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Wiki source code of LoRaWAN Communication Debug

Version 4.2 by Xiaoling on 2022/05/11 14:30
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Xiaoling 4.1 1 **~ Contents:**
Xiaoling 1.1 2
3 {{toc/}}
4
5
6 = 1. OTAA Join Process Debug =
7
8 These pages are useful to check what is wrong on the Join process. Below shows the four steps that we can check the Join Process.
Xiaoling 2.1 9 \\**If user has checked below steps and still can't solve the problem, please send us (support @ dragino.com) the sceenshots for each step to check. They include:**
Xiaoling 1.1 10
11 * End node console to show the Join freuqency and DR. (If possible)
12 * Gateway (from gateway UI) traffic to show the packet got from end node and receive from Server. (If possible)
13 * Gateway traffic (from server UI) to shows the data exchange between gateway and server. (Normaly possible)
14 * End Node traffic (from server UI) to shows end node activity in server. (Normaly possible)
15 * End Node Keys screen shot shows in end node and server. so we can check if the keys are correct. (In most case, we found keys doesn't match, especially APP EUI)
16
17 **~1. End Device Join Screen shot, we can check:**
18
19 * If the device is sending join request to server?
20 * What frequency the device is sending?
21
Xiaoling 2.1 22 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/0/0f/OTAA_Join-1.jpg/600px-OTAA_Join-1.jpg||height="316" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 23
24 Console Output from End device to see the transmit frequency
25
26
27 **2. Gateway packet traffic in gateway web or ssh. we can check:**
28
29 * If the gateway receive the Join request packet from sensor? (If this fail, check if the gateway and sensor works on the match frequency)
30 * If the gateway gets the Join Accept message from server and transmit it via LoRa?
31
Xiaoling 2.1 32 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/1/1c/OTAA_Join-2.png/600px-OTAA_Join-2.png||height="325" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 33
34 Console Output from Gateway to see packets between end node and server.
35
36
37 **3. Gateway Traffic Page in LoRaWAN Server**
38
39 * If the Join Request packet arrive the gateway traffic in server? If not, check the internet connection and gateway LoRaWAN server settings.
40 * If the server send back a Join Accept for the Join Request? if not, check if the keys from the device match the keys you put in the server, or try to choose a different server route for this end device.
41 * If the Join Accept message are in correct frequency? If you set the server to use US915 band, and your end node and gateway is EU868, you will see the Join Accept message are in US915 band so no possible to Join success.
42
Xiaoling 2.1 43 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/5/5c/OTAA_Join-3.png/600px-OTAA_Join-3.png||height="301" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 44
45 The Traffic for the End node in the server, use TTN as example
46
47
48 **4. Data Page in LoRaWAN server**
49
50 * If this data page shows the Join Request message from the end node? If not, most properly you have wrong settings in the keys. Keys in the server doesn't match the keys in End Node.
51
Xiaoling 2.1 52 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/e/ec/OTAA_Join-4.png/600px-OTAA_Join-4.png||height="181" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 53
54 The data for the end device set in server
55
Xiaoling 2.1 56 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/b/b1/OTAA_Join-5.png/600px-OTAA_Join-5.png||height="166" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 57
58 Check if OTAA Keys match the keys in device
59
60
Xiaoling 2.1 61 = 2. Notice of US915/CN470/AU915 Frequency band =
Xiaoling 1.1 62
Xiaoling 4.2 63 (((
Xiaoling 1.1 64 If user has problem to work with lorawan server in band US915/AU915/CN470, he can check:
Xiaoling 4.2 65 )))
Xiaoling 1.1 66
Xiaoling 4.2 67 * (((
68 What **sub-band** the server support ?
69 )))
70 * (((
71 What is the **sub-band** the gateway support ?
72 )))
73 * (((
74 What is the **sub-band** the end node is using ?
75 )))
Xiaoling 1.1 76
Xiaoling 4.2 77 (((
Xiaoling 1.1 78 All of above should match so End Node can properly Join the server and don't have packet lost.
Xiaoling 4.2 79 )))
Xiaoling 1.1 80
Xiaoling 4.2 81 (((
82
83 )))
84
85 (((
Xiaoling 1.1 86 In LoRaWAN protocol, the frequency bands US915, AU915, CN470 each includes at least 72 frequencies. Many gateways support only 8 or 16 frequencies, and server might support 8 frequency only. In this case, the OTAA join time and uplink schedule is long and unpredictable while the end node is hopping in 72 frequencies, because the end node will send data in many frequency that the gateway or server doesn,t support.
Xiaoling 4.2 87 )))
Xiaoling 1.1 88
Xiaoling 4.2 89 (((
90
91 )))
92
93 (((
Xiaoling 1.1 94 Here are the freuqency tables for these bands as reference:
Xiaoling 4.2 95 )))
Xiaoling 1.1 96
Xiaoling 2.1 97 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/3/3f/US915_FRE_BAND-1.png/600px-US915_FRE_BAND-1.png||height="170" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 98
99 US915 Channels
100
Xiaoling 2.1 101 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/8/8a/AU915_FRE_BAND-1.png/600px-AU915_FRE_BAND-1.png||height="167" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 102
103 AU915 Channels
104
Xiaoling 2.1 105 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/3/3a/CN470_FRE_BAND-1.png/600px-CN470_FRE_BAND-1.png||height="205" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 106
107 CN470 Channels
108
109 If we look at the [[TTN network server frequency plan>>url:https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/frequency-plans.html]], we can see the US915 frequency band use the channel 8~~15.So the End Node must work at the same frequency in US915 8~~15 channels for TTN server.
110
Xiaoling 2.1 111 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/9/9a/US915_FRE_BAND-2.png/600px-US915_FRE_BAND-2.png||height="288" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 112
113 TTN FREQUENCY PLAN
114
115 In dragino end node, user can use AT+CHE command to set what frequencies set the end node will use. The default settings for Dragino end node are preconfigure for TTN server, so use 8~~15 channels, which is **AT+CHE=2**. (AT+CHE=1 for first 8 channels, AT+CHE=2 for second 8 channels.. etc, and AT+CHE=0 for all 72 channels. )
116
117
Xiaoling 2.1 118 = 3. Why i see data lost/unperiocially uplink data? Even the signal strength is good =
Xiaoling 1.1 119
120 In this case, we can check if the frequency band matches in End Node, Gateway and LoRaWAN server. A typical case is using US915 in ChirpStack server as below:
121
Xiaoling 2.1 122 * **End node** ~-~-> Use Sub-band2 (Channel 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15) for Dragino Sensor. ADR is also enable, this is the default settings for dragino sensors.
123 * **Gateway** ~-~-> Use Sub-band2 (Channel 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15) for Dragino Gateway. this is the default settings for dragino sensors.
124 * **LoRaWAN server** ~-~-> ChirpStack default installation and use Sub-band1, **enabled_uplink_channels=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]** in the file chirpstack-network-server.toml.
Xiaoling 1.1 125
126 When Sensor power on, it will use sub-band2 to join the network, the frequency matches the settings in gateway so all Join Request will be passed to the server for Join. Server will ask the sensor to change to Sub-band1 in the Join Accept downlink message. Sensor will change to sub-band1 for data upload. This cause the sensor and gateway have different frequencies so user see lost of most data or even no data.
127
128 Use Subband2 as a default subband cause the sensor to have problem to work with the LoRaWAN server which use other subband, and use need to access to the end node to change the subband by console. that is not user frendily,. So since Dragino LoRaWAN Stack version DLS-005(release on end of 2020), we have changed the device to use All Subbands for OTAA join, for example, device will use the first frequency in Sub-Band1 as firt OTAA join packet, then use the first frequency in Sub-Band 2 , then first frequency in sub-band 3, and so on. LoRaWAN server will normally provide the required subband in the OTAA accept process, so end node will know what subband it use after join. If LoRaWAN server doesn't provide subband info in OTAA join, end node will use the subband which join success as the working subband. So the new method cause a longer OTAA Join time but will be compatible with all LoRaWAN server. And new method won't affect the normal uplink after Join Success.
129
130
Xiaoling 2.1 131 = 4. Transmision on ABP Mode =
Xiaoling 1.1 132
133 In ABP mode, there is a Frame Counter Checks. With this check enabled, the server will only accept the frame with a higher counter. If you reboot the device in ABP mode, the device will start from count 0, so you won't be able to see the frame update in server.
134
135 So in ABP mode, first check if the packet already arrive your gateway, if the packet arrive gatewat but didn't arrive server. Please check if this is the issue.
136
137 To solve this, disable the Frame Counter Check will solve this issue , or reset the frame counter in the device page.
138
139 [[~[~[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/1/19/ABP_Issue-1.jpg/600px-ABP_Issue-1.jpg~|~|height="340" width="600"~]~]>>url:https://wiki.dragino.com/index.php/File:ABP_Issue-1.jpg]]
140
141 Disable Frame Counter Check in ABP Mode
142
143
Xiaoling 2.1 144 = 5. Downstream Debug =
Xiaoling 1.1 145
Xiaoling 2.1 146 == 5.1 How it work ==
Xiaoling 1.1 147
148 LoRaWAN End node will open two receive windows to receive the downstream data. If the downstream packets arrive the end node at these receive windows, the end node will be able to get this packet and process it.
149
150 Depends on Class A or Class C, the receive windows will be a little difference,
151
Xiaoling 2.1 152 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/1/1a/Downstream_LoRaWAN-1.png/600px-Downstream_LoRaWAN-1.png||height="590" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 153
154 receive windows for Class A and Class C
155
156 Below are the requirement for the End Device to receive the packets.
157
158 * The End Device must open the receive windows: RX1 or RX2
159 * The LoRaWAN server must send a downstream packet, and the gateway forward this downstream packet for this end node.
160 * This downstream packet must arrive to the end node while RX1 or RX2 is open.
161 * This packet must match the frequency of the RX1 or RX2 window.
Xiaoling 2.1 162 * This packet must match the DataRate of RX1(RX1DR) or RX2 (RX2DR). **This is the common fail point, because different lorawan server might use different RX2DR and they don't info End Node via ADR message so cause the mismatch. If this happen, user need to change the RX2DR to the right value in end node. In OTAA, LoRaWAN Server will send the RX2DR setting in Join Accept message so the end node will auto adjust. but ABP uplink doesn't support this auto change.**
Xiaoling 1.1 163
Xiaoling 2.1 164 == 5.2 See Debug Info ==
Xiaoling 1.1 165
Xiaoling 2.1 166 **For LoRaWAN Server**
Xiaoling 1.1 167
168 We can check if there is downlink message for this end node, use TTN for example:
169
170 Configure a downstream to the end device
171
Xiaoling 2.1 172 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/8/82/Downstream_debug_1.png/600px-Downstream_debug_1.png||height="217" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 173
174 Set a downstream in TTN and see it is sent
175
176
177 This downstream info will then pass to the gateway downstream list. and include the DR which is used (SF9BW125) in EU868 is DR3
178
Xiaoling 2.1 179 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/d/dc/Downstream_debug_2.png/600px-Downstream_debug_2.png||height="245" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 180
181 Gateway Traffic can see this downstream info
182
183
Xiaoling 2.1 184 **For LoRaWAN Gateway**
Xiaoling 1.1 185
186 When the downstream packet appear on the traffic of Gateway page. The LoRaWAN gateway can get it from LoRaWAN server and transmit it. In Dragion Gateway, this can be checked by runinng "logread -f" in the SSH console. and see below:
187
Xiaoling 2.1 188 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/2/21/Downstream_debug_3.png/600px-Downstream_debug_3.png||height="195" width="600"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 189
190 Gateway Sent out this packet
191
192
Xiaoling 2.1 193 **For End Node**
Xiaoling 1.1 194
195 we can use AT Command (AT+CFG) to check the RX1 configure and RX2 configure. as below:
196
Xiaoling 3.1 197 (% class="box infomessage" %)
Xiaoling 2.1 198 (((
Xiaoling 3.1 199 AT+RX2FQ=869525000 ~-~--> The RX2 Window frequency
200 )))
201
202 (% class="box infomessage" %)
203 (((
204 AT+RX2DR=3 ~-~--> The RX2 DataRate
205 )))
206
207 (% class="box infomessage" %)
208 (((
209 AT+RX1DL=1000 ~-~--> Receive Delay 1
210 )))
211
212 (% class="box infomessage" %)
213 (((
214 AT+RX2DL=2000 ~-~--> Receive Delay 2
215 )))
216
Xiaoling 1.1 217 when the device running, we can see below info:
218
219 {{{[12502]***** UpLinkCounter= 0 *****
220 [12503]TX on freq 868500000 Hz at DR 0
221 [13992]txDone
222 [15022]RX on freq 868500000 Hz at DR 0 --> RX1 window open at frequency: 868500000, DR0, after 15022-13992= 1030ms of txdone
223 [15222]rxTimeOut --> no packet arrive in RX1 window. (duration: 200ms)
224 [15987]RX on freq 869525000 Hz at DR 3 --> RX2 window open at frequency: 869525000, DR3, after 15987-13992= 1995ms of txdone
225 [16027]rxTimeOut --> no packet arrive in RX2 window. (duration: 40 ms)
226 }}}
227
228 {{{Another message:
229 [12502]***** UpLinkCounter= 0 *****
230 [12503]TX on freq 868100000 Hz at DR 0
231 [13992]txDone
232 [15022]RX on freq 868100000 Hz at DR 0
233 [15222]rxTimeOut
234 [15987]RX on freq 869525000 Hz at DR 3
235 [16185]rxDone --> We have got the downstream packet.
236 Rssi= -64
237 Receive data
238 1:0012345678
239 }}}
240
Xiaoling 2.1 241 == 5.3 If problem doesn’t solve ==
Xiaoling 1.1 242
Xiaoling 2.1 243 **If user has checked below steps and still can't solve the problem, please send us (support @ dragino.com) the sceenshots for each step to check. They include:**
Xiaoling 1.1 244
245 * End node console to show the transmit freuqency and DR.
246 * Gateway (from gateway UI) traffic to show the packet got from end node and receive from Server.
247 * Gateway traffic (from server UI) to shows the data exchange between gateway and server.
248 * End Node traffic (from server UI) to shows end node activity in server.
249
Xiaoling 2.1 250 = 6. Downlink Issue ~-~- Packet REJECTED, unsupported frequency =
Xiaoling 1.1 251
252 In LoRaWAN, the gatewat will use the frequency specify by the server to transmit a packet as downlink purpose. Each Frequency band has different downlink frequency. and the gateway has a frequency range limited to transmit downlink.
253
254 So if the LoRaWAN server is an AS923 server which ask the gateway to transmit at 923.2Mhz frequency, but the gateway is IN868 frequency band (support 865~~867Mhz to transmit). In the gateway log it will show something like below:
255
256 {{{Sat Nov 21 08:04:17 2020 daemon.info lora_pkt_fwd[1680]: ERROR~ Packet REJECTED, unsupported frequency - 923200000 (min:865000000,max:867000000)
257 }}}
258
259 In this case, please double check the gateway frequency and the server frequency band.
260
261
Xiaoling 2.1 262 = 7. Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet =
Xiaoling 1.1 263
264 ~1. LHT65 End device configure:
265
Xiaoling 2.1 266 (% class="box infomessage" %)
267 (((
Xiaoling 1.1 268 Change to ABP Mode: AT+NJM=0
Xiaoling 2.1 269 )))
Xiaoling 1.1 270
Xiaoling 2.1 271 (% class="box infomessage" %)
272 (((
Xiaoling 1.1 273 Change to fix frequency: AT+CHS=904900000
Xiaoling 2.1 274 )))
Xiaoling 1.1 275
Xiaoling 2.1 276 (% class="box infomessage" %)
277 (((
Xiaoling 1.1 278 Change to fix DR: AT+DR=0
Xiaoling 2.1 279 )))
Xiaoling 1.1 280
Xiaoling 2.1 281 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/e/e6/Decrypt_a_LoRaWAN_Packet1.jpg||alt="Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet1.jpg" height="607" width="558"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 282
283 2. In LG02 , configure to receive above message
284
Xiaoling 2.1 285 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/c/c3/Decrypt_a_LoRaWAN_Packet2.jpg||alt="Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet2.jpg" height="337" width="558"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 286
287 In LG02 console, we can see the hex receive are:
288
Xiaoling 2.1 289 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/f/f1/Decrypt_a_LoRaWAN_Packet3.jpg||alt="Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet3.jpg" height="179" width="558"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 290
291 3. Decode the info in web
292
293 [[https:~~/~~/lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh>>url:https://lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh/]]
294
295 Need these three fields:
296
297 LoRa packet hex format: 40c1190126800100024926272bf18bbb6341584e27e23245 (from LG02)
298
299 AT+NWKSKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 11 (End node Network Session Key)
300
301 AT+APPSKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 11 (End Node App Session Key)
302
303 [[https:~~/~~/lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh/?data=40c1190126800100024926272bf18bbb6341584e27e23245&nwkskey=00000000000000000000000000000111&appskey=00000000000000000000000000000111>>url:https://lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh/?data=40c1190126800100024926272bf18bbb6341584e27e23245&nwkskey=00000000000000000000000000000111&appskey=00000000000000000000000000000111]]
304
Xiaoling 2.1 305 [[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/7/77/Decrypt_a_LoRaWAN_Packet4.png||alt="Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet4.png" height="390" width="558"]]
Xiaoling 1.1 306
307 The FRMPayload is the device payload.
308
309
Xiaoling 2.1 310 = 8. Why i see uplink 0x00 periodcally on the LHT65 v1.8 firmware =
Xiaoling 1.1 311
312 Since firmware v1.8, LHT65 will send MAC command to request time, in the case if DR only support max 11 bytes, this MAC command will be bundled to a separate uplink payload with 0x00.
313
Xiaoling 2.1 314 = 9. Why do I see a "MIC Mismatch" error message from the server? =
Xiaoling 1.1 315
316 1)If the user receives a "MIC Mismatch" message after registering the node on the server.
317
318 It is likely that the user filled in the wrong APPKEY when registering the node. Many users fill in "APPSKEY".
319
320 * Please note the distinction between "APPKEY" and "APPSKEY".
321
322 2）If the node works on the server for a period of time, the device stops working and receives a "MIC Mismatch" message.
323
324 The user needs a USB-TTL adapter to connect the serial port to modify the node APPKEY.
325
326 * If a node is registered with multiple servers, it may also cause the "mic mismatch" error.
327
Xiaoling 2.1 328 = 10. Why i got the payload only with "0x00" or "AA~=~="? =
Xiaoling 1.1 329
330 * If you are using US915, AU915 and AS923 frequencies.This is normal phenomenon.
331
332 When using the frequency mentioned above, the server sometimes adjusts the rate of the node, because the node defaults to the adaptive rate.
333
334 When the server adjusts your node rate to 0, the maximum payload length is 11 bytes. The server sometimes sends an ADR packet to the node,
335
336 and the node will reply to the server after receiving the ADR packet, but the number of payload bytes exceeds the limit,
337
338 so it will send a normal uplink packet, and an additional 00 data packet.
339
340 * Solution: Use the decoder to filter out this 00 packet.
341 * Some node decoders may not have filtering function, or you need decoders of other servers and formats. Please send an email to david.huang@dragino.cc
342
Xiaoling 3.1 343 (% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H" %)
344