563942]]
55 55  
56 -[[image:image-20240122140551-1.png]]
42 +[[2.       Example: Set up as LoRaWAN gateway. 7>>path:#_Toc99563943]]
57 57  
44 +[[2.1     System structure. 7>>path:#_Toc99563944]]
58 58  
59 -== 1.5 LEDs ==
46 +[[2.2     Hardware Installation. 8>>path:#_Toc99563954]]
60 60  
48 +[[3.       Install the software?. 8>>path:#_Toc99563955]]
61 61  
62 -(((
63 -TX: Blink when transmit a packet
64 -RX: Blink when receiving a packet
65 -Config: Always ON
66 -)))
50 +[[4.       Flash with pre-build image. 9>>path:#_Toc99563956]]
67 67  
52 +[[4.1     Download the dragino image for RPI. 9>>path:#_Toc99563957]]
68 68  
69 -== 1.6 Power Consumption ==
54 +[[4.2     Flash the image to SD card. 9>>path:#_Toc99563958]]
70 70  
56 +[[4.3     Access the Linux console. 10>>path:#_Toc99563959]]
71 71  
72 -<300mA @ 3.3v.
58 +[[4.4     Access the WebUI of RPi4. 11>>path:#_Toc99563960]]
73 73  
74 -Detail Test Report see [[this link>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/89virm4y0b02c7i/AAA-cgQEsSc8gNGFYAB0qZ_Za?dl=0]]
60 +[[4.4.1       Home page. 11>>path:#_Toc99563961]]
75 75  
62 +[[4.4.2       LoRa Page. 12>>path:#_Toc99563962]]
76 76  
77 -== 1.7 Antenna Installation ==
64 +[[4.4.3       LoRaWAN Page. 13>>path:#_Toc99563963]]
78 78  
66 +[[4.4.3.1         Semtech UDP. 13>>path:#_Toc99563964]]
79 79  
80 -Left:  **GPS antenna**
68 +[[4.4.3.2         Basic Station. 14>>path:#_Toc99563965]]
81 81  
82 -Right:  **LoRa Antenna**
70 +[[4.4.4       LogRead. 15>>path:#_Toc99563966]]
83 83  
84 -[[image:https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/uploads/default/original/3X/6/2/624619afa8d75a2c21bfd1e3687afaa75ad61cbc.jpeg||alt="PG1302_70"]]
72 +[[4.4.4.1         LoRa Log. 15>>path:#_Toc99563967]]
85 85  
74 +[[4.4.4.2         System Log. 16>>path:#_Toc99563968]]
86 86  
76 +[[4.4.4.3         Record Log. 16>>path:#_Toc99563969]]
87 87  
78 +[[5.       Install stand alone LoRa Packet Forwarder. 17>>path:#_Toc99563970]]
88 88  
80 +[[5.1     OS requirement 17>>path:#_Toc99563971]]
89 89  
90 -== 1.8 Applications ==
82 +[[5.2     Get Gateway ID in Raspberry and input this in TTN v3. 17>>path:#_Toc99563972]]
91 91  
84 +[[5.2.1       Download and install LoRaWAN packet forwarder. 20>>path:#_Toc99563973]]
92 92  
93 -* Smart Buildings & Home Automation
94 -* Logistics and Supply Chain Management
95 -* Smart Metering
96 -* Smart Agriculture
97 -* Smart Cities
98 -* Smart Factory
86 +[[5.2.2       Config Gateway ID, Frequency Band and Server address. 22>>path:#_Toc99563974]]
99 99  
100 -= 2. Example: Set up as LoRaWAN gateway =
88 +[[5.2.3       Check result 24>>path:#_Toc99563975]]
101 101  
102 -== 2.1 System structure ==
90 +[[5.2.4       Commands to handle service. 25>>path:#_Toc99563976]]
103 103  
92 +[[6.       Order Info. 25>>path:#_Toc99563977]]
104 104  
105 -(((
106 -This example is an example to show how to set up the PG1302 + RPi as a LoRaWAN gateway to use with [[TheThingsNetwork>>url:http://www.thethingsnetwork.org/]](TTN) LoRaWAN server. Set up method for other server are similar.
94 +[[7.       Packing Info. 25>>path:#_Toc99563978]]
107 107  
108 -
109 -)))
96 +[[8.       Reference. 26>>path:#_Toc99563979]]
110 110  
111 -[[image:1651743698677-436.png||height="457" width="686"]]
98 +[[9.       Support. 27>>path:#_Toc99563980]]
112 112  
113 113  
114 -== 2.2 Hardware Installation ==
115 115  
116 116  
117 -(% style="color:red" %)**Important Notice: Please power the RPI with 5V,3A cable.**
103 +~1. Introduction
118 118  
119 -[[image:image-20220621104746-1.png||height="351" width="415"]]
105 + 1.1 What is PG1302 LoRaWAN Concentrator?
120 120  
107 + The PG1302 is a multi-channel high performance transmitter/receiver designed to simultaneously receive several LoRa packets using random spreading factors on random  channels. Its goal is to enable robust connection between a central wireless data concentrator and a massive amount of wireless end-points spread over a very wide range of distances.
121 121  
122 -= 3. Install the software. =
109 + The PG1302 is design to use with Raspberry Pi to build smart metering fixed networks and Internet of Things applications with up to 5000 nodes per km2 in moderately interfered environment.
123 123  
111 + PG1302 is fully compatible with RPi3/4, users can use the pre-build OS from Dragino to set up and easy to use the module by Web UI. Or install the raw lorawan driver in the exist OS.
124 124  
125 -**Raspberry Pi 3B/3B+/4B/5B**
126 126  
127 -* Flash SD card with Dragino pre-build image which supports Web UI.
128 -* Install [[Dragino-FWD>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/PG1302/#H5.2.2.A0Selecttheappropriatedeviceversiontodownload:]] in existing RPi OS.
114 +1.2 Features
129 129  
130 -**TinkerBoard2/2S, **
116 +* Base on Semtech SX1302 solution
117 +* Support Raspberry Pi 3B/3B+/4
118 +* Up to -140dBm sensitivity
119 +* Support 3.3v and 5v.
120 +* Mini-PCIe Interface
121 +* Converter board to support Raspberry Pi
131 131  
132 -* Install [[Dragino-FWD>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/PG1302/#H5.2.2.A0Selecttheappropriatedeviceversiontodownload:]] in the existing OS.
123 +1.3 General Interfaces
133 133  
134 -**Orange Pi PC/PC PLUS.**
125 +* SPI interface for LoRa
126 +* Power Input: 5v, 1A
127 +* 1 x I-PEX for LoRa
135 135  
136 -* Install [[Dragino-FWD>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/PG1302/#H5.2.2.A0Selecttheappropriatedeviceversiontodownload:]] in the existing OS.
129 +1.4 Pin Mapping
137 137  
138 -= 4. Flash with pre-build image =
131 + [[image:1651743282627-547.png||height="402" width="425"]]
139 139  
140 -== 4.1 Download the dragino image for RPI ==
133 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif]]
141 141  
135 +1.5 LEDs
142 142  
143 -(((
144 -Download PG1302_for_Rpi4_64_with_webui from: [[https:~~/~~/www.dropbox.com/sh/f6nbldh1qbspya5/AACgL6pDkwdBQO1BQqq_Nubwa?dl=0>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/f6nbldh1qbspya5/AACgL6pDkwdBQO1BQqq_Nubwa?dl=0]]
145 -)))
137 + TX: Blink when transmit a packet
146 146  
139 + RX: Blink when receive a packet
147 147  
148 -== 4.2 Flash the image to an SD card ==
141 + Config: Always ON
149 149  
143 +1.6 Power Consumption
150 150  
151 -Flash the image to the SD card:
145 + TBD
152 152  
153 -[[image:1651744119133-233.png||height="373" width="621"]]
147 +1.7 Applications
154 154  
149 +* Smart Buildings & Home Automation
150 +* Logistics and Supply Chain Management
151 +* Smart Metering
152 +* Smart Agriculture
153 +* Smart Cities
154 +* Smart Factory
155 155  
156 -(% style="color:red" %)**Note: Download the flash tool following this link：**[[https:~~/~~/www.balena.io/etcher/>>https://www.balena.io/etcher/]]
156 +2. Example: Set up as LoRaWAN gateway.
157 157  
158 + 2.1 System structure
158 158  
159 -== 4.3 Access the Linux console ==
160 +This example is an example to show how to set up the PG1302 + RPi as a LoRaWAN gateway to use with [[TheThingsNetwork>>http://www.thethingsnetwork.org/]](TTN) LoRaWAN server.. Set up method for other server are similar
160 160  
162 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
163 +[[image:1651743698677-436.png||height="457" width="686"]]
161 161  
162 -(((
163 -Connect the RPI Ethernet port to your router, RPi will obtain an IP address from your router. In the router's management portal, you should be able to find what IP address the router has assigned to the RPI. You can use this IP to connect the WEB UI or SSH access of RPI. Make sure your PC and the RPI is in the same network, then use a SSH tool (such as [[putty>>url:http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~~sgtatham/putty/download.html]]) to access it. Below are screenshots
164 -)))
165 165  
166 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif]]
166 166  
167 -[[image:1651744193675-591.png||height="450" width="466"]]
168 +2.2 Hardware Installation
168 168  
169 -The account details for Web Login are:
170 +**~ Important Notice: **Please power the RPI with 5V,3A cable.
170 170  
171 -(((
172 -**~ (% style="color:#0000ff" %)User Name: root(%%)**
173 -)))
172 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
173 +[[image:1651743803032-803.png]]
174 174  
175 -(((
176 -**~ (% style="color:#0000ff" %)Password:   dragino(%%)**
177 -)))
175 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif]]
178 178  
179 -(((
180 -
181 -)))
177 +3. Install the software?
182 182  
183 -(((
184 -**~ (% style="color:#0000ff" %)Backup account(%%)**
185 -)))
179 +There are two ways to install software in RPi4 to use PG1302.
186 186  
187 -(((
188 -**~ (% style="color:#0000ff" %)Pi/dragino(%%)**
181 +* Flash SD card with Dragino pre-build image which support Web UI.
182 +* Install lora packet forwarder in existing RPi OS.
189 189  
190 -
191 -)))
184 +4. Flash with pre-build image
192 192  
193 -After logging in, you will be in the Linux console and type the command here.
186 + 4.1 Download the dragino image for RPI
194 194  
195 -[[image:1651744358515-107.png||height="366" width="581"]]
188 + Download PG1302_for_Rpi4_64_with_webui from
196 196  
190 + [[https:~~/~~/www.dropbox.com/sh/f6nbldh1qbspya5/AACgL6pDkwdBQO1BQqq_Nubwa?dl=0>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/f6nbldh1qbspya5/AACgL6pDkwdBQO1BQqq_Nubwa?dl=0]]
197 197  
198 -== 4.4 Access the WebUI of RPi4 ==
192 +4.2 Flash the image to SD card
199 199  
200 -=== 4.4.1 Home page ===
194 + Flash the image to SD card:
201 201  
196 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
197 +[[image:1651744119133-233.png||height="373" width="621"]]
202 202  
203 -(((
204 -Open a browser on the PC and type the RPI ip address **http:~/~/IP_ADDRESS ** (If the IP is assigned by the uplink router)
205 -You will see the login interface of RPI as shown below.
206 -The account details for Web Login are:
207 -)))
199 + [[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg]]Note: Download the flash tool following this link
208 208  
209 -(((
210 -**~ (% style="color:#0000ff" %)User Name: root(%%)**
211 -(% style="color:#0000ff" %)** Password:   dragino**
201 + [[https:~~/~~/www.balena.io/etcher/>>https://www.balena.io/etcher/]]
212 212  
213 -
214 -)))
203 +4.3 Access the Linux console.
215 215  
216 -[[image:1651744457761-993.png||height="352" width="621"]]
205 + Connect the RPI Ethernet port to your router, RPi will obtain an IP address from your router. In the router’s management portal, you should be able to find what IP address the  router has assigned to the RPI. You can use this IP to connect the WEB UI or SSH access of RPI.
217 217  
207 + Make sure your PC and the RPI is in the same network, then use a SSH tool (such as [[putty>>url:http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~~sgtatham/putty/download.html]]) to access it. Below are screenshots
218 218  
219 -=== 4.4.2 LoRa Page ===
209 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
210 +[[image:1651744193675-591.png||height="450" width="466"]]
220 220  
212 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg]]
221 221  
222 -This page shows the LoRa Radio Settings. There are a set of default frequency band according to LoRaWAN protocol, and user can customize the band* as well.
214 + The account details for Web Login are:
223 223  
216 +**~ User Name: root**
224 224  
225 -[[image:1651744554845-970.png||height="328" width="621"]]
218 +**~ Password:   dragino**
226 226  
227 227  
228 -Different PG1302 hardware version can support different frequency range:
221 +**~ Backup account**
229 229  
230 -* (% style="color:red" %)**868: valid frequency: 863Mhz ~~ 870Mhz. for bands EU868, RU864, IN865 or KZ865.**
231 -* (% style="color:red" %)**915: valid frequency: 902Mhz ~~ 928Mhz. for bands US915, AU915, AS923 or KR920**
223 +**~ Pi/dragino**
232 232  
233 -After user choose the frequency plan, he can see the actually frequency in used by checking the (% style="color:#037691" %)**page LogRead ~-~-> LoRa Log**
234 234  
235 -(% style="color:red" %)**Note *: [[See this instruction for how to customize frequency band>>doc:Main.How to customized LoRaWAN frequency band.WebHome]]**
226 + After log in, you will be in the Linux console and type command here.
236 236  
228 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
229 +[[image:1651744358515-107.png||height="366" width="581"]]
237 237  
238 -=== 4.4.3 LoRaWAN Page ===
231 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg]] 4.4 Access the WebUI of RPi4.
239 239  
240 -==== 4.4.3.1 Semtech UDP ====
233 + 4.4.1 Home page
241 241  
235 + Open a browser on the PC and type the RPI ip address
242 242  
243 -[[image:1651744767914-283.png||height="352" width="621"]]
237 + [[http:~~/~~/IP_ADDRESS** **>>url:http://192.168.1.xx/]] (If the IP is assigned by uplink router)
244 244  
245 245  
246 -(% style="color:red" %)**Note *: [[See this instruction for how to configure TTN>>doc:Main.Notes for TTN.WebHome]].**
240 + You will see the login interface of RPI as shown below.
247 247  
242 + The account details for Web Login are:
248 248  
249 -==== 4.4.3.2 Basic Station ====
244 +**~ User Name: root**
250 250  
246 +**~ Password:   dragino**
251 251  
252 -[[image:1651744890629-683.png||height="380" width="621"]]
248 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
249 +[[image:1651744457761-993.png||height="352" width="621"]]
253 253  
251 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.jpg]]
254 254  
255 -(% style="color:red" %)**Note *: [[See this instruction for how to configure AWS-loT-Core>>doc:Main.AWS IoT Core for LoRaWAN.WebHome]].**
253 +4.4.2 LoRa Page
256 256  
255 + This page shows the LoRa Radio Settings. There are a set of default frequency band according to LoRaWAN protocol, and user can customize the band* as well.
257 257  
258 -=== 4.4.4 LogRead ===
257 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
258 +[[image:1651744554845-970.png||height="328" width="621"]]
259 259  
260 -==== 4.4.4.1 LoRa Log ====
260 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg]]
261 261  
262 + Different PG1302 hardware version can support different frequency range:
262 262  
263 -[[image:1651744955955-452.png||height="571" width="621"]]
264 + ➢ 868: valid frequency: 863Mhz ~~ 870Mhz. for bands EU868, RU864, IN865 or KZ865.
264 264  
266 + ➢ 915: valid frequency: 902Mhz ~~ 928Mhz. for bands US915, AU915, AS923 or KR920
265 265  
266 -Show the frequency for LoRa Radio and traffics.
267 267  
269 + After user choose the frequency plan, he can see the actually frequency in used by checking the
268 268  
269 -==== 4.4.4.2 System Log ====
271 + page LogRead ~-~-> LoRa Log
270 270  
273 + Note *: See this instruction for how to customize frequency band
271 271  
272 -Show system log.
275 + [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Customized_Frequency_Band_for_Gateway>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Customized_Frequency_Band_for_Gateway]]
273 273  
274 -[[image:1651745003470-264.png||height="477" width="621"]]
275 275  
278 +4.4.3 LoRaWAN Page
276 276  
277 -==== 4.4.4.3 Record Log ====
280 + 4.4.3.1 Semtech UDP
278 278  
279 279  
280 -**Record the system log.**
283 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
284 +[[image:1651744767914-283.png||height="352" width="621"]]
281 281  
282 -[[image:1651745069814-662.png||height="144" width="621"]]
283 283  
287 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg]]
284 284  
285 -= 5. Install stand-alone LoRa Packet Forwarder =
289 + Note *: See this instruction for how to configure TTN.
286 286  
287 -== 5.1 Choose the right installation package for your OS ==
291 + [[https:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Notes_for_TTN>>url:https://wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Notes_for_TTN]]
288 288  
289 289  
290 -(((
291 -**draginofwd-32bit (RPI, Orange PI)**
294 +4.4.3.2 Basic Station
292 292  
293 -**Download URL:** https:~/~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/draginofwd-32bit.deb
296 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
297 +[[image:1651744890629-683.png||height="380" width="621"]]
294 294  
295 -**Linux Command:** wget https:~/~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/draginofwd-32bit.deb && dpkg -i draginofwd-32bit.deb
299 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.jpg]]
296 296  
301 + Note *: See this instruction for how to configure TTN.
297 297  
298 -**dragino-64bit (RPI, Orange PI)**
303 + [[https:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Notes_for_AWS-IoT-Core>>url:https://wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Notes_for_AWS-IoT-Core]]
299 299  
300 -**Download URL: **https:~/~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/draginofwd-64bit.deb
301 -)))
302 302  
303 -**Linux Command: **wget https:~/~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/draginofwd-64bit.deb && dpkg -i draginofwd-64bit.deb
306 +4.4.4 LogRead
304 304  
308 + 4.4.4.1 LoRa Log
305 305  
306 -**dragino-tiker-32bit (Tinker Board)**
310 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
311 +[[image:1651744955955-452.png||height="571" width="621"]]
307 307  
308 -**Download URL: **https:~/~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/draginofwd-tinker-32bit.deb
313 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.jpg]]
309 309  
310 -**Linux Command: **wget https:~/~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/draginofwd-tinker-32bit.deb && dpkg -i draginofwd-tinker-32bit.deb
315 + Show the frequency for LoRa Radio and traffics.
311 311  
312 312  
313 -**Install details:**
318 +4.4.4.2 System Log
314 314  
315 -[[image:image-20220928181226-1.png||height="218" width="1100"]]
320 + Show system log.
316 316  
322 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
323 +[[image:1651745003470-264.png||height="477" width="621"]]
317 317  
318 -RPI in this example is RPI model 4B with fresh Raspbian OS install.
319 319  
320 -(% class="box" %)
321 -(((
322 -**~ pi@raspberrypi:~~$ cat /etc/os-release
323 - PRETTY_NAME="Raspbian GNU/Linux 8 (jessie)"
324 - NAME="Raspbian GNU/Linux"
325 - VERSION_ID="8"
326 - VERSION="8 (jessie)"
327 - ID=raspbian
328 - ID_LIKE=debian
329 - HOME_URL="http:~/~/www.raspbian.org/"
330 - SUPPORT_URL="http:~/~/www.raspbian.org/RaspbianForums"
331 - BUG_REPORT_URL="http:~/~/www.raspbian.org/RaspbianBugs"**
326 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.jpg]]
332 332  
333 -
334 -)))
328 +4.4.4.3 Record Log
335 335  
336 336  
337 -== 5.2 Select the mode of connection to the server ==
331 +**Record the system log.**
338 338  
333 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
334 +[[image:1651745069814-662.png||height="144" width="621"]]
339 339  
340 -The Dragino LoRa Packet Forware supports the Semtech UDP and Basic Station mode.
336 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.jpg]]
341 341  
342 -The User can choose one of the methods as the connection mode.
338 +5. Install stand alone LoRa Packet Forwarder.
343 343  
340 + 5.1 OS requirement
344 344  
345 -**~1. Semtech UDP Mode  ~-~-> 5.2.1**
342 + RPI in this example is RPI model 4B with fresh Raspbian OS install.
346 346  
347 -**2. Basic Station Mode  ~-~-> 5.2.2**
344 + pi@raspberrypi:~~$ cat /etc/os-release
348 348  
346 + PRETTY_NAME="Raspbian GNU/Linux 8 (jessie)"
349 349  
350 -=== 5.2.1 Semtech UDP Mode ===
348 + NAME="Raspbian GNU/Linux"
351 351  
350 + VERSION_ID="8"
352 352  
353 -==== **a). Get a gateway EUI from the device ETH MAC.** ====
352 + VERSION="8 (jessie)"
354 354  
354 + ID=raspbian
355 355  
356 -In RPI, run the below command to get a Gateway ID
356 + ID_LIKE=debian
357 357  
358 -(% class="box infomessage" %)
359 -(((
360 -**~ ifconfig eth0**
361 -)))
358 + HOME_URL="http:~/~/www.raspbian.org/"
362 362  
363 -[[image:1651745210205-512.png||height="130" width="621"]]
360 + SUPPORT_URL="http:~/~/www.raspbian.org/RaspbianForums"
364 364  
362 + BUG_REPORT_URL="http:~/~/www.raspbian.org/RaspbianBugs"
365 365  
366 -(((
367 -(((
368 -We got the ether (eth0 MAC) address is b8:27:eb:49:62:bc). Add ffff at the end and remove “:” to get the gateway ID: b827ebxxxxbcffff.  Input this to TTN v3. Make sure to select legacy packet forwarder.
369 369  
365 +5.2 Get Gateway ID in Raspberry and input this in TTN v3.
370 370  
367 + In RPI, run below command to get a Gateway ID
371 371  
372 -==== **b). Input this Gateway EUI to the TTN-Stack** ====
369 + ifconfig eth0
373 373  
374 -
375 -)))
376 -)))
371 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
372 +[[image:1651745210205-512.png||height="130" width="621"]]
377 377  
378 -[[image:1651745267862-321.png||height="526" width="621"]]
374 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif]]
379 379  
380 -[[image:1651745306744-481.png||height="478" width="621"]]
376 + We got the ether (eth0 MAC) address is b8:27:eb:49:62:bc). Add ffff at the end and remove “:” to get the gateway ID: b827ebxxxxbcffff. Input this to TTN v3. Make sure to select legacy packet forwarder.
381 381  
378 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
379 +[[image:1651745267862-321.png||height="526" width="621"]]
382 382  
381 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.jpg]]
383 383  
384 -==== **c). After Register, the status should show not connected as below:** ====
383 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.jpg]]
385 385  
385 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
386 +[[image:1651745306744-481.png||height="478" width="621"]]
386 386  
388 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
387 387  [[image:1651745366987-458.png||height="363" width="621"]]
388 388  
391 +After set up, the status should show not connected as below:
389 389  
393 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.jpg]]
390 390  
391 -==== **d). Enable SPI and I2C on your device** ====
395 +5.2.1 Download and install LoRaWAN packet forwarder
392 392  
393 393  
394 -**the below example is using Raspberry 4B.**
398 + Enable SPI and I2C first:
395 395  
400 + a)SPI needs to be enabled on the Raspberry Pi
396 396  
397 -Run (% style="background-color:yellow" %) **sudo raspi-config**(%%) to open the config window
402 + Run sudo raspi-config to open the config window
398 398  
399 -[[image:1651745476754-240.png||height="234" width="629"]]
404 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
405 +[[image:1651745476754-240.png||height="235" width="631"]]
400 400  
401 401  
408 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
402 402  [[image:image-20220505181135-1.png]]
403 403  
411 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
412 +[[image:image-20220505181135-2.png]]
404 404  
405 -[[image:image-20220505181135-2.png||height="229" width="622"]]
414 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.jpg]]
406 406  
416 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.jpg]]
407 407  
408 408  
409 -==== **e). Access the root account:** ====
410 410  
411 -(((
412 -[[image:1651745583363-614.png||height="151" width="732"]]
413 413  
414 414  
415 -
416 -)))
422 + In RPI , Fist: Enter root account:
417 417  
418 -==== **f). Modify the configuration of FWD** ====
424 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
425 +[[image:1651745583363-614.png]]
419 419  
427 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.jpg]]
420 420  
421 -(((
422 -After installation, user can find the configuration file in** (% style="color:#0000ff" %)/etc/lora/ (%%)**Replace the gateway ID we got above to the (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**gateway_ID** (%%)in file (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**local_conf.json.**
423 -)))
429 + and then run:
424 424  
425 -(((
426 -The default LoRaWAN server points to localhost, user need to put the correct server address to the server_address field in file (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**local_conf.json**(%%), like below.
431 + wget [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/auto_install.sh>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/auto_install.sh]]
427 427  
433 + chmod +x ./auto_install.sh
428 428  
429 -the User can find the lora configuration directory in (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**/etc/lora/**(%%) there are the cfg-302 directory and the global_conf.json, and local_conf.json files.
435 + ./auto_install.sh
430 430  
431 -/etc/lora/
432 -├── cfg-302  ~-~--> global configuration file
433 -├── devskey  ~-~--> Database
434 -├── global_conf.json  ~-~--> Frequency plan for current applications
435 -└── local_conf.json  ~-~--> Local fwd configuration
437 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
438 +[[image:1651745611629-818.png]]
436 436  
437 -At default, the users need to change two configurations file: global_conf.json and local_conf.json.
440 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image050.gif]]
438 438  
442 + This will download the packet forwarder package from Dragino Server to RPI, and start install the package.
439 439  
440 -===== **1.) Configure gateway EUI and server address, port for fwd** =====
444 + You can get these output:
441 441  
442 -
443 -)))
446 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
447 +[[image:1651745657252-173.png||height="426" width="621"]]
444 444  
445 -[[image:1651745709709-887.png||height="820" width="621"]]
449 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image052.jpg]]
446 446  
451 +5.5.2 Config Gateway ID, Frequency Band and Server address
447 447  
448 -**Note: Users can find the TTN v3 server address from [[Server Addresses ~| The Things Stack for LoRaWAN (thethingsindustries.com)>>url:https://www.thethingsindustries.com/docs/getting-started/server-addresses/#deployments]]**
453 + After installation, user can find the configuration file in** /etc/lora/ **Replace the gateway ID we got above to the **gateway_ID** in file **local_conf.json**
449 449  
455 + The default LoRaWAN server points to localhost, user need to put the correct server address to the server_address field in file **local_conf.json**, like below.
450 450  
451 -===== **2). Override the global_conf.json file by selecting the appropriate frequency plan for your region in cfg-302** =====
457 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
458 +[[image:1651745709709-887.png||height="820" width="621"]]
452 452  
460 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image054.jpg]]
453 453  
454 -the default frequency band is US915 in the (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**global_conf.json**(%%) file.
462 + User can find the TTN v3 server address from:
455 455  
456 -[[image:1651745838008-820.png||height="650" width="621"]]
464 + [[Server Addresses ~| The Things Stack for LoRaWAN (thethingsindustries.com)>>url:https://www.thethingsindustries.com/docs/getting-started/server-addresses/#deployments]]
457 457  
458 458  
459 -If the user wants to change to other frequency bands, the User can copy the file from(% style="color:#0000ff" %)** /etc/lora/cfg-302**(%%) ** **and put it into** (% style="color:#0000ff" %)/etc/lora/global_conf.json(%%).**
467 + And the default frequency band is US915 in **global_conf.json** file.
460 460  
461 -**//eg: cp /etc/lora/cfg-302/EU-global_conf.json /etc/lora/global_conf.json //**
469 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
470 +[[image:1651745838008-820.png||height="650" width="621"]]
462 462  
472 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image056.jpg]]
463 463  
474 +* If user want to change to other frequency bands, User can copy the file from **/etc/lora/cfg-302 **and put it into** /etc/lora/global_conf.json.**
464 464  
465 -====== **Selecting the appropriate frequency plan for your region in cfg-302.** ======
476 + 1).Chose your need the name of region frequency.
466 466  
467 -[[image:1651745867516-322.png||height="83" width="740"]]
478 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
479 +[[image:1651745867516-322.png]]
468 468  
469 469  
470 -====== **Override the global_conf.json** ======
482 + 2). Use this command to copy it.
471 471  
472 -(% class="box infomessage" %)
473 -(((
474 -**cp /etc/lora/cfg-302/EU-global_conf.json /etc/lora/global_conf.json**
475 -)))
484 + cp /etc/lora/cfg-302/EU-global_conf.json /etc/lora/global_conf.json
476 476  
477 -[[image:1651745984006-868.png||height="87" width="745"]]
486 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
487 +[[image:1651745984006-868.png]]
478 478  
489 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image060.jpg]]
479 479  
480 -==== (% style="color:inherit; font-family:inherit; font-size:23px" %)**g). Running the Fwd Server**(%%) ====
491 +* If user wants to change to other LoRaWAN server, modify the **global_conf.json** file.
481 481  
493 +5.2.3 Check result
482 482  
483 -(((
484 -Run the below command to restart the dragino_fwd:
485 -)))
495 + Run below command to restart the dragino_fwd:
486 486  
487 -(((
488 -(% class="box infomessage" %)
489 -(((
490 -**sudo systemctl start draginofwd**
491 -)))
492 -)))
497 + sudo systemctl stop draginofwd
493 493  
494 -(((
495 -debug check the ruing status of fwd:
496 -)))
499 + sudo systemctl start draginofwd
497 497  
498 -(((
499 -(% class="box infomessage" %)
500 -(((
501 -**sudo systemctl status draginofwd**
502 -)))
503 -)))
501 + debug check the ruing status of fwd:
504 504  
505 -[[image:1651746045057-414.png||height="193" width="729"]]
503 + sudo systemctl status draginofwd
506 506  
505 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
506 +[[image:1651746045057-414.png]]
507 507  
508 -Wait for a few minutes, the gateway will be online/active on the TTN-Stack.
508 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image062.jpg]]
509 509  
510 + The dragino_fwd will start with the new gateway ID and TTN v3 should show the connection ok:
511 +
512 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
510 510  [[image:1651746078253-168.png||height="372" width="621"]]
511 511  
515 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image064.jpg]]
512 512  
513 513  
514 -Get the draginofwd real-time running log:
518 + We can check dragino_fwd running states in RPi by running:
515 515  
516 -(% class="box infomessage" %)
517 -(((
518 -**~ sudo journalctl -u draginofwd -f**
519 -)))
520 + sudo journalctl -u draginofwd -f
520 520  
521 -[[image:1651746111963-838.png||height="184" width="730"]]
522 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
523 +[[image:1651746111963-838.png]]
522 522  
525 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif]]
523 523  
524 524  
525 - If there are LoRaWAN nodes transmitting nearby, we can see the traffic in (% style="color:#037691" %)**TTN v3 –> Gateway ~-~-> Live data**
528 + If there are LoRaWAN nodes transmits nearby, we can see the traffic in TTN v3 –> Gateway ~-~-> Live data
526 526  
530 +(% style="text-align:center" %)
527 527  [[image:1651746139304-966.png||height="326" width="621"]]
528 528  
533 +[[image:file:///C:/Users/93456/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image068.jpg]]
529 529  
530 -==== **h). Commands to handle service** ====
535 +5.2.4 Commands to handle service
531 531  
532 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**Stop** (%%)dragino_fwd service:  sudo systemctl stop draginofwd
533 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**Disable**(%%) dragino_fwd auto run after boot: sudo systemctl disable draginofwd
534 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**Start** (%%)dragino_fwd : sudo systemctl start draginofwd
535 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**Auto run**(%%) dragino_fwd after boot:  sudo systemctl enable draginofwd
536 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**Show status** (%%)of dragino_fwd:  sudo systemctl status draginofwd
537 +* **Stop** dragino_fwd service:  sudo systemctl stop draginofwd
538 +* **Disable** dragino_fwd auto run after boot: sudo systemctl disable draginofwd
539 +* **Start** dragino_fwd : sudo systemctl start draginofwd
540 +* **Auto run** dragino_fwd after boot:  sudo systemctl enable draginofwd
541 +* **Show status** of dragino_fwd:  sudo systemctl status draginofwd
537 537  
538 -=== 5.2.2 Basic Station Mode. ===
543 +6. Order Info
539 539  
545 + Part Number: **PG1302-XX**  Or Part Number: **PG1302-PI-XX   **(Include RPi converter board for RPI 3/4)
540 540  
541 -==== **a). Get a gateway EUI from the device ETH MAC.** ====
547 +**~ XX:**
542 542  
549 +* 868 (For Bands: EU868,IN865)
550 +* 915 (For Bands: US915,AU915,AS923,KR920)
551 +* 470 (For Band: CN470)
543 543  
544 -In RPI, run the below command to get a Gateway EUI
553 +7. Packing Info
545 545  
546 -(% class="box infomessage" %)
547 -(((
548 -**~ ifconfig eth0**
549 -)))
555 +**~ PG1302 Package Includes**:
550 550  
551 -[[image:1651745210205-512.png||height="130" width="621"]]
552 -
553 -
554 -(((
555 -(((
556 -We got the ether (eth0 MAC) address is b8:27:eb:49:62:bc). Add ffff at the end and remove “:” to get the gateway ID: b827ebxxxxbcffff.  Input this to TTN v3. Make sure to select legacy packet forwarder.
557 -)))
558 -)))
559 -
560 -
561 -
562 -==== **b). Register the gateway with the Basic Station Mode on the TTN-Stack** ====
563 -
564 -
565 -[[image:image-20230329164417-5.png]]
566 -
567 -
568 -
569 -==== **c). Download the gateway API keys, and then upload them to the gateway.** ====
570 -
571 -
572 -[[image:image-20230329164704-6.png]]
573 -
574 -
575 -==== **d). The status Shows disconnect.** ====
576 -
577 -
578 -[[image:image-20230329165619-7.png||height="568" width="948"]]
579 -
580 -
581 -==== **e.) Uploda API keys into the gateway** ====
582 -
583 -
584 -the User can find the Basic Station configuration directory in (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**/etc/station/**(%%) there is the station.conf files, and ttnstack directory.
585 -
586 -//**directory tree:**//
587 -
588 -///etc/station/
589 -├── station.conf 
590 -└── ttnstack  ~-~--> ** ttnstack configuration file directory**
591 - ├── cups.trust  ~-~-->  ttnstack auth file
592 - ├── cups.uri  ~-~-->  ttnstack server URI file
593 - └── station.conf  ~-~-~-~-> backup configuration file//
594 -
595 -
596 -
597 -**and then upload the downloaded keys to this directory((% style="color:#0000ff" %)/etc/station/(%%))**
598 -
599 -eg:
600 -
601 -/etc/station/
602 -├── cups.key  ~-~--> uploaded by you
603 -├── lns.key  ~-~--> uploaded by you
604 -├── station.conf
605 -
606 -
607 -==== **f). Configure gateway EUI and server address** ====
608 -
609 -
610 -[[image:image-20230329195650-10.png]]
611 -
612 -
613 -After the user enters the correct parameters, the server will be run automatically
614 -
615 -
616 -Tree Directory:
617 -
618 -/etc/station/
619 -├── cups.key
620 -├── cups.trust
621 -├── cups.uri
622 -├── lns.key
623 -├── start-configure.sh
624 -├── station.conf
625 -└── ttnstack
626 - ├── cups.trust
627 - ├── cups.uri
628 - └── station.conf
629 -
630 -
631 -==== **g). Check station running log** ====
632 -
633 -
634 -tail -f /var/log/station.log
635 -
636 -
637 -[[image:image-20230329201624-11.png]]
638 -
639 -
640 -
641 -= 6. Add GPS support in PG1302 =
642 -
643 -The PG1302 supports GPS:
644 -
645 -[[image:image-20240118160132-1.png||height="270" width="338"]]
646 -
647 -
648 -* **The users can find the GPS device in Raspberry: /dev/ttyS0 or /dev/ttyAMA0**
649 -
650 - [[image:image-20240118160407-2.png||height="71" width="458"]]
651 -
652 -
653 -* **Check the GPS output: cat /dev/ttyS0**
654 -
655 - [[image:image-20240118160454-3.png]]
656 -
657 -
658 -* **Add the GPS to the Semtech UDP package forwarder configuration.**
659 -
660 - [[image:image-20240118160928-4.png||height="426" width="464"]]
661 -
662 -
663 -* **Test GPS function**
664 -
665 -**~ 1.) Stop IoT service: systemctl stop draginofwd**
666 -
667 -
668 -**~ 2.) Run the fwd command and check the output**
669 -
670 -
671 - [[image:image-20240118161109-5.png]]
672 -
673 -
674 -**~ 3.) Trouble Shooting:**
675 -
676 - If you get many WARNING outputs, which should be the GPS location is invalid, you need to adjust the GPS location, it is recommended to put it outdoors
677 -
678 -
679 - [[image:image-20240118161333-6.png]]
680 -
681 -
682 - The user can check the PG1302 board GPS LED status to check the location,
683 -
684 - GPS location is valid  ~-~--> GPS LED will light up
685 -
686 - GPS location is invalid ~-~--> GPS LED will light down
687 -
688 -
689 - [[image:image-20240118162033-7.png]]
690 -
691 -
692 -
693 -= 7. Trouble Shooting =
694 -
695 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
696 -7.1 Failed to start the concentrator how to debug
697 -
698 -
699 ---When the problem "failed to start the concentrator" occurs, the user needs to check whether the I2C and SPI are enabled,--
700 -
701 ---Users can enter the following command to check whether I2C is detected, and the detection of **"60"** is correct.--
702 -
703 -(% class="box infomessage" %)
704 -(((
705 ---**i2cdetect -y 1**--
706 -)))
707 -
708 -**Note: This method has been removed because the i2c had been removed on the latest PG1302.**
709 -
710 -
711 -
712 -Check whether the SPI path of the configuration file is correct,
713 -
714 -(% class="box infomessage" %)
715 -(((
716 -**cat /etc/lora/global_conf.json **
717 -)))
718 -
719 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
720 -[[image:image-20230518092732-2.png||height="378" width="691"]]
721 -
722 -
723 -
724 -= 8. Order Info =
725 -
726 -
727 -Part Number: (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**PG1302-XX**   (%%) Or  Part Number: (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**PG1302-PI-XX   **(%%)(Include RPi converter board for RPI 3/4)
728 -
729 -**~ (% style="color:#0000ff" %)XX:(%%)**
730 -
731 -* (% style="color:red" %)**868** (%%)(For Bands: EU868,IN865)
732 -* (% style="color:red" %)**915** (%%)(For Bands: US915,AU915,AS923,KR920)
733 -* (% style="color:red" %)**470** (%%)(For Band: CN470)
734 -
735 -= 9. Packing Info =
736 -
737 -
738 -(((
739 -**PG1302 Package Includes**:
740 -)))
741 -
742 -(((
743 743  * PG1302 x 1
744 744  * LoRa Antenna x 1
745 -)))
746 746  
560 +**~ PG1302-PI Package Includes**:
747 747  
748 -
749 -(((
750 -**PG1302-PI Package Includes**:
751 -)))
752 -
753 753  * PG1302 x 1
754 754  * LoRa Antenna x 1
755 755  * RPi3/4 converter PCB
756 756  * Screws to hole converter PCB on RPI.
757 757  
758 -**PG1302-PI Dimension and weight: **
567 +8. Reference
759 759  
760 -* Device Size: 18 x 8 x 4 cm
761 -* Weight: 150g
569 +* Datasheet, User Manual & Software Download:
762 762  
763 -= 10. Support =
571 + [[https:~~/~~/www.dropbox.com/sh/f6nbldh1qbspya5/AACgL6pDkwdBQO1BQqq_Nubwa?dl=0>>url:https://www.dropbox.com/sh/f6nbldh1qbspya5/AACgL6pDkwdBQO1BQqq_Nubwa?dl=0]]
764 764  
765 765  
766 -(((
767 -If you are experiencing issues and can't solve, you can send mail to [[support@dragino.com>>mailto:support@dragino.com]].
768 -)))
574 +9. Support
769 769  
770 -(((
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576 +* Support is provided Monday to Friday, from 09:00 to 18:00 GMT+8. Due to different timezones we cannot offer live support. However, your questions will be answered as soon as possible in the before-mentioned schedule.
577 +* Provide as much information as possible regarding your enquiry (product models, accurately describe your problem and steps to replicate it etc) and send a mail to
578 +
579 + [[support@dragino.com>>url:file:///D:/市场资料/说明书/LoRa/LT系列/support@dragino.com]]
580 +
581 +
582 +
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