Notes for ChirpStack

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**~ Table of Contents:**

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= 1. Introduction =

(% style="color:black" %)The ChirpStack open-source LoRaWAN Network Server stack provides open-source components for LoRaWAN networks And the Chirpstack supports the users in building a private LoRaWAN Server. For more info please refer to this [[link>>url:https://www.chirpstack.io/]]

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(% style="color:black" %)The dragino gateway can connect the ChirpStack server via Semtech UDP or Semtech Basic Station.

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(% style="color:blue" %)**Prerequisite:**

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**1) Have a Chirstack Server.**

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[[image:image-20220525100058-1.png]]

ChirpStack home page

**2) Gateway model support**

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Semtech UDP : **All Model**

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Basic Station : [[LIG16>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/171-lig16.html]], [[LG308>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/140-lg308.html]], [[DLOS8>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/160-dlos8.html]] [[LPS8>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/148-lps8.html]]

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(% style="color:red" %)**Note** (%%): the firmware needs >[[lgw~~-~~-build-v5.4.1640315898>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Release/]] if use the Bais station

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= 2. Semtech UDP =

== 2.1 Step 1. Add the Network-servers ==

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The network-Servers address varies depending on the ChirpStack server setup environment

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Windows ~-~-> Network-server server * : localhost:8000

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Linux ~-~-> Network-server server * : chirpstack-network-server:8000

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(% style="color:red" %)**If the user cannot add network-Servers, re-check the ChirpStack code or the server building process.**

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[[image:image-20220531171609-1.png]]

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Add the Network-servers

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== 2.2 Step 2. Create Gateway-profiles ==

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[[image:image-20220531171651-2.png]]

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Create Gateway-profiles

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== 2.3 Step 3. Create Service-profiles ==

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[[image:image-20220531171809-3.png]]

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Create Service-profiles

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In Step 3. Create Service-profiles, the above parameters can be set. If necessary, you can set them by yourself. This is only an example.

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(% style="color:red" %)**Note : Before add the gateway, the user needs to complete the preceding three steps.**

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If the user has completed the preceding steps, proceed to the next step.(% style="display:none" %)

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== 2.4 Step 4. Add the gateway ==

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The example gateway id is: a840411e96744150

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(% style="color:red" %)**Note : The Gateway EUI and server addresses must match the ChirpStack configuration.**

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[[image:image-20220531171923-4.png]](% style="display:none" %)

Add the gateway

[[image:image-20220531172031-5.png]]

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Configure the gateway

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== 2.5 Step 5. Checking gateway Status ==

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[[image:image-20220531172158-6.png]](% style="display:none" %)

gateway Status

[[image:image-20220531172304-7.png]]

gateway Status

= 3. Gateway Registration for Basics Station =

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== 3.1 Introduction ==

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The [[Semtech Basic Station>>url:https://doc.sm.tc/station/]] backend implements the [[LNS protocol>>url:https://doc.sm.tc/station/tcproto.html]]. It exposes a WebSocket handler to which Basic Station powered gateways can connect.

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ChirpStack Open-Source LoRaWAN® Network Server needs to set up a configuration that can use Semtech BasicStation.

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(% style="color:blue" %)**Below list the support products and Requirements:**

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1. LoRaWAN Gateway model: [[LIG16>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/171-lig16.html]], [[LG308>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/140-lg308.html]], [[DLOS8>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/160-dlos8.html]] ,[[LPS8>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/148-lps8.html]]

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1. Firmware version since :[[lgw~~-~~-build-v5.4.1651822913>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Test_Firmware/lgw--build-v5.4.1651822913-20220506-1543/]]

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(% style="color:blue" %)**How to set up chirpStack Basic Station**

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Users can check out the ChirpStack Basic Station [[link>>https://www.chirpstack.io/gateway-bridge/backends/basic-station/]] and [[forum>>https://forum.chirpstack.io/search?q=basic%20station]]

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(% style="color:blue" %)**What do you need to prepare**

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A gateway that can access the internet normally

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== 3.2 Add Gateway ==

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[[image:image-20220524164205-10.png]]

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== 3.3 Access the gateway GUI ==

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Access the gateway GUI interface of LoRaWAN~-~->LoRaWAN ~-~- Basic Station

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[[image:image-20220524164319-11.png]]

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User need to Choose the ChirpStack/Senet ~-~- Basic Station , input Server URI and Upload the TLS Certificate

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Service Provider ~-~-> Choose the ChirpStack/Senet ~-~- Basic Station

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LNS URI ~-~-> Enter the LNS URI address, For example : wss:~/~/xxxx.chirpstack.com:433 or ws:~/~/xxxx.chirpstack.com:3001

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LNS TLS trust ~-~-> Upload the TLS Certificate

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(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)

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[[image:image-20220524164341-12.png]]

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== 3.4 Start Station ==

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When the user has finished the configuration, Please click **Sace&Apply** to start station to connect ChirpStack.

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== 3.5 Successful Connection ==

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If user completes the above steps, which will see live date in the ChirpStack.

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[[image:image-20220524164448-13.png]]

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== 3.6 Trouble Shooting ==

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User can check the station log in the logread/system log page.

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[[image:image-20220531172837-8.png]]

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and recode the station log in the system/Recode log page.

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[[image:image-20220531172857-9.png]]

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= 4. How the gateway connects to Chirpstack v3 via gateway-bridge =

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(% style="color:blue" %)**Below list the support products and Requirements:**

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1. LoRaWAN Gateway model: [[LIG16>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/171-lig16.html]], [[LG308>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/140-lg308.html]], [[DLOS8>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/160-dlos8.html]] ,[[LPS8>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/148-lps8.html]],[[LPS8N>>url:https://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/200-lps8n.html]],[[LG308N>>url:https://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/229-lg308n.html]],[[DLOS8N>>url:https://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/225-dlos8n.html]]

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1. Firmware version since: [[Chirpstack-Bridge-V3.14.6>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Release/Chirpstack-gateway-bridge/Chirpstack-Bridge-V3.14.6-Bridge--build-v5.4.1679487778-20230322-2024/]]

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(% style="color:blue" %)**How to set up chirpStack Gateway-bridge**

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Users can check out the ChirpStack gateway-bridge v3 [[link>>https://www.chirpstack.io/gateway-bridge/gateway/dragino/]]

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(% style="color:blue" %)**What do you need to prepare**

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A gateway that can access the internet normally

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The following example does not have configuration certificates:

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== 4.1 Configure Packet Forwarder ==

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In the Dragino gateway web interface, you need to configure the Packet Forwarder so that it forwards its data to the port. localhost:1700 or 127.0.0.1:1700

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* In the (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN** (%%)menu, click on (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN ~-~- Semtech UDP**

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* Make sure the following settings are set:

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** **Service Provider:** //~-~-Custom/Private LoRaWAN~-~-//

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** **LoRaWAN Server Address:** //localhost or 127.0.0.1//

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** **Server port for upstream:** //1700//

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** **Server port for downstream:** //1700//

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Click (% style="color:blue" %)**Save & Apply**.

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[[image:image-20221222114220-2.png||height="748" width="931"]]

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== 4.2 Configuring gateway frequency ==

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(% style="color:red" %)**Note: Gateway frequencies must match**

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[[image:image-20221222134830-3.png||height="408" width="923"]]

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== 4.3 Generate and modify the gateway-bridge configuration file ==

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**1）Generate the gateway-bridge configuration file**

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By default, the configuration file is not up-to-date,so the user needs to rebuild the gateway-bridge configuration file.

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Users need to access the command line of the gateway through SSH,Then type the following command:

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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/opt/chirpstack-gateway-bridge/chirpstack-gateway-bridge configfile > /etc/chirpstack-gateway-bridge/chirpstack-gateway-bridge.toml

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**2）modify the gateway-bridge configuration file**

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The user needs to modify the server address in line 252 in the configuration file

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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vim /etc/chirpstack-gateway-bridge/chirpstack-gateway-bridge.toml

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[[image:image-20230415165254-1.png||height="583" width="956"]]

== 4.4 Debug ==

After the above configuration is completed, the user can enter the command to debug the gateway-bridge connection

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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/opt/chirpstack-gateway-bridge/chirpstack-gateway-bridge ~-~-config /etc/chirpstack-gateway-bridge/chirpstack-gateway-bridge.toml

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If the gateway-bridge connection is normal, the debug log displays **"connected to mqtt broker"**.

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[[image:image-20230415170404-2.png]]

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If the debug log shows "**connection error**", check that the server port or server is correct

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[[image:image-20230415170854-3.png]]

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More information can be found on the **[[ChirpStack website>>https://www.chirpstack.io/docs/]]**or **[[Forum>>url:https://forum.chirpstack.io/]]**

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== 4.5 (Re)start and stop gateway-bridge ==

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Use the following commands to (re)start and stop the ChirpStack Gateway Bridge Service:

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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**# start**

/etc/init.d/chirpstack-gateway-bridge start

**# stop**

/etc/init.d/chirpstack-gateway-bridge stop

**# restart**

/etc/init.d/chirpstack-gateway-bridge restart

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= 5. How the gateway connects to Chirpstack v4 via gateway-bridge =

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(% style="color:blue" %)**Below list the support products and Requirements:**

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1. LoRaWAN Gateway model: [[LIG16>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/171-lig16.html]], [[LG308>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/140-lg308.html]], [[DLOS8>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/160-dlos8.html]] ,[[LPS8>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/148-lps8.html]],[[LPS8N>>url:https://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/200-lps8n.html]],[[LG308N>>url:https://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/229-lg308n.html]],[[DLOS8N>>url:https://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/225-dlos8n.html]]

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1. Firmware version since: [[Chirpstack-Bridge-V4>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Release/Chirpstack-gateway-bridge/Chirpstack-Bridge-V4--build-v5.4.1670655072-20221210-1452/]]

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(% style="color:blue" %)**How to set up chirpStack Gateway-bridge**

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Users can check out the ChirpStack gateway-bridge v4 [[link>>https://www.chirpstack.io/docs/chirpstack-gateway-bridge/install/dragino.html]]

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(% style="color:blue" %)**What do you need to prepare**

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A gateway that can access the internet normally

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== 5.1 Configure Packet Forwarder ==

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In the Dragino gateway web interface, you need to configure the Packet Forwarder so that it forwards its data to the port. localhost:1700 or 127.0.0.1:1700

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* In the **LoRaWAN** menu, click on **LoRaWAN ~-~- Semtech UDP**

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* Make sure the following settings are set:

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** **Service Provider:** //~-~-Custom/Private LoRaWAN~-~-//

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** **LoRaWAN Server Address:** //localhost or 127.0.0.1//

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** **Server port for upstream:** //1700//

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** **Server port for downstream:** //1700//

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Click **Save & Apply**.

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[[image:image-20221222114220-2.png||height="748" width="931"]]

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== 5.2 Configuring gateway frequency ==

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(% style="color:red" %)**Note: Gateway frequencies must match**

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[[image:image-20221222134830-3.png||height="408" width="923"]]

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== 5.3 Modify the gateway-bridge configuration file ==

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Run the gateway command line command to modify the gateway-bridge configuration file:

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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root@dragino-1d27d4:~~# vim /etc/chirpstack-gateway-bridge/chirpstack-gateway-bridge.toml

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[[image:image-20221222113302-1.png]]

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[[image:image-20221222140203-4.png||height="875" width="806"]]

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[[image:image-20221230094246-1.png||height="768" width="783"]]

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(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H" %)

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After the modification, run the following command: **/etc/init.d/chirpstack-gateway-bridge restart**

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== 5.4 (Re)start and stop gateway-bridge ==

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Use the following commands to (re)start and stop the ChirpStack Gateway Bridge Service:

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(% class="box infomessage" %)

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**# start**

/etc/init.d/chirpstack-gateway-bridge start

**# stop**

/etc/init.d/chirpstack-gateway-bridge stop

**# restart**

/etc/init.d/chirpstack-gateway-bridge restart

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== 5.5 Successful Connection ==

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[[image:image-20221222141754-5.png||height="488" width="1150"]]

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[[image:image-20221222141830-6.png||height="582" width="1153"]]

= 6. Downlink =

== 6.1 Convert HEX to Base64 ==

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(% style="color:red" %)**Note: Chirpstack uses base64 to downlink, the end node user manual provides HEX format of the downlink commands. So user needs to convert the HEX to Base64.**

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**[[Online HEX to Base64 Converter>>https://base64.guru/converter/encode/hex]]:**

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[[image:image-20221010193350-1.png]]

**[[Online Base64 to Hex converter>>https://base64.guru/converter/decode/hex]]**

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[[image:image-20221010193621-2.png]]

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== 6.2 Chirpstack Downlink Note ==

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[[image:image-20220601102543-2.png]]

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**Convert the data to Base64**

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(% style="display:none" %) (%%)

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[[image:image-20220531173236-10.png||height="597" width="1215"]]

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**Check ChripStack downlink DataRate**

[[image:image-20220525101326-11.png]]

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**Make sure the RX2DR is the same in the end node**

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== 6.3 Loraserver Downlink Note ==

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User can use MQTT to send downlink payload to ChirpStack to perform downstream to LoRaWAN End

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**Below is examples:**

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(% class="box" %)

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Connect to your server via MQTT：

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MQTT Client ID: Any

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Protocol：mqtt/tcp Server IP：loraserver_ip:1883

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User name: User name Password: password

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[[image:image-20220531173419-11.png]]

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**MQTT Connect to ChirpStack**

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**After connect**

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Subscribe : Format：application/ID/device/ Device EUI/rx

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Example: application/7/device/00aedb3da649cb23/rx

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(% class="box" %)

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Publish:

Format: Top: application/ID/device/ Device EUI/tx

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Payload: {"confirmed":true or false,"fPort":XX,"data":"xxxx"}

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Example: Top: application/7/device/00aedb3da649cb23/tx

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Payload: {"confirmed":true,"fPort":2,"data":"AwEB"}

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[[image:image-20220531173519-12.png]]

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**MQTT Connect to ChirpStack**

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**If we want to send downstream hex 030101 to end node, the BASE64 payload is AwEB**

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[[image:image-20220531173658-14.png]]

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Downlink payload encode javescript code: 可以在网站上运行以下Javsscript代码：

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(% class="box" %)

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function sha1_to_base64(sha1)

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{

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var digits="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";

var base64_rep = "";

var cnt = 0;

var bit_arr = 0;

var bit_num = 0;

\\ for(var n = 0; n < sha1.length; ++n)

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{

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if(sha1[n] >= 'A' && sha1[n] <= 'Z')

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{

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ascv = sha1.charCodeAt( n ) - 55;

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}

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else if(sha1[n] >= 'a' && sha1[n] <= 'z')

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{

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ascv = sha1.charCodeAt( n ) - 87;

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else

{

ascv = sha1.charCodeAt( n ) - 48;

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}

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\\ bit_arr = (bit_arr << 4) | ascv;

bit_num += 4;

if(bit_num >= 6)

{

bit_num -= 6;

base64_rep += digits[bit_arr >>> bit_num];

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bit_arr &= ~~(-1 << bit_num);

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}

\\ if(bit_num > 0)

{

bit_arr <<= 6 - bit_num;

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base64_rep += digits[bit_arr];

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}

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\\ var padding = base64_rep.length % 4;

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\\ if(padding > 0)

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{

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for(var n = 0; n < 4 - padding; ++n)

{

base64_rep += "=";

}

}

return base64_rep;

}

\\console.log(sha1_to_base64("data"));

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\\data is downlink payload required by end node.

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e.g console.log(sha1_to_base64("030101"));

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result: AwEB

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AwEB is the 0x030101's base 64 Encode.

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\\e.g console.log(sha1_to_base64("030000"));

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result: AwAA

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AwAA is 0x030000's base 64 Encode.

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== 6.3 Add the decode function in Chirpstack for the payload ==

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User enters the payload code according to the steps.

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[[image:image-20220531173754-15.png||height="474" width="1334"]]

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[[image:image-20220531173856-16.png]]

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[[image:image-20220531174120-20.png]]

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[[image:image-20220531174046-19.png]]

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= 7. Multiply Uplink in ChirpStack =

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nbtrans field is the value to determine the re-transmission time for unconfirmed uplink data.

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ChirpStack will auto adjust nbtrans according to uplink rssi. [[link to source>>url:https://github.com/brocaar/chirpstack-network-server/blob/master/internal/adr/adr.go]]

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[[image:image-20220526091912-7.png||height="241" width="1336"]]

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nbtrans is a field of ADR message, in unconfirm mode, it tells end node how many time it needs to transmit for every frame.

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[[image:image-20220525104359-21.png]]

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Above behaviour will cause the platform shows below two cases of error:

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Error of duplicate Frame Counter

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[[image:image-20220525104437-22.png]]

**Duplicate transmission in short time**

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[[image:image-20220601102430-1.png||height="598" width="1319"]]

== 7.1 Solution ==

This example uses the Windows version as a template, other versions can refer to this. Similiar reference: [[https:~~/~~/confluence.alitecs.de/plugins/servlet/mobile?contentId=79790102#content/view/79790102>>url:https://confluence.alitecs.de/plugins/servlet/mobile?contentId=79790102#content/view/79790102]]

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(% style="color:blue" %)**1. Install the GO compilation environment: Download the corresponding version of the Go compiler at [[https:~~/~~/go.dev/dl/>>url:https://go.dev/dl/]] and install it.**

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[[image:image-20220525104532-24.png]]

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**installation path:**

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[[image:image-20220525104554-25.png]]

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(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Environment variable settings:**

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1) Open Computer -> Properties -> Advanced System Settings -> Environment Variables and add a "new" system variable:

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2) Set the variable name GOROOT and the variable value C:\Go\ (installation directory)

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[[image:image-20220524165433-33.png]]

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3) Modify the system variable Path and add C:\Go\bin\:

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[[image:image-20220524165452-34.png]]

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User variable setting file generation directory: D:\go:

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[[image:image-20220524165517-35.png]]

(% style="color:blue" %)**3. Modify the ADR configuration file according to your own needs, adr.setting.go is an example of the ADR configuration file.**

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The name of the plugin: Example ADR plugin:

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[[image:image-20220524165540-36.png]]

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Set Nbtrans: Nbtrans=1 (Nbtrans is the number of retransmissions, if it is 1, no retransmission, it is recommended to be 1). To enable it, you need to uncomment.

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[[image:image-20220524165557-37.png]]

(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Compile the ADR configuration file and generate the exe file.**

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1) Create a folder named adr-setting

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2) Open the adr-setting folder

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3) Put adr.setting.go in this folder.

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4) Open the computer cmd and run the following commands in sequencecd adr-setting

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go mod init adr-setting

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go get github.com/brocaar/chirpstack-network-server/v3/adr

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go get github.com/hashicorp/go-plugin

go get adr-setting

go build

5) Finally generate this file：

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[[image:image-20220524165623-38.png]]

(% style="color:blue" %)**5. Add the plugin and run the plugin.**

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The exe file generated in the previous step is placed in the same root directory as chirpstack-network-server.toml, and the ADR plugin is added to the toml file. The location of the addition is as follows:

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[[image:image-20220524165641-39.png]]

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For example: adr_plugins=[“adr-setting”]