Wiki source code of LoRaWAN Communication Debug

Version 36.1 by Edwin Chen on 2022/12/15 22:32

version	line-number	content
32.2	1	~ Table of Contents:
1.1	2
	3	{{toc/}}
	4
	5
30.2	6
1.1	7	= 1. OTAA Join Process Debug =
	8
32.3	9
1.1	10	These pages are useful to check what is wrong on the Join process. Below shows the four steps that we can check the Join Process.
2.1	11	\\If user has checked below steps and still can't solve the problem, please send us (support @ dragino.com) the sceenshots for each step to check. They include:
1.1	12
	13	* End node console to show the Join freuqency and DR. (If possible)
	14	* Gateway (from gateway UI) traffic to show the packet got from end node and receive from Server. (If possible)
	15	* Gateway traffic (from server UI) to shows the data exchange between gateway and server. (Normaly possible)
	16	* End Node traffic (from server UI) to shows end node activity in server. (Normaly possible)
	17	* End Node Keys screen shot shows in end node and server. so we can check if the keys are correct. (In most case, we found keys doesn't match, especially APP EUI)
	18
35.2	19
	20
32.14	21	(% style="color:blue" %)1. End Device Join Screen shot, we can check:
	22
1.1	23	* If the device is sending join request to server?
	24	* What frequency the device is sending?
	25
23.2	26	[[image:image-20220526164956-15.png]]
1.1	27
	28	Console Output from End device to see the transmit frequency
	29
	30
32.16	31
32.14	32	(% style="color:blue" %)2. Gateway packet traffic in gateway web or ssh. we can check:
1.1	33
	34	* If the gateway receive the Join request packet from sensor? (If this fail, check if the gateway and sensor works on the match frequency)
	35	* If the gateway gets the Join Accept message from server and transmit it via LoRa?
	36
10.2	37	[[image:image-20220526163608-2.png]]
1.1	38
	39	Console Output from Gateway to see packets between end node and server.
	40
	41
35.2	42
32.14	43	(% style="color:blue" %)3. Gateway Traffic Page in LoRaWAN Server
1.1	44
	45	* If the Join Request packet arrive the gateway traffic in server? If not, check the internet connection and gateway LoRaWAN server settings.
	46	* If the server send back a Join Accept for the Join Request? if not, check if the keys from the device match the keys you put in the server, or try to choose a different server route for this end device.
	47	* If the Join Accept message are in correct frequency? If you set the server to use US915 band, and your end node and gateway is EU868, you will see the Join Accept message are in US915 band so no possible to Join success.
	48
13.2	49	[[image:image-20220526163633-3.png]]
1.1	50
	51	The Traffic for the End node in the server, use TTN as example
	52
	53
35.2	54
32.14	55	(% style="color:blue" %)4. Data Page in LoRaWAN server
1.1	56
	57	* If this data page shows the Join Request message from the end node? If not, most properly you have wrong settings in the keys. Keys in the server doesn't match the keys in End Node.
	58
13.2	59	[[image:image-20220526163704-4.png]]
1.1	60
	61	The data for the end device set in server
	62
35.2	63
13.2	64	[[image:image-20220526163732-5.png]]
1.1	65
	66	Check if OTAA Keys match the keys in device
	67
	68
32.16	69
2.1	70	= 2. Notice of US915/CN470/AU915 Frequency band =
1.1	71
32.3	72
4.2	73	(((
1.1	74	If user has problem to work with lorawan server in band US915/AU915/CN470, he can check:
4.2	75	)))
1.1	76
4.2	77	* (((
	78	What sub-band the server support ?
	79	)))
	80	* (((
	81	What is the sub-band the gateway support ?
	82	)))
	83	* (((
	84	What is the sub-band the end node is using ?
	85	)))
1.1	86
4.2	87	(((
1.1	88	All of above should match so End Node can properly Join the server and don't have packet lost.
4.2	89	)))
1.1	90
4.2	91	(((
	92
	93	)))
	94
	95	(((
1.1	96	In LoRaWAN protocol, the frequency bands US915, AU915, CN470 each includes at least 72 frequencies. Many gateways support only 8 or 16 frequencies, and server might support 8 frequency only. In this case, the OTAA join time and uplink schedule is long and unpredictable while the end node is hopping in 72 frequencies, because the end node will send data in many frequency that the gateway or server doesn,t support.
4.2	97	)))
1.1	98
4.2	99	(((
	100
	101	)))
	102
	103	(((
1.1	104	Here are the freuqency tables for these bands as reference:
4.2	105	)))
1.1	106
14.2	107	[[image:image-20220526163801-6.png]]
1.1	108
	109	US915 Channels
	110
35.2	111
18.2	112	[[image:image-20220526163926-7.png]]
1.1	113
	114	AU915 Channels
	115
32.3	116
18.2	117	[[image:image-20220526163941-8.png]]
1.1	118
4.4	119	(((
1.1	120	CN470 Channels
32.3	121
	122
4.4	123	)))
1.1	124
4.3	125	(((
1.1	126	If we look at the [[TTN network server frequency plan>>url:https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/frequency-plans.html]], we can see the US915 frequency band use the channel 8~~15.So the End Node must work at the same frequency in US915 8~~15 channels for TTN server.
4.3	127	)))
1.1	128
18.2	129	[[image:image-20220526164052-9.png]]
1.1	130
4.4	131	(((
1.1	132	TTN FREQUENCY PLAN
32.3	133
	134
4.4	135	)))
1.1	136
4.3	137	(((
1.1	138	In dragino end node, user can use AT+CHE command to set what frequencies set the end node will use. The default settings for Dragino end node are preconfigure for TTN server, so use 8~~15 channels, which is AT+CHE=2. (AT+CHE=1 for first 8 channels, AT+CHE=2 for second 8 channels.. etc, and AT+CHE=0 for all 72 channels. )
4.3	139	)))
1.1	140
	141
32.16	142
2.1	143	= 3. Why i see data lost/unperiocially uplink data? Even the signal strength is good =
1.1	144
32.3	145
1.1	146	In this case, we can check if the frequency band matches in End Node, Gateway and LoRaWAN server. A typical case is using US915 in ChirpStack server as below:
	147
2.1	148	* End node ~-~-> Use Sub-band2 (Channel 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15) for Dragino Sensor. ADR is also enable, this is the default settings for dragino sensors.
	149	* Gateway ~-~-> Use Sub-band2 (Channel 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15) for Dragino Gateway. this is the default settings for dragino sensors.
	150	* LoRaWAN server ~-~-> ChirpStack default installation and use Sub-band1, enabled_uplink_channels=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] in the file chirpstack-network-server.toml.
1.1	151
4.3	152	(((
1.1	153	When Sensor power on, it will use sub-band2 to join the network, the frequency matches the settings in gateway so all Join Request will be passed to the server for Join. Server will ask the sensor to change to Sub-band1 in the Join Accept downlink message. Sensor will change to sub-band1 for data upload. This cause the sensor and gateway have different frequencies so user see lost of most data or even no data.
4.3	154	)))
1.1	155
4.3	156	(((
	157
	158	)))
	159
	160	(((
1.1	161	Use Subband2 as a default subband cause the sensor to have problem to work with the LoRaWAN server which use other subband, and use need to access to the end node to change the subband by console. that is not user frendily,. So since Dragino LoRaWAN Stack version DLS-005(release on end of 2020), we have changed the device to use All Subbands for OTAA join, for example, device will use the first frequency in Sub-Band1 as firt OTAA join packet, then use the first frequency in Sub-Band 2 , then first frequency in sub-band 3, and so on. LoRaWAN server will normally provide the required subband in the OTAA accept process, so end node will know what subband it use after join. If LoRaWAN server doesn't provide subband info in OTAA join, end node will use the subband which join success as the working subband. So the new method cause a longer OTAA Join time but will be compatible with all LoRaWAN server. And new method won't affect the normal uplink after Join Success.
4.3	162	)))
1.1	163
	164
32.16	165
2.1	166	= 4. Transmision on ABP Mode =
1.1	167
32.3	168
4.3	169	(((
1.1	170	In ABP mode, there is a Frame Counter Checks. With this check enabled, the server will only accept the frame with a higher counter. If you reboot the device in ABP mode, the device will start from count 0, so you won't be able to see the frame update in server.
4.3	171	)))
1.1	172
4.3	173	(((
	174
	175	)))
	176
	177	(((
1.1	178	So in ABP mode, first check if the packet already arrive your gateway, if the packet arrive gatewat but didn't arrive server. Please check if this is the issue.
4.3	179	)))
1.1	180
4.3	181	(((
	182
	183	)))
	184
	185	(((
1.1	186	To solve this, disable the Frame Counter Check will solve this issue , or reset the frame counter in the device page.
4.3	187	)))
1.1	188
18.2	189	[[image:image-20220526164508-10.png]]
1.1	190
	191	Disable Frame Counter Check in ABP Mode
	192
	193
32.16	194
2.1	195	= 5. Downstream Debug =
1.1	196
2.1	197	== 5.1 How it work ==
1.1	198
32.3	199
1.1	200	LoRaWAN End node will open two receive windows to receive the downstream data. If the downstream packets arrive the end node at these receive windows, the end node will be able to get this packet and process it.
	201
4.3	202	(((
1.1	203	Depends on Class A or Class C, the receive windows will be a little difference,
4.3	204	)))
1.1	205
31.2	206	[[image:image-20220531161828-1.png]]
1.1	207
	208	receive windows for Class A and Class C
	209
32.3	210
1.1	211	Below are the requirement for the End Device to receive the packets.
	212
	213	* The End Device must open the receive windows: RX1 or RX2
	214	* The LoRaWAN server must send a downstream packet, and the gateway forward this downstream packet for this end node.
	215	* This downstream packet must arrive to the end node while RX1 or RX2 is open.
	216	* This packet must match the frequency of the RX1 or RX2 window.
32.3	217	* This packet must match the DataRate of RX1(RX1DR) or RX2 (RX2DR). (% style="color:red" %)This is the common fail point, because different lorawan server might use different RX2DR and they don't info End Node via ADR message so cause the mismatch. If this happen, user need to change the RX2DR to the right value in end node. In OTAA, LoRaWAN Server will send the RX2DR setting in Join Accept message so the end node will auto adjust. but ABP uplink doesn't support this auto change.
1.1	218
35.2	219
	220
2.1	221	== 5.2 See Debug Info ==
1.1	222
32.3	223
4.6	224	(((
32.3	225	(% style="color:blue" %)For LoRaWAN Server
4.6	226	)))
1.1	227
4.6	228	(((
1.1	229	We can check if there is downlink message for this end node, use TTN for example:
4.6	230	)))
1.1	231
4.6	232	(((
1.1	233	Configure a downstream to the end device
4.6	234	)))
1.1	235
22.2	236	[[image:image-20220526164623-12.png]]
1.1	237
4.6	238	(((
1.1	239	Set a downstream in TTN and see it is sent
4.6	240	)))
1.1	241
	242
4.3	243	(((
1.1	244	This downstream info will then pass to the gateway downstream list. and include the DR which is used (SF9BW125) in EU868 is DR3
4.3	245	)))
1.1	246
22.2	247	[[image:image-20220526164650-13.png]]
1.1	248
4.6	249	(((
1.1	250	Gateway Traffic can see this downstream info
4.6	251	)))
1.1	252
	253
32.16	254
4.6	255	(((
32.3	256	(% style="color:blue" %)For LoRaWAN Gateway
4.6	257	)))
1.1	258
4.3	259	(((
1.1	260	When the downstream packet appear on the traffic of Gateway page. The LoRaWAN gateway can get it from LoRaWAN server and transmit it. In Dragion Gateway, this can be checked by runinng "logread -f" in the SSH console. and see below:
4.3	261	)))
1.1	262
22.2	263	[[image:image-20220526164734-14.png]]
1.1	264
4.6	265	(((
1.1	266	Gateway Sent out this packet
4.6	267	)))
1.1	268
	269
32.16	270
4.6	271	(((
32.3	272	(% style="color:blue" %)For End Node
4.6	273	)))
1.1	274
4.8	275	(((
1.1	276	we can use AT Command (AT+CFG) to check the RX1 configure and RX2 configure. as below:
4.8	277	)))
1.1	278
4.9	279	(((
32.4	280	(% style="color:#037691" %)AT+RX2FQ=869525000 (%%) ~-~--> The RX2 Window frequency
	281	(% style="color:#037691" %)AT+RX2DR=3 (%%) ~-~--> The RX2 DataRate
	282	(% style="color:#037691" %)AT+RX1DL=1000 (%%) ~-~--> Receive Delay 1
	283	(% style="color:#037691" %)AT+RX2DL=2000 (%%) ~-~--> Receive Delay 2
	284
32.16	285
4.9	286
	287	)))
	288
	289	(((
32.3	290	(% style="color:blue" %)when the device running, we can see below info:
4.7	291	)))
1.1	292
4.8	293	{{{ [12502]*** UpLinkCounter= 0 ***
	294	[12503]TX on freq 868500000 Hz at DR 0
	295	[13992]txDone
4.13	296	[15022]RX on freq 868500000 Hz at DR 0 --> RX1 window open at frequency: 868500000, DR0, after 15022-13992= 1030ms of txdone
	297	[15222]rxTimeOut --> no packet arrive in RX1 window. (duration: 200ms)
	298	[15987]RX on freq 869525000 Hz at DR 3 --> RX2 window open at frequency: 869525000, DR3, after 15987-13992= 1995ms of txdone
	299	[16027]rxTimeOut --> no packet arrive in RX2 window. (duration: 40 ms)}}}
1.1	300
4.3	301	(((
4.5	302
32.16	303
	304
4.5	305	)))
	306
4.7	307	(((
32.3	308	(% style="color:blue" %)Another message:
4.7	309	)))
4.5	310
4.8	311	{{{ [12502]*** UpLinkCounter= 0 ***
	312	[12503]TX on freq 868100000 Hz at DR 0
	313	[13992]txDone
	314	[15022]RX on freq 868100000 Hz at DR 0
	315	[15222]rxTimeOut
	316	[15987]RX on freq 869525000 Hz at DR 3
4.13	317	[16185]rxDone --> We have got the downstream packet.
4.8	318	Rssi= -64
	319	Receive data
	320	1:0012345678}}}
4.5	321
22.2	322
32.16	323
32.6	324	== 5.3 If problem doesn't solve ==
1.1	325
32.6	326
23.2	327	(% style="color:red" %)If user has checked below steps and still can't solve the problem, please send us (support @ dragino.com) the sceenshots for each step to check. They include:
1.1	328
	329	* End node console to show the transmit freuqency and DR.
	330	* Gateway (from gateway UI) traffic to show the packet got from end node and receive from Server.
	331	* Gateway traffic (from server UI) to shows the data exchange between gateway and server.
	332	* End Node traffic (from server UI) to shows end node activity in server.
	333
35.2	334
	335
2.1	336	= 6. Downlink Issue ~-~- Packet REJECTED, unsupported frequency =
1.1	337
32.7	338
4.5	339	(((
1.1	340	In LoRaWAN, the gatewat will use the frequency specify by the server to transmit a packet as downlink purpose. Each Frequency band has different downlink frequency. and the gateway has a frequency range limited to transmit downlink.
4.5	341	)))
1.1	342
4.5	343	(((
	344
	345	)))
	346
	347	(((
1.1	348	So if the LoRaWAN server is an AS923 server which ask the gateway to transmit at 923.2Mhz frequency, but the gateway is IN868 frequency band (support 865~~867Mhz to transmit). In the gateway log it will show something like below:
4.5	349	)))
1.1	350
4.7	351	{{{Sat Nov 21 08:04:17 2020 daemon.info lora_pkt_fwd[1680]: ERROR~ Packet REJECTED, unsupported frequency - 923200000 (min:865000000,max:867000000)}}}
1.1	352
4.5	353	(((
4.6	354
	355	)))
	356
	357	(((
1.1	358	In this case, please double check the gateway frequency and the server frequency band.
4.5	359	)))
1.1	360
	361
32.16	362
2.1	363	= 7. Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet =
1.1	364
	365
32.7	366	(% style="color:blue" %)1. LHT65 End device configure:
1.1	367
32.7	368	Change to ABP Mode: AT+NJM=0
	369	Change to fix frequency: AT+CHS=904900000
	370	Change to fix DR: AT+DR=0
	371
32.12	372
29.2	373	[[image:image-20220526165525-16.png]]
1.1	374
29.2	375
32.16	376
32.7	377	(% style="color:blue" %)2. In LG02 , configure to receive above message
1.1	378
29.2	379	[[image:image-20220526165612-17.png]]
1.1	380
29.2	381
1.1	382	In LG02 console, we can see the hex receive are:
	383
29.2	384	[[image:image-20220526171112-21.png]]
1.1	385
29.2	386
32.16	387
32.7	388	(% style="color:blue" %)3. Decode the info in web
1.1	389
	390	[[https:~~/~~/lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh>>url:https://lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh/]]
	391
	392	Need these three fields:
	393
	394	LoRa packet hex format: 40c1190126800100024926272bf18bbb6341584e27e23245 (from LG02)
	395
	396	AT+NWKSKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 11 (End node Network Session Key)
	397
	398	AT+APPSKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 11 (End Node App Session Key)
	399
32.9	400
1.1	401	[[https:~~/~~/lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh/?data=40c1190126800100024926272bf18bbb6341584e27e23245&nwkskey=00000000000000000000000000000111&appskey=00000000000000000000000000000111>>url:https://lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh/?data=40c1190126800100024926272bf18bbb6341584e27e23245&nwkskey=00000000000000000000000000000111&appskey=00000000000000000000000000000111]]
	402
29.2	403	[[image:image-20220526171029-20.png]]
1.1	404
4.10	405	(((
4.11	406	The FRMPayload is the device payload.
4.10	407	)))
1.1	408
	409
32.16	410
2.1	411	= 8. Why i see uplink 0x00 periodcally on the LHT65 v1.8 firmware =
1.1	412
32.9	413
1.1	414	Since firmware v1.8, LHT65 will send MAC command to request time, in the case if DR only support max 11 bytes, this MAC command will be bundled to a separate uplink payload with 0x00.
	415
29.3	416
32.16	417
2.1	418	= 9. Why do I see a "MIC Mismatch" error message from the server? =
1.1	419
32.9	420
4.7	421	(((
32.9	422	1) If the user receives a "MIC Mismatch" message after registering the node on the server.
4.7	423	)))
1.1	424
4.7	425	(((
1.1	426	It is likely that the user filled in the wrong APPKEY when registering the node. Many users fill in "APPSKEY".
4.7	427	)))
1.1	428
4.7	429	* (((
	430	Please note the distinction between "APPKEY" and "APPSKEY".
	431	)))
1.1	432
4.7	433	(((
1.1	434	2）If the node works on the server for a period of time, the device stops working and receives a "MIC Mismatch" message.
4.7	435	)))
1.1	436
4.7	437	(((
1.1	438	The user needs a USB-TTL adapter to connect the serial port to modify the node APPKEY.
4.7	439	)))
1.1	440
4.7	441	* (((
	442	If a node is registered with multiple servers, it may also cause the "mic mismatch" error.
5.1	443
32.9	444
	445
5.1	446
4.7	447	)))
1.1	448
2.1	449	= 10. Why i got the payload only with "0x00" or "AA~=~="? =
1.1	450
32.9	451
35.1	452	Why this happen:
	453
34.1	454	For US915, AU915 or AS923 frequencies.It is possible because: .
1.1	455
33.1	456	When using the frequency mentioned above, the server sometimes adjusts the Data Rate (DR) of the node, because the end node has Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) Enabled.
1.1	457
34.1	458	When the server adjusts end node data rate to 0, the maximum payload length is 11 bytes. The server sometimes sends an ADR packet to the end node, and the node will reply to the server after receiving the ADR packet, but the number of payload bytes exceeds the limit, so it will send a normal uplink packet, and following an additional 00 data packet to handle this MAC command response.
1.1	459
33.1	460
35.1	461	How to solve:
	462
	463	Solution: Use the decoder to filter out this 0x00 packet.
	464
34.1	465	Some node decoders may not have the filter function, or you need decoders of other servers and formats. Please send an email to [[support@dragino.com>>mailto:support@dragino.com]]
6.1	466
32.9	467
	468
5.1	469	= 11. Why my Dev EUI and APP EUI is 0x000000000000, how to solve? =
	470
32.9	471
29.4	472	(((
7.1	473	It is possible the keys is erased during upgrading of firmware. and the console output shows below after AT+CFG
29.4	474	)))
5.1	475
29.4	476	(((
5.1	477	AT+APPKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
29.4	478	)))
5.1	479
29.4	480	(((
5.1	481	AT+NWKSKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
29.4	482	)))
5.1	483
29.4	484	(((
5.1	485	AT+APPSKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
29.4	486	)))
5.1	487
29.4	488	(((
5.1	489	AT+APPEUI=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
29.4	490	)))
5.1	491
29.4	492	(((
	493
	494	)))
5.1	495
29.4	496	(((
5.1	497	You can get the keys from the box sticker or send mail to Dragino Support to check keys with the provided SN number.
29.4	498	)))
5.1	499
29.4	500	(((
5.1	501	You can rewrites the keys by running commands in AT Console
32.9	502
	503
29.4	504	)))
5.1	505
29.4	506	(((
	507	For example：
	508	)))
5.1	509
29.4	510	(((
8.1	511	AT+APPKEY=85 41 47 20 45 58 28 14 16 82 A0 F0 80 0D DD EE
29.4	512	)))
5.1	513
29.4	514	(((
8.1	515	AT+NWKSKEY=AA CC B0 20 30 45 37 32 14 1E 14 93 E2 3B 20 11
29.4	516	)))
8.1	517
29.4	518	(((
8.1	519	AT+APPSKEY=11 23 02 20 30 20 30 60 80 20 20 30 30 20 10 10
29.4	520	)))
8.1	521
29.4	522	(((
8.1	523	AT+APPEUI=2C 45 47 E3 24 12 23 24
29.4	524	)))
8.1	525
29.4	526	(((
8.1	527	(Any combination of 16 bit codes can be used）
32.1	528
	529
32.16	530
32.1	531	= 12. I set my device is LoRaWAN Class C mode, why i still see Class A after boot? =
29.4	532	)))
8.1	533
	534
32.1	535	Class C only refers to status after OTAA Join successfully. The OTAA Join Process will use Class A mode.
	536
	537
	538
29.3	539	(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
	540

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