Changes for page LPS8N -- LoRaWAN Gateway User Manual

Last modified by Kilight Cao on 2024/05/18 14:36

From version < 156.21 >

edited by Xiaoling
on 2022/07/07 11:00

To version < 184.1 >

edited by Edwin Chen
on 2024/03/18 09:55

Change comment: There is no comment for this version

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Title

@@ -1,1 +1,1 @@
--LPS8N - LoRaWAN Gateway User Manual
++LPS8N -- LoRaWAN Gateway User Manual

Author

@@ -1,1 +1,1 @@
--XWiki.Xiaoling
++XWiki.Edwin

Content

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
--**Table of Contents：**
++**Table of Contents:**
  {{toc/}}
@@ -13,28 +13,21 @@
++= 1.  Introduction =
--
--
--
--
--
--(% style="color:inherit; font-family:inherit; font-size:29px" %)1.  Introduction
--
  == 1.1  What is the LPS8N ==
--
  (((
--The LPS8N is an (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**open source LoRaWAN Indoor Gateway**(%%). It lets you bridge LoRa wireless network to an IP network via WiFi, Ethernet, 3G or 4G cellular network. The LoRa wireless allows users to send data and reach extremely long ranges at low data-rates.
++The LPS8N is an (% style="color:blue" %)**open source LoRaWAN Indoor Gateway**(%%). It lets you bridge LoRa wireless network to an IP network via WiFi, Ethernet, 3G or 4G cellular network. The LoRa wireless allows users to send data and reach extremely long ranges at low data-rates.
  )))
  (((
--The LPS8N uses (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Semtech packet forwarder**(%%) & (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**LoRaWAN Station connection**(%%) and fully compatible with LoRaWAN protocol. It includes a (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**SX1302 LoRaWAN concentrator**(%%), which provides 10 programmable parallel demodulation paths.
++The LPS8N uses (% style="color:blue" %)**Semtech packet forwarder**(%%) & (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN Station connection**(%%) and fully compatible with LoRaWAN protocol. It includes a (% style="color:blue" %)**SX1302 LoRaWAN concentrator**(%%), which provides 10 programmable parallel demodulation paths.
  )))
  (((
--LPS8N has (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**pre-configured standard LoRaWAN frequency bands**(%%) to use for different countries. User can also (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**customized the frequency bands** (%%)to use in their own LoRa network.
++LPS8N has (% style="color:blue" %)**pre-configured standard LoRaWAN frequency bands**(%%) to use for different countries. User can also (% style="color:blue" %)**customized the frequency bands** (%%)to use in their own LoRa network.
  )))
  (((
@@ -41,11 +41,8 @@
  LPS8N can communicate with ABP LoRaWAN end node without LoRaWAN server. System integrator can use it to integrate with their existing IoT Service without set up own LoRaWAN server or use 3rd party LoRaWAN service.
  )))
--(((
--
--)))
--[[image:1656918270059-192.png]]
++[[image:image-20220826090251-1.png]]
  == 1.2  Specifications ==
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
  * Up to -140 dBm sensitivity
  * 70 dB CW interferer rejection at 1 MHz offset
  * Able to operate with negative SNR, CCR up to 9dB
--* Emulates 49 x LoRa demodulators and 1 x (G)FSK demodulator
++* 8 x 8 channels LoRa  packet detectors,8 x SF5-SF12 LoRa demodulators,8 x SF5-SF10 LoRa demodulators,125/250/500 kHz LoRa demodulator and 1 x (G)FSK demodulator
  * Dual digital TX & RX radio front-end interfaces
  * 10 programmable parallel demodulation paths
  * Dynamic data-rate (DDR) adaptation
@@ -104,10 +104,9 @@
  * Worldwide LTE,UMTS/HSPA+ and GSM/GPRS/EDGE coverage
  * MIMO technology meets demands for data rate and link reliability in modem wireless communication systems
--
--
  == 1.3  Features ==
++
  * Open Source OpenWrt system
  * Managed by Web GUI, SSH via WAN or WiFi
  * Remote access with Reverse-SSH or remote.it
@@ -122,15 +122,15 @@
  * Support LoRaWAN basic station.
  * Optional 3G/4G cellular connection
--
--
  == 1.4  Hardware System Structure ==
--[[image:1657079015096-949.png]]
++[[image:image-20220830153228-1.png]]
++
  == 1.5  LPS8N Applications ==
++
  [[image:1657079055940-721.png]]
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
  LPS8N has totally four LEDs, They are:
  * **Power LED **[[image:image-20220706115518-1.png||height="15" width="16"]] : This (% style="color:red" %)**RED LED**(%%) will be **solid on** if the device is properly powered.
--* **LoRa LED   **[[image:image-20220706115518-2.png||height="15" width="15"]] : This **RGB LED** will** (% style="color:green" %)blink GREEN(%%)** when LoRaWAN module starts or transmit a packet.
++* **Wireless LED** [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LG308N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220705165446-6.png?width=15&height=15&rev=1.1||alt="image-20220705165446-6.png" height="15" width="15"]]: No function yet.
  * **SYS LED    ** [[image:image-20220706115518-3.png||height="16" width="16"]] : This **RGB LED** will shows different colors on different state:
  ** (% style="color:blue" %)**SOLID BLUE**(%%): Device is alive with LoRaWAN server connection.
  ** (% style="color:blue" %)**BLINKING BLUE**(%%): a) Device has internet connection but no LoRaWAN Connection.  or   b) Device is in booting stage, in this stage, it will (% style="color:blue" %)**BLINKING BLUE**(%%) for several seconds and then with (% style="color:red" %)**SOLID RED**(%%) and (% style="color:blue" %)**BLINKING BLUE**(%%) together
@@ -148,10 +148,25 @@
  * **ETH LED    **[[image:image-20220706115518-4.png||height="15" width="17"]] :  This LED shows the ETH interface connection status.
++== 1.7 Button Instruction ==
++LPS8N has a black toggle button, which is:
++
++
++(% style="color:blue" %)**//➢ //Long press 4-5s:                     **(%%)the gateway will reload the Network and Initialize wifi configuration
++
++                                                      **LED status: ** SYS LED will BLINKING BLUE Until the reload is finished.
++
++
++(% style="color:blue" %)**➢ Long press more than 30s:    **(%%)the gateway will restart and restore factory settings.
++
++                                                     **LED status: ** When the user releases the button, the LED will TURN OFF.
++
++
  = 2.  Access and Configure LPS8N =
++
  (((
  The LPS8N is configured as a WiFi Access Point by factory default. You can access and configure the LPS8N after connecting to its WiFi network, or via its WAN Ethernet port.
  )))
@@ -161,35 +161,37 @@
  === 2.1.1  Connect via WiFi ===
++
  [[image:1657085974260-168.png]]
  At the first boot of LPS8N, it will auto generate a WiFi network called (% style="color:green" %)**//dragino-xxxxxx //**(% style="color:black" %)with password: (% style="background-color:yellow" %)dragino+dragino
++
  [[image:1652413127647-377.png]]
  (((
--User can use a PC to connect to this WiFi network. The PC will get an IP address 10.130.1.xxx and the DLOS8N has the default IP (% style="color:green" %)10.130.1.1
++User can use a PC to connect to this WiFi network. The PC will get an IP address 10.130.1.xxx and the LPS8N has the default IP (% style="color:green" %)10.130.1.1
--
  )))
  === 2.1.2  Connect via Ethernet with DHCP IP from router ===
++
  [[image:1657086105922-299.png]]
  (((
--Alternatively, connect the LPS8N Ethernet port to your router and DLOS8N will obtain an IP address from your router. In the router's management portal, you should be able to find what IP address the router has assigned to the LPS8N. You can also use this IP to connect.
++Alternatively, connect the LPS8N Ethernet port to your router and LPS8N will obtain an IP address from your router. In the router's management portal, you should be able to find what IP address the router has assigned to the LPS8N. You can also use this IP to connect.
--
  )))
  === 2.1.3  Connect via WiFi with DHCP IP from router ===
++
  [[image:1657086192720-649.png]]
@@ -196,15 +196,15 @@
  If the LPS8N already connect to the router via WiFi, use can use the WiFi IP to connect to LPS8N.
--
  === 2.1.4  Connect via Ethernet with fall back ip ===
--The WAN port also has a [[fall back ip address>>||anchor="H10.3A0IconfiguredLPS8NforWiFiaccessandlostitsIP.Whattodonow3F"]] for access if user doesn't connect to uplink router. Click [[here>>||anchor="H10.3A0IconfiguredLPS8NforWiFiaccessandlostitsIP.Whattodonow3F"]] to see how to configure.
++The WAN port also has a [[fall back ip address>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/#H11.3A0IconfiguredLPS8NforWiFiaccessandlostitsIP.Whattodonow3F]] for access if user doesn't connect to uplink router. Click [[here>>||anchor="H11.3A0IconfiguredLPS8NforWiFiaccessandlostitsIP.Whattodonow3F"]] to see how to configure.
  == 2.2  Access Configure Web UI ==
++
  **Web Interface**
  Open a browser on the PC and type the LPS8N ip address (depends on your connect method)
@@ -220,18 +220,18 @@
  The account details for Web Login are:
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**User Name: root**
++(% style="color:blue" %)**User Name: root**
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Password:   dragino**
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Password:   dragino**
  [[image:1652414287022-223.png]]
--
  = 3.  Typical Network Setup =
  == 3.1  Overview ==
++
  The LPS8N supports flexible network set up for different environments. This section describes the typical network topology. The network set up includes:
  * **WAN Port Internet Mode**
@@ -238,10 +238,9 @@
  * **WiFi Client Mode**
  * **WiFi AP Mode**
--
--
  == 3.2  Use WAN port to access Internet ==
++
  By default, the LPS8N is set to use the WAN port to connect to an upstream network. When you connect the LPS8N's WAN port to an upstream router, LPS8N will get an IP address from the router and have Internet access via the upstream router. The network status can be checked in the (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**home page**:
@@ -250,11 +250,13 @@
  == 3.3  Access the Internet as a WiFi Client ==
++
  In the WiFi Client Mode, LPS8N acts as a WiFi client and gets DHCP from an upstream router via WiFi.
  (((
  The settings for WiFi Client is under page (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**System~-~-> WiFi ~-~->  WiFi WAN Client Settings**
++
  [[image:1657088818095-182.png]]
  )))
@@ -267,6 +267,7 @@
  == 3.4  Use built-in 4G modem for internet access ==
++
  (((
  (((
  If the LPS8N has 3G/4G Cellular modem, user can use it as main internet connection or back up.
@@ -295,6 +295,8 @@
  (((
  While use the cellular as Backup WAN, device will use Cellular for internet connection while WAN port or WiFi is not valid and switch back to WAN port or WiFi after they recover.
++
++
  )))
  (((
@@ -304,6 +304,7 @@
  == 3.5  Check Internet connection ==
++
  In the (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**home**(%%) page, we can check the Internet connection.
  * GREEN Tick  [[image:1652436675869-206.png||height="14" width="15"]]  : This interface has Internet connection.
@@ -313,13 +313,14 @@
  [[image:1657091099235-452.png]]
--
  = 4.  Example: Configure as a LoRaWAN gateway =
++
  LPS8N is fully compatible with LoRaWAN protocol. It uses the legacy Semtech Packet forwarder to forward the LoRaWAN packets to server. The structure is as below.
++
  (((
--[[image:1657091257648-882.png]]
++[[image:image-20220826090251-1.png]]
  )))
  (((
@@ -327,33 +327,45 @@
  )))
--
  == 4.1  Create a gateway in TTN V3 Server ==
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Step 1: Get a Unique gateway ID.**
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1: Get a Unique gateway ID.**
++
++
  (((
  Every LPS8N has a unique gateway id. The ID can be found at LoRaWAN page:
++
++
  )))
  (((
  [[image:1657091583941-544.png]]
++
++
  )))
  The example gateway id is: (% style="color:green" %)**a840411e96744154**
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Step 2: Sign up a user account in TTN server**
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2: Sign up a user account in TTN server**
++
++
  [[**https:~~/~~/account.thethingsnetwork.org/register**>>url:https://account.thethingsnetwork.org/register]]
++
  [[image:1657091739530-531.png]]
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Step 3: Choose the TTNv3 Cluster Picker**
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 3: Choose the TTNv3 Cluster Picker**
++
++
  (((
  [[image:1657091719947-297.png]]
++
++
  )))
  (% style="color:red" %)**Note: Choose the cluster corresponds to a specific Gateway server address**
@@ -364,8 +364,8 @@
  * Australia 1 (% style="color:red" %)**corresponding Gateway server address: **(% style="color:black" %)au1.cloud.thethings.network
  * Legacy V2 Console : (% style="color:red" %)**TTN v2 shuts down in December 2021**
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 4: Create a Gateway**
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Step 4: Create a Gateway**
  [[image:1657091941182-367.png]]
@@ -382,7 +382,9 @@
  (((
--(% style="color:red" %)**Notice: **Gateway Server address must match the gateway configuration, otherwise you will have problem for End Node to join the network.
++(% style="color:red" %)**Notice: Gateway Server address must match the gateway configuration, otherwise you will have problem for End Node to join the network.**
++
++
  )))
  After creating the gateway, you can see the gateway info, as below.
@@ -392,6 +392,7 @@
  == 4.2  Configure LPS8N to connect to TTN v3 ==
++
  (((
  You can now configure the LPS8N to let it connect to TTN network V3.
  )))
@@ -401,19 +401,24 @@
  )))
  (((
--Choose the right server provider and click (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Save&Apply**
++Choose the right server provider and click (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Save&Apply.**
++
++
  )))
  [[image:1657094183213-301.png]]
--(% style="color:red" %)**Note: **The server address must match the Gateway server address you choose in TTN V3.
++(% style="color:red" %)**Note: The server address must match the Gateway server address you choose in TTN V3.**
++
  In the home page, we can see the LoRaWAN connection is ready now.
++
  [[image:1657094202420-798.png]]
++
  In TTN v3 portal, we can also see the gateway is connected.
  [[image:1657094221515-510.png]]
@@ -421,11 +421,14 @@
  == 4.3  Configure frequency ==
++
  We also need to set the frequency plan in LPS8N to match the end node we use, so to receive the LoRaWAN packets from the LoRaWAN sensor.
++
  [[image:1657094249818-468.png]]
++
  In logread page, user can check the frequency actually used.
   [[image:1657094333704-207.png]]
@@ -433,6 +433,7 @@
  == 4.4  Add a LoRaWAN End Device ==
++
  (((
  This section shows how to add a LoRaWAN End device to a LoRaWAN network and see the data from TTN web site.
  )))
@@ -443,8 +443,9 @@
  [[image:1652422794767-871.png]]
++
  (((
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Step 1**: (% style="color:black" %)Create a Device definition in TTN v3 with the OTAA keys from the example LT-22222-L IO Controller device.
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1**: (%%)Create a Device definition in TTN v3 with the OTAA keys from the example LT-22222-L IO Controller device.
  )))
@@ -459,12 +459,15 @@
  (((
  A set of these codes are stored in each device by the manufacturer as the default codes for that particular device. Each device is shipped with a sticker with the default Device EUI as shown below.
++
++
  )))
  [[image:1657094382177-591.png]]
++
  (((
--(% style="color:red" %)Note: You may be able to change these codes in a device by using a configuration facility on the device e.g. the LT-22222 uses a serial port access and a series of AT commands.  Changing the codes may be necessary in the case where you have to use codes assigned by a LoRa WAN server.
++(% style="color:red" %)**Note: You may be able to change these codes in a device by using a configuration facility on the device e.g. the LT-22222 uses a serial port access and a series of AT commands.  Changing the codes may be necessary in the case where you have to use codes assigned by a LoRa WAN server.**
  )))
@@ -475,6 +475,8 @@
  (((
  Select **Add Application** to open the screen below.
++
++
  )))
  [[image:1657094417175-831.png]]
@@ -515,11 +515,15 @@
  )))
  (((
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Step 2**: (% style="color:black" %)Power on LT-22222-L device and it will automatically join the TTN network. After joining successfully, it will start to upload messages to the TTN v3. Select the Live data tab and you will see the data appearing in the panel.
++(% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**:  (%%)Power on LT-22222-L device and it will automatically join the TTN network. After joining successfully, it will start to upload messages to the TTN v3. Select the Live data tab and you will see the data appearing in the panel.
++
++
  )))
  (((
--(% style="color:red" %)Note that it may take some time for the device data to appear in the TTN v3 display.
++(% style="color:red" %)**Note that it may take some time for the device data to appear in the TTN v3 display.**
++
++
  )))
  [[image:1657094791060-639.png]]
@@ -529,8 +529,10 @@
  == 5.1  Home ==
++
  Shows the system running status.
++
  [[image:1657094893942-726.png]]
@@ -538,6 +538,7 @@
  === 5.2.1  LoRa ~-~-> LoRa ===
++
  (((
  This page shows the LoRa Radio Settings. There are a set of default frequency band according to LoRaWAN protocol, and user can customized the band* as well.
  )))
@@ -552,16 +552,21 @@
  (((
++(((
  After user choose the frequency plan, he can see the actually frequency in used by checking the page (% style="color:green" %)**LogRead ~-~-> LoRa Log**
++
++
  )))
++)))
  [[image:1657094930903-357.png]]
--Note *: **[[See this instruction for how to customize frequency band>>doc:Main.How to customized LoRaWAN frequency band.WebHome]]**
++(% style="color:red" %)**Note *:** **[[See this instruction for how to customize frequency band>>doc:Main.How to customized LoRaWAN frequency band.WebHome]]**
  === 5.2.2  LoRa ~-~-> ABP Decryption ===
++
  The LPS8N can communicate with LoRaWAN ABP End Node without the need of LoRaWAN server. It can be used in some cases such as:
  * No internet connection.
@@ -569,6 +569,8 @@
  (((
  Detail of this feature: **[[Communication with ABP End Node>>doc:Main.Communicate with ABP End Node without LoRaWAN Network Server --- LG308.WebHome]]**
++
++
  )))
  [[image:1657095412271-942.png]]
@@ -578,10 +578,13 @@
  === 5.3.1  LoRaWAN ~-~-> LoRaWAN ===
--This page is for the connection set up to a general LoRaWAN Network server such as: [[TTN>>url:http://www.thethingsnetwork.org/]], [[ChirpStack>>url:https://www.chirpstack.io/]] etc
++This page is for the connection set up to a general LoRaWAN Network server such as: [[TTN>>url:http://www.thethingsnetwork.org/]], [[ChirpStack>>url:https://www.chirpstack.io/]] etc.
++
++
  [[image:1652423628833-467.png||height="357" width="755"]]
++
  (% style="color:red" %)**Note:**
  ~*: User can ignore the latitude and longitude settings here, LPS8N will use the actually value from GPS module.
@@ -591,18 +591,37 @@
  **See:** **[[Filter unwanted LoRaWAN packets>>doc:Main.Filter unwanted LoRaWAN packets.WebHome]]**
--=== 5.3.2  LoRaWAN ~-~-> Amazon AWS-IoT ===
++=== 5.3.2  LoRaWAN ~-~-> LoRaWAN ~-~- Basic Station ===
--[[image:1652428499323-384.png||height="275" width="723"]]
++[[image:image-20230406172421-1.png]]
++
++
  (((
--Please see this instruction to know more detail and demo for how to connect to **[[AWS-IoT LoRaWAN Core>>doc:Main.AWS IoT Core for LoRaWAN.WebHome]].**
++Please see this instruction to know more detail and a demo of how to connect to **[[AWS-IoT LoRaWAN Core>>doc:Main.AWS IoT Core for LoRaWAN.WebHome]].**
++
++The basic station mode support **TTN/AWS/Chirpstack/ThingPark/Senet** Platform.
++
++Instruction:
++
++         [[The Thing Network>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20TTN/#H3.A0GatewayRegistrationforBasicsStation]]
++
++         [[AWS-IoT LoRaWAN Core>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/AWS%20IoT%20Core%20for%20LoRaWAN/]]
++
++         [[Chirpstack>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20ChirpStack/#H3.A0GatewayRegistrationforBasicsStation]]
++
++         ThingPark
++
++         [[Senet>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Connection%20to%20Senet/#H3.A0SemtechBasicStation]]
++
++
  )))
  === 5.3.3  LoRaWAN ~-~-> LORIOT ===
++
  (((
  Settings to communicate to LORIOT LoRaWAN Network Server: [[https:~~/~~/www.loriot.io/>>url:https://www.loriot.io/]]
  )))
@@ -609,6 +609,8 @@
  (((
  Instruction: **[[Notes for LORIOT>>doc:Main.Notes for LORIOT.WebHome]]**
++
++
  )))
  [[image:1652428648903-878.png||height="266" width="731"]]
@@ -616,9 +616,14 @@
  == 5.4  MQTT Settings ==
++
++(((
  If end nodes works in ABP mode, user can configure LPS8N to transfer the data to MQTT broker,
++)))
++(((
  Instruction: **[[MQTT Forward Instruction>>doc:Main.MQTT Forward Instruction.WebHome]]**
++)))
  [[image:1652428705046-212.png||height="417" width="733"]]
@@ -628,22 +628,25 @@
  === 5.5.1  System ~-~-> System Overview ===
++
  Shows the system info:
--[[image:1657155158184-134.png]]
++[[image:image-20220826091810-6.png]]
  === 5.5.2  System ~-~-> General ( login settings) ===
++
  [[image:1657155183982-792.png]]
++
  (((
--**__System Password:__**
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**__System Password:__**
  )))
  (((
--There are two login for LPS8N: (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)root /dragino (% style="color:black" %)or (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)admin /dragino. (% style="color:black" %)Both root and admin has the same right for WEB access. But root user has also the right to access via SSH to Linux system. admin only able to access WEB interface.
++There are two login for LPS8N: (% style="color:blue" %)**root /dragino** (%%)or (% style="color:blue" %)**admin /dragino**. (%%)Both root and admin has the same right for WEB access. But root user has also the right to access via SSH to Linux system. admin only able to access WEB interface.
  )))
  (((
@@ -651,52 +651,54 @@
  )))
  (((
--**__Timezone:  __**Set device timezone.
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**__Timezone:  __**(%%)Set device timezone.
  )))
  (((
--**__Port forwarding:  __**Enable/Disable the HTTP and SSH access via WAN interface.
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**__Port forwarding:  __**(%%)Enable/Disable the HTTP and SSH access via WAN interface.
--
  )))
  === 5.5.3  System ~-~-> Network ===
++
  [[image:1657155288223-566.png]]
++
  (((
--**__LAN Settings:    __**When the LPS8N has the AP enable, LAN settings specify the network info for LPS8N's own network.
++(% style="color:#037691" %)**__LAN Settings:    __**(%%)When the LPS8N has the AP enable, LAN settings specify the network info for LPS8N's own network.
  )))
  (((
--__**WAN Settings:  **__Setting for LPS8N WAN port
++(% style="color:#037691" %)__**WAN Settings:  **__(%%)Setting for LPS8N WAN port
  )))
  (((
--__**WiFi Settings:   **__Setting for LPS8N WiFi IP when use it as WiFi Client
++(% style="color:#037691" %)__**WiFi Settings:  **__** **(%%)Setting for LPS8N WiFi IP when use it as WiFi Client
--
  )))
  === 5.5.4  System ~-~-> WiFi ===
++
  LPS8N WiFi Settings.
++
  [[image:1657155457089-430.png]]
--
  === 5.5.5  System ~-~-> Cellular ===
++
  While use the cellular as Backup WAN, device will use Cellular for internet connection while WAN port or WiFi is not valid and switch back to WAN port or WiFi after they recover.
  [[image:1657155507672-204.png]]
--(% style="color:red" %)Note *: For LPS8N which doesn't have the cellular module, this page will shows Cellular not detected.
++(% style="color:red" %)**Note *: For LPS8N which doesn't have the cellular module, this page will shows Cellular not detected.**
  === 5.5.6  System ~-~-> Network Status ===
@@ -705,31 +705,43 @@
  [[image:1657155554265-721.png]]
--
  === 5.5.7  System ~-~-> Remote Mgnt & Auto Provision ===
--Auto Provision is the feature for batch configure and remote management. It can be used in below two cases:(% style="display:none" %)
++Auto Provision is the feature for batch configure and remote management. It can be used in below two cases:
++
++
++[[image:image-20220707112053-4.png||height="451" width="995"]]
++
++[[image:image-20220707112053-5.png||height="453" width="1004"]]
++
++(% style="display:none" %)
++
  (% style="display:none" %) [[image:1657157402578-508.png||height="450" width="992"]]
  (% id="cke_bm_589629S" style="display:none" %) [[image:image-20220707092040-2.png||height="452" width="1002"]]
--[[image:image-20220707092040-3.png||height="449" width="956"]]
++[[image:image-20220826091725-5.png||height="479" width="1004"]]
--Please see this document for detail:(% style="display:none" %)
++(((
++Please see this document for detail:  [[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8N/Firmware/Application_Note/&file=Auto-update-feature.pdf>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Application_Note/&file=Auto-update-feature.pdf]]
++)))
--[[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8N/Firmware/Application_Note/&file=Auto-update-feature.pdf>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Application_Note/&file=Auto-update-feature.pdf]]
++(% style="display:none" %) (%%)
++(((
++R-SSH is for remote access device and management, introduction for how to use: [[Remote Access Gateway>>doc:Main.Monitor & Remote Access Gateway.WebHome]]
--R-SSH is for remote access device and management, introduction for how to use: **[[Remote Access Gateway>>doc:Main.Remote Access Gateway.WebHome]]**
++
++)))
  [[image:1652429624400-864.png||height="432" width="716"]]
--
  === 5.5.8  System ~-~-> Firmware Upgrade ===
++
  We keep improving the LPS8N Linux side firmware for new features and bug fixes. Below are the links for reference.
  * **Latest firmware**:  [[LoRa Gateway Firmware>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LG02-OLG02/Firmware/]],
@@ -747,19 +747,33 @@
  (((
  (% style="color:green" %)**Web~-~-> System~-~-> Firmware Upgrade**
++
++
  )))
  [[image:1657156052651-770.png]]
--Select the required image and click **Flash Image.** The image will be uploaded to the device, and then click **Process Update** to upgrade.
++(((
++Select the required image and click (% style="color:blue" %)**Flash Image.**(%%) The image will be uploaded to the device, and then click (% style="color:blue" %)**Process Update**(%%) to upgrade.
++)))
--(% style="color:red" %)**NOTE**: (% style="color:black" %)You normally need to **//uncheck//** the **Preserve Settings** checkbox when doing an upgrade to ensure that there is no conflict between the old settings and the new firmware. The new firmware will start up with its default settings.
++(((
++(% style="color:red" %)**NOTE**: (%%)You normally need to (% style="color:blue" %)**//uncheck//**(%%) the (% style="color:blue" %)**Preserve Settings**(%%) checkbox when doing an upgrade to ensure that there is no conflict between the old settings and the new firmware. The new firmware will start up with its default settings.
++
++
++)))
++
++(((
  The system will automatically boot into the new firmware after upgrade.
++
++)))
++
  [[image:1657156094153-520.png]]
++
  (% style="color:red" %)**NOTE***(%%): User can also upgrade firmware via Linux console
  SCP the firmware to the system(% style="color:green" %)**/var**(%%)** **directory and then run
@@ -772,12 +772,11 @@
  === 5.5.9  System ~-~-> Reboot/Reset ===
++
  [[image:1652430197132-330.png||height="256" width="724"]]
  (((
--
--
  )))
  === 5.5.10  System ~-~-> Package Maintain ===
@@ -785,10 +785,10 @@
  [[image:1657156199070-491.png]]
++
  Place to show what package has installed and possible to upgrade packages.
--
  == 5.6  LogRead ==
  === 5.6.1  LogRead ~-~-> LoRa Log ===
@@ -796,55 +796,138 @@
  Show the frequency for LoRa Radio and traffics.
++
  [[image:1657156300781-933.png]]
--
  === 5.6.2  LogRead ~-~-> System Log ===
++
  Show the system log
++
  [[image:1657156341198-226.png]]
--
  = 6.  More features =
  == 6.1  Packet Filtering ==
++
++(((
  Drop unwanted packets.
++)))
++(((
  See: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Filter%20unwanted%20LoRaWAN%20packets/>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Filter%20unwanted%20LoRaWAN%20packets/]]
++)))
  == 6.2  Remote Access ==
++
++(((
  Remote Access Devices for management.
++)))
--Instruction: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Remote%20Access%20Gateway/>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Remote%20Access%20Gateway/]]
++(((
++Instruction: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Monitor%20%26%20Remote%20Access%20Gateway/?Remote%20Access>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Monitor%20%26%20Remote%20Access%20Gateway/?Remote%20Access]]
++)))
  == 6.3  How to decode ABP LoRaWAN node ==
++
++(((
  Decode ABP:
++)))
++(((
  [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Communicate%20with%20ABP%20End%20Node%20without%20LoRaWAN%20Network%20Server%20~~-~~--%20LG308/>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Communicate%20with%20ABP%20End%20Node%20without%20LoRaWAN%20Network%20Server%20---%20LG308/]]
++)))
  == 6.4  How to set data to MQTT broker ==
++
++(((
  Only support ABP LoRaWAN End Node
++)))
++(((
  Instruction: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/MQTT%20Forward%20Instruction/>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/MQTT%20Forward%20Instruction/]]
--== 6.5  More instructions ==
++== 6.5  How the gateway connects to Chirpstack v3/v4 via gateway-bridge ==
++
++If the Chirpstack v3 Gateway-bridge is used, the corresponding gateway firmware must be used :
++
++[[Chirpstack-gateway-bridge/Chirpstack-Bridge-V3.14.6-Bridge~~-~~-build-v5.4.1679487778-20230322-2024/>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Release/Chirpstack-gateway-bridge/Chirpstack-Bridge-V3.14.6-Bridge--build-v5.4.1679487778-20230322-2024/]]
++
++Chirpstack v3 via gateway-bridge Instruction: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20ChirpStack/#H4.A0A0HowthegatewayconnectstoChirpstackv3viagateway-bridge>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20ChirpStack/#H4.A0A0HowthegatewayconnectstoChirpstackv3viagateway-bridge]]
++
++
++If the Chirpstack v4 Gateway-bridge is used, the corresponding gateway firmware must be used :
++
++[[Chirpstack-gateway-bridge/Chirpstack-Bridge-V4~~-~~-build-v5.4.1670655072-20221210-1452/>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Release/Chirpstack-gateway-bridge/Chirpstack-Bridge-V4--build-v5.4.1670655072-20221210-1452/]]
++
++Chirpstack v4 via gateway-bridge Instruction: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20ChirpStack/#H4.A0HowthegatewayconnectstoChirpstackv4viagateway-bridge>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20ChirpStack/#H4.A0HowthegatewayconnectstoChirpstackv4viagateway-bridge]]
++
++
++)))
++
++(% style="color:red" %)**Note**(%%): Different chirpstack versions use different gateway-bridge configurations.
++
++After updating the Chirpstack gateway-bridge firmware, there is no need to re-download and install the Chirpstack gateway-bridge package
++
++
++== 6.6 How to extend the gateway size of memory with USB device (SD/TF card, USB flash drive). ==
++
++
++USB card reader plugged into the USB port of the gateway
++
++
++Access the gateway Linux Command Line
++
++
++Check the USB device
++
++[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/DLOS8N/WebHome/image-20230425165308-2.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20230425165308-2.png" height="274" width="718"]]
++
++
++**Mount the USB device**
++
++(% class="box infomessage" %)
++(((
++**mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/**
++)))
++
++(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
++[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/DLOS8N/WebHome/image-20230425174131-4.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20230425174131-4.png"]]
++
++
++(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
++**Set up the automatic mount on boot**
++
++(% class="box infomessage" %)
++(((
++**sed -i  '3cmount \/dev\/sda1 \/mnt\/' /etc/rc.local **
++)))
++
++(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
++[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/DLOS8N/WebHome/image-20230425173831-3.png?width=833&height=105&rev=1.1||alt="image-20230425173831-3.png"]]
++
++
++== 6.7  More instructions ==
++
++
  [[LoRaWAN Gateway Instruction>>doc:Main.WebHome]](LoRaWAN Gateway)
--== 6.6  Auto-Provision ==
++== 6.8  Auto-Provision ==
++
  Auto Provision is the feature for batch configure and remote management. It can be used in below two cases:
  [[image:image-20220707092040-1.png||height="451" width="995"]]
@@ -851,16 +851,18 @@
  [[image:image-20220707092040-2.png||height="452" width="1002"]]
--[[image:image-20220707092040-3.png||height="449" width="956"]](% style="display:none" %)
++[[image:image-20220826091546-4.png]](% style="display:none" %)
--Please see this document for detail:
--[[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8N/Firmware/Application_Note/&file=Auto-update-feature.pdf>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Application_Note/&file=Auto-update-feature.pdf]]
++(((
++Please see this document for detail: [[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8N/Firmware/Application_Note/&file=Auto-update-feature.pdf>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Application_Note/&file=Auto-update-feature.pdf]]
++)))
  (% style="display:none" %)  (%%)
  = 7.   (% style="display:none" %) (%%)Linux System =
++
  The LPS8N is based on the OpenWrt Linux system. It is open source, and users are free to configure and modify the Linux settings.
  (% style="display:none" %) (%%)
@@ -867,6 +867,7 @@
  == 7.1  SSH Access for Linux console ==
++
  User can access the Linux console via the SSH protocol. Make sure your PC and the LPS8N are connected to the same network, then use a SSH tool (such as [[putty>>url:http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~~sgtatham/putty/download.html]] in Windows) to access it.
  IP address:  IP address of LPS8N
@@ -882,15 +882,16 @@
  [[image:1657158198733-338.png]]
--The “(% class="mark" %)**logread -f**(%%)” command can be used to debug how system runs.
++The “** (% style="background-color:yellow" %)logread -f(%%)**(% style="background-color:yellow" %)” (%%)command can be used to debug how system runs.
++
  [[image:1657158190234-805.png]]
--
  == 7.2  Edit and Transfer files ==
++
  (((
  The LPS8N supports the (% style="color:green" %)**SCP protocol** (% style="color:black" %)and has a built-in (% style="color:green" %)**SFTP server**. (% style="color:black" %)There are many ways to edit and transfer files using these protocols.
  )))
@@ -910,9 +910,9 @@
  [[image:1652431650755-450.png]]
--
  == 7.3  File System ==
++
  (((
  The LPS8N has a 16MB flash and a 64MB RAM. The /var and /tmp directories are in the RAM, so contents stored in /tmp and /var will be erased after rebooting the device. Other directories are in the flash and will remain after reboot.
  )))
@@ -928,6 +928,7 @@
  == 7.4  Package maintenance system ==
++
  LPS8N uses the OpenWrt [[**OPKG package maintenance system**>>https://oldwiki.archive.openwrt.org/doc/techref/opkg]]. There are more than 3000+ packages available in our package server for users to install for their applications. For example, if you want to add the **//iperf //** tool, you can install the related packages and configure LPS8N to use **//iperf //**.
  (((
@@ -980,12 +980,12 @@
  (((
  (% style="background-color:#dcdcdc" %)//Configuring iperf.//
--
  )))
  = 8.  Upgrade Linux Firmware =
++
  We keep improving the LPS8N Linux side firmware for new features and bug fixes. Below are the links for reference.
  * **Latest firmware**:  [[LoRa Gateway Firmware>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LG02-OLG02/Firmware/]],
@@ -997,11 +997,14 @@
  ( [[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/LPS8N/Firmware/ChangeLog>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/LIG16/Firmware/ChangeLog]] )
++(((
  The file named as (% style="color:green" %)** xxxxx–xxxxx-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin **(%%)is the upgrade Image. There are different methods to upgrade, as below.
++)))
  == 8.1  Upgrade via Web UI ==
++
  (((
  Go to the page: (% style="color:green" %)**Web ~-~-> System ~-~-> Firmware Upgrade**
  )))
@@ -1012,12 +1012,14 @@
  (((
--(% style="color:red" %)**NOTE**(%%): You normally need to **//uncheck//** the //**Preserve Settings**// checkbox when doing an upgrade to ensure that there is no conflict between the old settings and the new firmware. The new firmware will start up with its default settings.
++(% style="color:red" %)**NOTE**(%%): You normally need to (% style="color:blue" %)**//uncheck//**(%%) the (% style="color:blue" %)//**Preserve Settings**//(%%) checkbox when doing an upgrade to ensure that there is no conflict between the old settings and the new firmware. The new firmware will start up with its default settings.
  )))
  (((
  The system will automatically boot into the new firmware after upgrade.
++
++
  )))
  [[image:1657158986600-386.png]]
@@ -1025,6 +1025,7 @@
  == 8.2  Upgrade via Linux console ==
++
  (((
  SCP the firmware to the system** (% style="color:green" %)/var(%%)** directory and then run
  )))
@@ -1039,13 +1039,19 @@
  )))
++= 9.  OTA System Update =
--= 9.  FAQ =
--== 9.1  How can I configure for a customized frequency band? ==
++LPS8N supports system auto update via OTA, please see **[[this URL>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/OTA%20Update/]]** for the detail of this feature.
++
++= 10.  FAQ =
++
++== 10.1  How can I configure for a customized frequency band? ==
++
++
  (((
--See below link for how to customize frequency band: **[[How to customized LoRaWAN frequency band>>doc:Main.How to customized LoRaWAN frequency band.WebHome]]**
++See below link for how to customize frequency band: [[How to customized LoRaWAN frequency band>>doc:Main.How to customized LoRaWAN frequency band.WebHome]]
  )))
  (((
@@ -1052,8 +1052,9 @@
  )))
--== 9.2  Can I make my own firmware for the gateway, where can I find the source code? ==
++== 10.2  Can I make my own firmware for the gateway, where can I find the source code? ==
++
  (((
  Yes, You can make your own firmware for the LPS8N for branding purposes or to add customized applications.
  )))
@@ -1066,15 +1066,24 @@
  )))
--== 9.3  Can I use 868Mhz version for 915Mhz bands? ==
++== 10.3  Can I use 868Mhz version for 915Mhz bands? ==
++
  It is possible but the distance will be very short, you can select US915 frequency band in 868Mhz version hardware. It will work but you will see the performance is greatly decreased because the 868Mhz version has an RF filter for band 863~~870Mhz, all other frequencies will have high attenuation.
--= 10.  Trouble Shooting =
++== 10.4 DIN Rail Mounting Reference. ==
--== 10.1  I get kernel error when install new package, how to fix? ==
++[[image:image-20240318095136-1.jpeg||height="785" width="785"]]
++[[image:image-20240318095410-2.png||height="179" width="402"]]
++
++
++= 11.  Trouble Shooting =
++
++== 11.1  I get kernel error when install new package, how to fix? ==
++
++
  In some cases, when installing a package with **//opkg//**, it will generate a kernel error such as below due to a mismatch I the kernel ID:
  (% style="background-color:yellow" %)root@dragino-16c538:~~# opkg install kmod-dragino2-si3217x_3.10.49+0.2-1_ar71xx.ipk
@@ -1096,10 +1096,11 @@
  (% style="background-color:yellow" %)Opkg install kmod-dragino2-si3217x_3.10.49+0.2-1_ar71xx.ipk –force-depends
--== 10.2  How to recover the LPS8N if the firmware crashes ==
++== 11.2  How to recover the LPS8N if the firmware crashes ==
++
  (((
--Please follow this instruction to recover your gateway:  **[[Recover Gateway>>doc:Main.How to Recover Gateway if can't access it.WebHome]]**
++Please follow this instruction to recover your gateway:  [[Recover Gateway>>doc:Main.How to Recover Gateway if can't access it.WebHome]]
  )))
  (((
@@ -1106,37 +1106,41 @@
  )))
--== 10.3  I configured LPS8N for WiFi access and lost its IP. What to do now? ==
++== 11.3  I configured LPS8N for WiFi access and lost its IP. What to do now? ==
--[[image:1657159323292-776.png]]
++[[image:image-20231116112906-1.png]]
++
  (((
  The LPS8N has a fall-back IP address on its WAN port. This IP is always enabled so you can use the fall-back IP to access LPS8N no matter what the WiFi IP is. The fall back IP is useful for connecting and debug the unit.
  )))
--(% style="color:red" %)Note: fallback IP can be disabled in the WAN and DHCP page.
++(% style="color:red" %)**Note: fallback IP can be disabled in the WAN and DHCP page.**
--Steps to connect via fall back IP:
++**Steps to connect via fall back IP:**
--~1. Connect PC's Ethernet port to LG01's WAN port
++~1. Connect PC's Ethernet port to LPS8N's WAN port
 . Configure PC's Ethernet port has
      IP: 172.31.255.253 and
      Netmask: 255.255.255.252
++
  As below photo:
  [[image:1652435256286-879.png]]
++
 . In the PC, use IP address 172.31.255.254 to access the LPS8N via Web or Console.
  Please note the latest firmware uses port 8000 for http and 2222 for ssh access.
--== 10.4  I connect to the LPS8N's SSID but LPS8N didn't assign DHCP IP to my laptop? ==
++== 11.4  I connect to the LPS8N's SSID but LPS8N didn't assign DHCP IP to my laptop? ==
++
  (((
  This is a known bug for the firmware version before 2019-09-23 for LPS, the issue was fixed since version: LG02_LG08~-~-build-v5.2.1569218466-20190923-1402.
  )))
@@ -1146,35 +1146,34 @@
  )))
--= 11.  Order Info =
++= 12.  Order Info =
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**//PART: LPS8N-XXX-YYY//: **
++**PART: (% style="color:blue" %)LPS8N-XXX-YYY: (%%)**
++(% style="color:blue" %) **XXX:**(%%)** Frequency Band**
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %) **//XXX: Frequency Band//**
--
  * (% style="color:red" %)** 868**(% style="color:black" %) : valid frequency: 863Mhz ~~ 870Mhz. for bands EU868, RU864, IN865 or KZ865.
  * (% style="color:red" %)** 915**(% style="color:black" %): valid frequency: 902Mhz ~~ 928Mhz. for bands US915, AU915, AS923 or KR920
++(% style="color:blue" %) **YYY:**(%%)** 4G Cellular Option**
--(% style="color:#4f81bd" %) **//YYY: 4G Cellular Option//**
++* (% style="color:red" %)**EC25-E**(% style="color:black" %):      EMEA, Korea, Thailand, India.
++* (% style="color:red" %)**EC25-AFX**(% style="color:black" %): America:Verizon, AT&T(FirstNet), U.S.Cellular; Canada:Telus
++* (% style="color:red" %)**EC25-AUX**(% style="color:black" %): Latin America, New Zeland, Taiwan
++* (% style="color:red" %)**EC25-J**(% style="color:black" %):       Japan, DOCOMO, SoftBank, KDDI
--* (% style="color:red" %)** EC25-E**(% style="color:black" %): EMEA, Korea, Thailand, India.
--* (% style="color:red" %)** EC25-A**(% style="color:black" %): North America/ Rogers/AT&T/T-Mobile.
--* (% style="color:red" %)** EC25-AU**(% style="color:black" %): Latin America, New Zeland, Taiwan
--* (% style="color:red" %)** EC25-J**(% style="color:black" %): Japan, DOCOMO/SoftBank/ KDDI
--
  More info about valid bands, please see [[EC25-E product page>>url:https://www.quectel.com/product/ec25.htm]].
--= 12.  Packing Info =
++= 13.  Packing Info =
++
  (((
  **Package Includes**:
  )))
--* DLOS8N LoRaWAN Gateway x 1
++* LPS8N LoRaWAN Gateway x 1
  * Stick Antenna for LoRa RF part. Frequency is one of 470 or 868 or 915Mhz depends the model ordered
  * Packaging with environmental protection paper box
@@ -1187,12 +1187,12 @@
  * Package Size: 14.5 x 13.5 x 6 cm
  * Weight: 300g
++= 14.  Support =
--
--= 13.  Support =
--
  * Try to see if your questions already answered in the [[wiki>>doc:Main.WebHome]].
  * Support is provided Monday to Friday, from 09:00 to 18:00 GMT+8.
  Due to different timezones we cannot offer live support. However, your questions will be answered as soon as possible in the before mentioned schedule.
  * Provide as much information as possible regarding your enquiry (product models, accurately describe your problem and steps to replicate it etc) and send a mail to:[[support@dragino.com>>url:file:///C:/Users/11315/Documents/D:/Projects/LoRa%20Product%20Line/LG308%20Picocell%20Gateway/LG308/LG308%20%25E8%25AF%25B4%25E6%2598%258E%25E4%25B9%25A6/support@dragino.com]]
++
++

image-20220707112053-4.png

Author

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Changes for page LPS8N -- LoRaWAN Gateway User Manual

Summary

Details

Applications

Navigation