Changes for page PG1302 -- LoRaWAN Concentrator User Manual
Last modified by Kilight Cao on 2024/06/22 10:43
Change comment:
There is no comment for this version
Summary
-
Page properties (3 modified, 0 added, 0 removed)
-
Attachments (0 modified, 0 added, 1 removed)
Details
- Page properties
-
- Title
-
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,1 @@ 1 -PG1302 - LoRaWAN Concentrator User Manual1 +PG1302 - Author
-
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,1 @@ 1 -XWiki. Edwin1 +XWiki.Xiaoling - Content
-
... ... @@ -1,11 +1,12 @@ 1 1 (% style="text-align:center" %) 2 -[[image:i mage-20220616085956-1.jpeg||height="609" width="609"]]2 +[[image:Main.User Manual for All Gateway models.WebHome@pg1302.jpg]] 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 +**PG1302 LoRaWAN Concentrator User Manual** 6 6 7 -**Table of Contents:** 8 8 9 + 9 9 {{toc/}} 10 10 11 11 ... ... @@ -14,20 +14,24 @@ 14 14 15 15 ))) 16 16 17 -= **1. Introduction**=18 +=== 1. Introduction === 18 18 19 -== **1.1 What is PG1302 LoRaWAN Concentrator?**==20 +==== 1.1 What is PG1302 LoRaWAN Concentrator? ==== 20 20 22 +((( 23 +The PG1302 is a multi-channel high performance transmitter/receiver designed to simultaneously receive several LoRa packets using random spreading factors on random channels. Its goal is to enable robust connection between a central wireless data concentrator and a massive amount of wireless end-points spread over a very wide range of distances. 24 +))) 21 21 22 -The PG1302 is a (% style="color:green" %)**multi-channel high-performance transmitter/receiver**(%%) designed to simultaneously receive several LoRa packets using random spreading factors on random channels. Its goal is to enable robust connection between a central wireless data concentrator and a massive amount of wireless end-points spread over a very wide range of distances. 26 +((( 27 +The PG1302 is design to use with Raspberry Pi to build smart metering fixed networks and Internet of Things applications with up to 5000 nodes per km2 in moderately interfered environment. 28 +))) 23 23 24 -The PG1302 is designed to use with Raspberry Pi to build smart metering fixed networks and Internet of Things applications with up to 5000 nodes per km2 in a moderately interfered environment. 30 +((( 31 +PG1302 is fully compatible with RPi3/4, users can use the pre-build OS from Dragino to set up and easy to use the module by Web UI. Or install the raw lorawan driver in the exist OS. 32 +))) 25 25 26 - PG1302is fully compatiblewith (% style="color:green" %)**RPi3/4 or Tinker Board**(%%), users can usethe pre-build OS from Dragino to set up and easyto use the module by Web UI. Or install the raw LoRaWAN driver in the existing OS.34 +==== 1.2 Features ==== 27 27 28 - 29 -== **1.2 Features** == 30 - 31 31 * Base on Semtech SX1302 solution 32 32 * Support Raspberry Pi 3B/3B+/4 33 33 * Up to -140dBm sensitivity ... ... @@ -35,33 +35,32 @@ 35 35 * Mini-PCIe Interface 36 36 * Converter board to support Raspberry Pi 37 37 43 +==== 1.3 General Interfaces ==== 38 38 39 -== **1.3 General Interfaces** == 40 - 41 -=== PG1302 Interface: === 42 - 43 43 * SPI interface for LoRa 44 44 * Power Input: 5v, 1A 45 45 * 1 x I-PEX for LoRa 46 46 49 +==== 1.4 Pin Mapping ==== 47 47 48 -== **1.4 Pin Mapping** == 49 - 50 50 [[image:1651743282627-547.png||height="402" width="425"]] 51 51 52 -== **1.5 LEDs** == 53 53 54 + 55 +==== 1.5 LEDs ==== 56 + 54 54 TX: Blink when transmit a packet 55 55 RX: Blink when receive a packet 56 56 Config: Always ON 57 57 58 58 59 -== **1.6 Power Consumption** == 60 60 63 +==== 1.6 Power Consumption ==== 64 + 61 61 TBD 62 62 63 63 64 -== **1.7 Applications**==68 +==== 1.7 Applications ==== 65 65 66 66 * Smart Buildings & Home Automation 67 67 * Logistics and Supply Chain Management ... ... @@ -70,42 +70,42 @@ 70 70 * Smart Cities 71 71 * Smart Factory 72 72 77 +=== 2. Example: Set up as LoRaWAN gateway. === 73 73 74 -= **2.Example:Setup asLoRaWAN gateway.**=79 +==== 2.1 System structure ==== 75 75 76 -== **2.1 System structure** == 77 - 78 - 79 79 This example is an example to show how to set up the PG1302 + RPi as a LoRaWAN gateway to use with [[TheThingsNetwork>>url:http://www.thethingsnetwork.org/]](TTN) LoRaWAN server. Set up method for other server are similar. 80 80 81 81 [[image:1651743698677-436.png||height="457" width="686"]] 82 82 83 83 84 -== **2.2 Hardware Installation** == 85 85 86 - (% style="color:red"%)**ImportantNotice: Please powerthe RPI with5V,3A cable.**87 +==== 2.2 Hardware Installation ==== 87 87 89 +**Important Notice: **Please power the RPI with 5V,3A cable. 90 + 88 88 [[image:1651743803032-803.png]] 89 89 90 90 91 -= **3. Install the software?** = 92 92 93 - Therearetwo ways to install the softwarein RPi4 to use PG1302.95 +=== 3. Install the software? === 94 94 95 -* Flash SD card with Dragino pre-build image which supports Web UI. 96 -* Install Lora packet forwarder in existing RPi OS. 97 +There are two ways to install software in RPi4 to use PG1302. 97 97 98 -= **4. Flash with pre-build image** = 99 +* Flash SD card with Dragino pre-build image which support Web UI. 100 +* Install lora packet forwarder in existing RPi OS. 99 99 100 -== **4.1Downloadthedraginoimagefor RPI**==102 +=== 4. Flash with pre-build image === 101 101 104 +==== 4.1 Download the dragino image for RPI ==== 105 + 102 102 Download PG1302_for_Rpi4_64_with_webui from 103 103 [[https:~~/~~/www.dropbox.com/sh/f6nbldh1qbspya5/AACgL6pDkwdBQO1BQqq_Nubwa?dl=0>>https://www.dropbox.com/sh/f6nbldh1qbspya5/AACgL6pDkwdBQO1BQqq_Nubwa?dl=0]] 104 104 105 105 106 -== **4.2 Flash the image toanSD card**==110 +==== 4.2 Flash the image to SD card ==== 107 107 108 -Flash the image to theSD card:112 +Flash the image to SD card: 109 109 110 110 [[image:1651744119133-233.png||height="373" width="621"]] 111 111 ... ... @@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ 114 114 [[https:~~/~~/www.balena.io/etcher/>>https://www.balena.io/etcher/]] 115 115 116 116 117 -== **4.3 Access the Linux console**==121 +==== 4.3 Access the Linux console ==== 118 118 119 119 Connect the RPI Ethernet port to your router, RPi will obtain an IP address from your router. In the router’s management portal, you should be able to find what IP address the router has assigned to the RPI. You can use this IP to connect the WEB UI or SSH access of RPI. Make sure your PC and the RPI is in the same network, then use a SSH tool (such as [[putty>>url:http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~~sgtatham/putty/download.html]]) to access it. Below are screenshots 120 120 ... ... @@ -122,51 +122,35 @@ 122 122 123 123 The account details for Web Login are: 124 124 125 -((( 126 -**~ (% style="color:#0000ff" %)User Name: root(%%)** 127 -))) 129 +**~ User Name: root** 128 128 129 -((( 130 -**~ (% style="color:#0000ff" %)Password: dragino(%%)** 131 -))) 131 +**~ Password: dragino** 132 132 133 -((( 134 - 135 -))) 136 136 137 -((( 138 -**~ (% style="color:#0000ff" %)Backup account(%%)** 139 -))) 134 +**~ Backup account** 140 140 141 -((( 142 -**~ (% style="color:#0000ff" %)Pi/dragino(%%)** 136 +**~ Pi/dragino** 143 143 144 - 145 -))) 138 +After log in, you will be in the Linux console and type command here. 146 146 147 -After logging in, you will be in the Linux console and type the command here. 148 - 149 149 [[image:1651744358515-107.png||height="366" width="581"]] 150 150 151 151 152 -== **4.4 Access the WebUI of RPi4.**==143 +==== 4.4 Access the WebUI of RPi4. ==== 153 153 154 -=== **4.4.1 Home page**===155 - 156 - OpenabrowseronthePCandtypetheRPIipaddress[[http:~~/~~/IP_ADDRESS** **>>url:http://192.168.1.xx/]] (If the IP is assigned bytheuplink router)145 +===== 4.4.1 Home page ===== 146 +Open a browser on the PC and type the RPI ip address 147 + [[http:~~/~~/IP_ADDRESS** **>>url:http://192.168.1.xx/]] (If the IP is assigned by uplink router) 157 157 You will see the login interface of RPI as shown below. 158 158 The account details for Web Login are: 159 159 160 -((( 161 -**~ (% style="color:#0000ff" %)User Name: root(%%)** 162 -(% style="color:#0000ff" %)** Password: dragino** 163 -))) 151 +**~ User Name: root** 152 +**~ Password: dragino** 164 164 165 165 [[image:1651744457761-993.png||height="352" width="621"]] 166 166 167 167 168 -=== **4.4.2 LoRa Page** === 169 - 157 +===== 4.4.2 LoRa Page ===== 170 170 This page shows the LoRa Radio Settings. There are a set of default frequency band according to LoRaWAN protocol, and user can customize the band* as well. 171 171 172 172 [[image:1651744554845-970.png||height="328" width="621"]] ... ... @@ -181,35 +181,41 @@ 181 181 182 182 page LogRead ~-~-> LoRa Log 183 183 184 -Note *: [[See this instruction for how to customize frequency band>>doc:Main.How to customized LoRaWAN frequency band.WebHome]]172 +Note *: See this instruction for how to customize frequency band 185 185 174 +[[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Customized_Frequency_Band_for_Gateway>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Customized_Frequency_Band_for_Gateway]] 186 186 187 -=== **4.4.3 LoRaWAN Page** === 188 188 189 -==== **4.4.3.1SemtechUDP**====177 +===== 4.4.3 LoRaWAN Page ===== 190 190 179 +====== 4.4.3.1 Semtech UDP ====== 180 + 191 191 [[image:1651744767914-283.png||height="352" width="621"]] 192 192 193 -Note *: [[See this instruction for how to configure TTN>>doc:Main.Notes for TTN.WebHome]].183 +Note *: See this instruction for how to configure TTN. 194 194 185 +[[https:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Notes_for_TTN>>url:https://wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Notes_for_TTN||style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"]] 195 195 196 -==== **4.4.3.2 Basic Station** ==== 197 197 188 +====== 4.4.3.2 Basic Station ====== 189 + 198 198 [[image:1651744890629-683.png||height="380" width="621"]] 199 199 200 -Note *: [[See this instruction for how to configureAWS-loT-Core>>doc:Main.AWS IoTCore for LoRaWAN.WebHome]].192 +Note *: See this instruction for how to configure TTN. 201 201 194 +[[https:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Notes_for_AWS-IoT-Core>>url:https://wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Notes_for_AWS-IoT-Core]] 202 202 203 -=== **4.4.4 LogRead** === 204 204 205 -==== **4.4.4.1LoRaLog**====197 +===== 4.4.4 LogRead ===== 206 206 199 +====== 4.4.4.1 LoRa Log ====== 200 + 207 207 [[image:1651744955955-452.png||height="571" width="621"]] 208 208 209 209 Show the frequency for LoRa Radio and traffics. 210 210 211 211 212 -==== **4.4.4.2 System Log**====206 +====== 4.4.4.2 System Log ====== 213 213 214 214 Show system log. 215 215 ... ... @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ 216 216 [[image:1651745003470-264.png||height="477" width="621"]] 217 217 218 218 219 -==== **4.4.4.3 Record Log**====213 +====== 4.4.4.3 Record Log ====== 220 220 221 221 **Record the system log.** 222 222 ... ... @@ -223,31 +223,36 @@ 223 223 [[image:1651745069814-662.png||height="144" width="621"]] 224 224 225 225 226 -= **5. Install stand-alone LoRa Packet Forwarder.**=220 +=== 5. Install stand alone LoRa Packet Forwarder. === 227 227 228 -== **5.1 OS requirement**==222 +==== 5.1 OS requirement ==== 229 229 230 230 RPI in this example is RPI model 4B with fresh Raspbian OS install. 231 231 232 -(% class="box" %) 233 -((( 234 - pi@raspberrypi:~~$ cat /etc/os-release 226 + pi@raspberrypi:~~$ cat /etc/os-release 227 + 235 235 PRETTY_NAME="Raspbian GNU/Linux 8 (jessie)" 229 + 236 236 NAME="Raspbian GNU/Linux" 231 + 237 237 VERSION_ID="8" 233 + 238 238 VERSION="8 (jessie)" 235 + 239 239 ID=raspbian 237 + 240 240 ID_LIKE=debian 239 + 241 241 HOME_URL="http:~/~/www.raspbian.org/" 241 + 242 242 SUPPORT_URL="http:~/~/www.raspbian.org/RaspbianForums" 243 + 243 243 BUG_REPORT_URL="http:~/~/www.raspbian.org/RaspbianBugs" 244 244 245 - 246 -))) 247 247 248 -== **5.2 Get Gateway ID in Raspberry and input this in TTN v3.**==247 +==== 5.2 Get Gateway ID in Raspberry and input this in TTN v3. ==== 249 249 250 -In RPI, run thebelow command to get a Gateway ID249 +In RPI, run below command to get a Gateway ID 251 251 252 252 (% class="box infomessage" %) 253 253 ((( ... ... @@ -257,10 +257,8 @@ 257 257 [[image:1651745210205-512.png||height="130" width="621"]] 258 258 259 259 ((( 260 -((( 261 261 We got the ether (eth0 MAC) address is b8:27:eb:49:62:bc). Add ffff at the end and remove “:” to get the gateway ID: b827ebxxxxbcffff. Input this to TTN v3. Make sure to select legacy packet forwarder. 262 262 ))) 263 -))) 264 264 265 265 [[image:1651745267862-321.png||height="526" width="621"]] 266 266 ... ... @@ -270,54 +270,51 @@ 270 270 271 271 [[image:1651745366987-458.png||height="363" width="621"]] 272 272 273 -=== 5.2.1 Download and install LoRaWAN packet forwarder === 274 274 271 +===== 5.2.1 Download and install LoRaWAN packet forwarder ===== 272 + 275 275 Enable SPI and I2C first: 276 276 277 277 a)SPI needs to be enabled on the Raspberry Pi 278 278 279 -Run (%style="background-color:#dcdcdc"%)**sudoraspi-config**(%%)to open the config window277 +Run sudo raspi-config to open the config window 280 280 281 -[[image:1651745476754-240.png||height="23 4" width="629"]]279 +[[image:1651745476754-240.png||height="235" width="631"]] 282 282 283 283 [[image:image-20220505181135-1.png]] 284 284 285 -[[image:image-20220505181135-2.png ||height="229" width="622"]]283 +[[image:image-20220505181135-2.png]] 286 286 287 -In RPI, Fist: Enter theroot account:285 +In RPI , Fist: Enter root account: 288 288 289 -((( 290 -[[image:1651745583363-614.png||height="151" width="732"]] 291 -))) 287 +[[image:1651745583363-614.png]] 292 292 289 + 293 293 and then run: 294 294 295 - (% style="background-color:#dcdcdc" %)wget [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/auto_install.sh>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/auto_install.sh]]292 +wget [[https:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/auto_install.sh>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/PG1302/software/auto_install.sh]] 296 296 297 - (% style="background-color:#dcdcdc" %)chmod +x ./auto_install.sh294 +chmod +x ./auto_install.sh 298 298 299 - (% style="background-color:#dcdcdc" %)./auto_install.sh296 +./auto_install.sh 300 300 301 -((( 302 -[[image:1651745611629-818.png||height="225" width="729"]] 303 -))) 298 +[[image:1651745611629-818.png]] 304 304 305 305 This will download the packet forwarder package from Dragino Server to RPI, and start install the package. 306 306 307 307 You can get these output: 308 308 309 -((( 310 310 [[image:1651745657252-173.png||height="426" width="621"]] 311 -))) 312 312 313 -=== 5.2.2 Config Gateway ID, Frequency Band and Server address === 314 314 307 +===== 5.2.2 Config Gateway ID, Frequency Band and Server address ===== 308 + 315 315 ((( 316 -After installation, user can find the configuration file in** (% style="color:#0000ff" %)/etc/lora/(%%)**Replace the gateway ID we got above to the(% style="color:#0000ff" %)**gateway_ID**(%%)in file(% style="color:#0000ff" %)**local_conf.json.**310 +After installation, user can find the configuration file in** /etc/lora/ **Replace the gateway ID we got above to the **gateway_ID** in file **local_conf.json.** 317 317 ))) 318 318 319 319 ((( 320 -The default LoRaWAN server points to localhost, user need to put the correct server address to the server_address field in file (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**local_conf.json**(%%), like below.314 +The default LoRaWAN server points to localhost, user need to put the correct server address to the server_address field in file **local_conf.json**, like below. 321 321 ))) 322 322 323 323 [[image:1651745709709-887.png||height="820" width="621"]] ... ... @@ -326,26 +326,32 @@ 326 326 327 327 [[Server Addresses ~| The Things Stack for LoRaWAN (thethingsindustries.com)>>url:https://www.thethingsindustries.com/docs/getting-started/server-addresses/#deployments]] 328 328 329 -And the default frequency band is US915 in (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**global_conf.json**(%%) file. 330 330 324 +And the default frequency band is US915 in **global_conf.json** file. 325 + 331 331 [[image:1651745838008-820.png||height="650" width="621"]] 332 332 333 -* If user want to change to other frequency bands, User can copy the file from (%style="color:#0000ff" %)****(%%) ****and put it into**(% style="color:#0000ff" %)/etc/lora/global_conf.json(%%).**328 +* If user want to change to other frequency bands, User can copy the file from **/etc/lora/cfg-302 **and put it into** /etc/lora/global_conf.json.** 334 334 335 335 1).Chose your need the name of region frequency. 336 336 337 -[[image:1651745867516-322.png ||height="83" width="740"]]332 +[[image:1651745867516-322.png]] 338 338 339 339 2). Use this command to copy it. 340 340 341 341 cp /etc/lora/cfg-302/EU-global_conf.json /etc/lora/global_conf.json 342 342 343 -[[image:1651745984006-868.png ||height="87" width="745"]]338 +[[image:1651745984006-868.png]] 344 344 345 -* If user wants to change to other LoRaWAN server, modify the (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**global_conf.json**(%%)file.340 +* If user wants to change to other LoRaWAN server, modify the **global_conf.json** file. 346 346 347 -=== 5.2.3 Check result === 342 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" %) 343 +((( 344 + 345 +))) 348 348 347 +===== 5.2.3 Check result ===== 348 + 349 349 ((( 350 350 Run below command to restart the dragino_fwd: 351 351 ))) ... ... @@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ 373 373 ))) 374 374 ))) 375 375 376 -[[image:1651746045057-414.png ||height="193" width="729"]]376 +[[image:1651746045057-414.png]] 377 377 378 378 The dragino_fwd will start with the new gateway ID and TTN v3 should show the connection ok: 379 379 ... ... @@ -384,67 +384,62 @@ 384 384 385 385 (% class="box infomessage" %) 386 386 ((( 387 - 387 + **// sudo journalctl -u draginofwd -f//** 388 388 ))) 389 389 390 -[[image:1651746111963-838.png ||height="184" width="730"]]390 +[[image:1651746111963-838.png]] 391 391 392 - If there are LoRaWAN nodes transmitting nearby, we can see the traffic in **TTN v3 –> Gateway ~-~-> Live data**392 + If there are LoRaWAN nodes transmitting nearby, we can see the traffic in TTN v3 –> Gateway ~-~-> Live data 393 393 394 + 394 394 [[image:1651746139304-966.png||height="326" width="621"]] 395 395 396 -=== 5.2.4 Commands to handle service === 397 397 398 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**Stop** (%%)dragino_fwd service: sudo systemctl stop draginofwd 399 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**Disable**(%%) dragino_fwd auto run after boot: sudo systemctl disable draginofwd 400 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**Start** (%%)dragino_fwd : sudo systemctl start draginofwd 401 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**Auto run**(%%) dragino_fwd after boot: sudo systemctl enable draginofwd 402 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**Show status** (%%)of dragino_fwd: sudo systemctl status draginofwd 398 +===== 5.2.4 Commands to handle service ===== 403 403 404 -= 6. Order Info = 400 +* **Stop** dragino_fwd service: sudo systemctl stop draginofwd 401 +* **Disable** dragino_fwd auto run after boot: sudo systemctl disable draginofwd 402 +* **Start** dragino_fwd : sudo systemctl start draginofwd 403 +* **Auto run** dragino_fwd after boot: sudo systemctl enable draginofwd 404 +* **Show status** of dragino_fwd: sudo systemctl status draginofwd 405 405 406 - Part Number: (% style="color:#0000ff"%)**PG1302-XX**(%%)OrPart Number:(% style="color:#0000ff" %)**PG1302-PI-XX **(%%)(Include RPi converter boardforRPI 3/4)406 +=== 6. Order Info === 407 407 408 -** ~(%style="color:#0000ff"%)XX:(%%)**408 +Part Number: **PG1302-XX** Or Part Number: **PG1302-PI-XX **(Include RPi converter board for RPI 3/4) 409 409 410 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**868** (%%)(For Bands: EU868,IN865) 411 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**915** (%%)(For Bands: US915,AU915,AS923,KR920) 412 -* (% style="color:#0000ff" %)**470** (%%)(For Band: CN470) 410 +**~ XX:** 413 413 414 -= 7. Packing Info = 412 +* 868 (For Bands: EU868,IN865) 413 +* 915 (For Bands: US915,AU915,AS923,KR920) 414 +* 470 (For Band: CN470) 415 415 416 +=== 7. Packing Info === 417 + 416 416 ((( 417 417 **PG1302 Package Includes**: 418 418 ))) 419 419 420 420 ((( 421 -((( 422 422 * PG1302 x 1 423 -* LoRa Antenna x 1 424 424 ))) 425 -))) 426 426 427 427 ((( 428 -**PG1302-PI Package Includes**: 429 -))) 430 - 431 -* PG1302 x 1 432 432 * LoRa Antenna x 1 433 -* RPi3/4 converter PCB 434 -* Screws to hole converter PCB on RPI. 435 - 436 -((( 437 -= 8. Support = 438 - 439 -((( 440 -If you are experiencing issues and can’t solve, you can send mail to 441 441 ))) 442 442 443 443 ((( 444 - [[support@dragino.com>>mailto:support@dragino.com]]431 +**PG1302-PI Package Includes**: 445 445 ))) 446 446 447 -((( 448 - Withyourquestion as detail as possible. We will reply and help you in the shortest.434 +* ((( 435 +PG1302 x 1 449 449 ))) 437 +* ((( 438 +LoRa Antenna x 1 450 450 ))) 440 +* ((( 441 +RPi3/4 converter PCB 442 +))) 443 +* ((( 444 +Screws to hole converter PCB on RPI. 445 +)))
- image-20220616085956-1.jpeg
-
- Author
-
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -XWiki.Xiaoling - Size
-
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -717.6 KB - Content