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Last modified by Xiaoling on 2025/05/05 08:51
From version 101.1
edited by Bei Jinggeng
on 2025/04/29 13:57
Change comment: There is no comment for this version
To version 3.1
edited by Xiaoling
on 2022/05/11 14:23
Change comment: There is no comment for this version

Summary

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1 -XWiki.Bei
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Content
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1 -**~ Table of Contents:**
1 +
2 2  
3 3  {{toc/}}
4 4  
5 5  
6 += 1. OTAA Join Process Debug =
6 6  
7 -= 1. Join process page check =
8 -
9 -
10 10  These pages are useful to check what is wrong on the Join process. Below shows the four steps that we can check the Join Process.
11 11  \\**If user has checked below steps and still can't solve the problem, please send us (support @ dragino.com) the sceenshots for each step to check. They include:**
12 12  
13 13  * End node console to show the Join freuqency and DR. (If possible)
14 -
15 15  * Gateway (from gateway UI) traffic to show the packet got from end node and receive from Server. (If possible)
16 -
17 17  * Gateway traffic (from server UI) to shows the data exchange between gateway and server. (Normaly possible)
18 -
19 19  * End Node traffic (from server UI) to shows end node activity in server. (Normaly possible)
20 -
21 21  * End Node Keys screen shot shows in end node and server. so we can check if the keys are correct. (In most case, we found keys doesn't match, especially APP EUI)
22 22  
23 -(% style="color:blue" %)**1. End Device Join Screen shot, we can check:**
17 +**~1. End Device Join Screen shot, we can check:**
24 24  
25 25  * If the device is sending join request to server?
26 -
27 27  * What frequency the device is sending?
28 28  
29 -[[image:image-20240129142147-2.png||height="736" width="964"]]
22 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/0/0f/OTAA_Join-1.jpg/600px-OTAA_Join-1.jpg||height="316" width="600"]]
30 30  
31 -Console Output from End device to see the transmit frequency.
24 +Console Output from End device to see the transmit frequency
32 32  
33 33  
34 -(% style="color:blue" %)**2. Gateway packet traffic in gateway web or ssh. we can check:**
27 +**2. Gateway packet traffic in gateway web or ssh. we can check:**
35 35  
36 36  * If the gateway receive the Join request packet from sensor? (If this fail, check if the gateway and sensor works on the match frequency)
37 -
38 38  * If the gateway gets the Join Accept message from server and transmit it via LoRa?
39 39  
40 -[[image:image-20240129151608-6.jpeg||height="725" width="1256"]]
32 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/1/1c/OTAA_Join-2.png/600px-OTAA_Join-2.png||height="325" width="600"]]
41 41  
42 42  Console Output from Gateway to see packets between end node and server.
43 43  
44 44  
45 -(% style="color:blue" %)**3. Gateway Live data in LoRaWAN Server**
37 +**3. Gateway Traffic Page in LoRaWAN Server**
46 46  
47 -* Does the gateway real-time data contain information about Join Request? If not, check the internet connection and gateway LoRaWAN server Settings.
48 -
49 -* Does the server send back a Join Accept for the Join Request? If not, check that the key from the device matches the key you put into the server, or try to choose a different server route for that end device.
50 -
39 +* If the Join Request packet arrive the gateway traffic in server? If not, check the internet connection and gateway LoRaWAN server settings.
40 +* If the server send back a Join Accept for the Join Request? if not, check if the keys from the device match the keys you put in the server, or try to choose a different server route for this end device.
51 51  * If the Join Accept message are in correct frequency? If you set the server to use US915 band, and your end node and gateway is EU868, you will see the Join Accept message are in US915 band so no possible to Join success.
52 52  
53 -[[image:image-20240129150821-5.jpeg||height="522" width="1264"]]
43 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/5/5c/OTAA_Join-3.png/600px-OTAA_Join-3.png||height="301" width="600"]]
54 54  
55 -The Traffic for the End node in the server, use TTN as example.
45 +The Traffic for the End node in the server, use TTN as example
56 56  
57 57  
58 -(% style="color:blue" %)**4. Data Page in LoRaWAN server**
48 +**4. Data Page in LoRaWAN server**
59 59  
60 60  * If this data page shows the Join Request message from the end node? If not, most properly you have wrong settings in the keys. Keys in the server doesn't match the keys in End Node.
61 61  
62 -[[image:image-20240129142557-3.png||height="488" width="1267"]]
52 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/e/ec/OTAA_Join-4.png/600px-OTAA_Join-4.png||height="181" width="600"]]
63 63  
64 64  The data for the end device set in server
65 65  
56 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/b/b1/OTAA_Join-5.png/600px-OTAA_Join-5.png||height="166" width="600"]]
66 66  
67 -[[image:image-20240129142631-4.png||height="637" width="1256"]]
58 +Check if OTAA Keys match the keys in device
68 68  
69 -Check if OTAA Keys match the keys in device.
70 70  
71 -
72 72  = 2. Notice of US915/CN470/AU915 Frequency band =
73 73  
63 +If user has problem to work with lorawan server in band US915/AU915/CN470, he can check:
74 74  
75 -(((
76 -If user has problem to work with LoRaWAN server in band US915/AU915/CN470, he can check:
77 -)))
65 +* What **sub-band** the server support ?
66 +* What is the **sub-band** the gateway support ?
67 +* What is the **sub-band** the end node is using ?
78 78  
79 -* (((
80 -What **sub-band** the server support?
81 -)))
82 -* (((
83 -What is the **sub-band** the gateway support?
84 -)))
85 -* (((
86 -What is the **sub-band** the end node is using?
87 -)))
88 -
89 -(((
90 90  All of above should match so End Node can properly Join the server and don't have packet lost.
91 -)))
92 92  
93 -(((
94 -
95 -)))
71 +In LoRaWAN protocol, the frequency bands US915, AU915, CN470 each includes at least 72 frequencies. Many gateways support only 8 or 16 frequencies, and server might support 8 frequency only. In this case, the OTAA join time and uplink schedule is long and unpredictable while the end node is hopping in 72 frequencies, because the end node will send data in many frequency that the gateway or server doesn,t support.
96 96  
97 -(((
98 -In LoRaWAN protocol, the frequency bands US915, AU915, CN470 each includes at least 72 frequencies. Many gateways support only 8 or 16 frequencies, and server might support 8 frequency only. In this case, the OTAA join time and uplink schedule is long and unpredictable while the end node is hopping in 72 frequencies, because the end node will send data in many frequency that the gateway or server doesn't support.
99 -)))
73 +Here are the freuqency tables for these bands as reference:
100 100  
101 -(((
102 -
103 -)))
75 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/3/3f/US915_FRE_BAND-1.png/600px-US915_FRE_BAND-1.png||height="170" width="600"]]
104 104  
105 -(((
106 -Here are the frequency tables for these bands as reference:
107 -)))
108 -
109 -[[image:image-20220526163801-6.png]]
110 -
111 111  US915 Channels
112 112  
79 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/8/8a/AU915_FRE_BAND-1.png/600px-AU915_FRE_BAND-1.png||height="167" width="600"]]
113 113  
114 -[[image:image-20220526163926-7.png]]
115 -
116 116  AU915 Channels
117 117  
83 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/3/3a/CN470_FRE_BAND-1.png/600px-CN470_FRE_BAND-1.png||height="205" width="600"]]
118 118  
119 -[[image:image-20220526163941-8.png]]
120 -
121 -(((
122 122  CN470 Channels
123 123  
124 -
125 -)))
126 -
127 -(((
128 128  If we look at the [[TTN network server frequency plan>>url:https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/frequency-plans.html]], we can see the US915 frequency band use the channel 8~~15.So the End Node must work at the same frequency in US915 8~~15 channels for TTN server.
129 -)))
130 130  
131 -[[image:image-20240123151225-3.png||height="434" width="902"]]
89 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/9/9a/US915_FRE_BAND-2.png/600px-US915_FRE_BAND-2.png||height="288" width="600"]]
132 132  
133 -(((
134 134  TTN FREQUENCY PLAN
135 135  
136 -(% style="display:none" %) (%%)
137 -)))
138 -
139 -(((
140 140  In dragino end node, user can use AT+CHE command to set what frequencies set the end node will use. The default settings for Dragino end node are preconfigure for TTN server, so use 8~~15 channels, which is **AT+CHE=2**. (AT+CHE=1 for first 8 channels, AT+CHE=2 for second 8 channels.. etc, and AT+CHE=0 for all 72 channels. )
141 -)))
142 142  
143 -(% style="display:none" %) (%%)
144 144  
145 -= 3. Why I see data lost/ is not periodically uplink？ Even the signal strength is good =
96 += 3. Why i see data lost/unperiocially uplink data? Even the signal strength is good =
146 146  
147 -
148 148  In this case, we can check if the frequency band matches in End Node, Gateway and LoRaWAN server. A typical case is using US915 in ChirpStack server as below:
149 149  
150 -* (% style="color:blue" %)**End node** (%%) ~-~-> Use Sub-band2 (Channel 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15) for Dragino Sensor. ADR is also enable, this is the default settings for dragino sensors.
100 +* **End node** ~-~-> Use Sub-band2 (Channel 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15) for Dragino Sensor. ADR is also enable, this is the default settings for dragino sensors.
101 +* **Gateway** ~-~-> Use Sub-band2 (Channel 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15) for Dragino Gateway. this is the default settings for dragino sensors.
102 +* **LoRaWAN server** ~-~-> ChirpStack default installation and use Sub-band1, **enabled_uplink_channels=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]** in the file chirpstack-network-server.toml.
151 151  
152 -* (% style="color:blue" %)**Gateway** (%%) ~-~-> Use Sub-band2 (Channel 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15) for Dragino Gateway. this is the default settings for dragino sensors.
153 -
154 -* (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN server**  (%%) ~-~-> ChirpStack default installation and use Sub-band1, **enabled_uplink_channels=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]** in the file chirpstack-network-server.toml.
155 -
156 -(((
157 157  When Sensor power on, it will use sub-band2 to join the network, the frequency matches the settings in gateway so all Join Request will be passed to the server for Join. Server will ask the sensor to change to Sub-band1 in the Join Accept downlink message. Sensor will change to sub-band1 for data upload. This cause the sensor and gateway have different frequencies so user see lost of most data or even no data.
158 -)))
159 159  
160 -
161 -(((
162 162  Use Subband2 as a default subband cause the sensor to have problem to work with the LoRaWAN server which use other subband, and use need to access to the end node to change the subband by console. that is not user frendily,. So since Dragino LoRaWAN Stack version DLS-005(release on end of 2020), we have changed the device to use All Subbands for OTAA join, for example, device will use the first frequency in Sub-Band1 as firt OTAA join packet, then use the first frequency in Sub-Band 2 , then first frequency in sub-band 3, and so on. LoRaWAN server will normally provide the required subband in the OTAA accept process, so end node will know what subband it use after join. If LoRaWAN server doesn't provide subband info in OTAA join, end node will use the subband which join success as the working subband. So the new method cause a longer OTAA Join time but will be compatible with all LoRaWAN server. And new method won't affect the normal uplink after Join Success.
163 -)))
164 164  
165 165  
166 -= 4. Why i see packet lost =
109 += 4. Transmision on ABP Mode =
167 167  
168 -== **1. Signal problem** ==
169 -
170 -
171 -1)  (% style="color:blue" %)**ADR automatic adjustment** (%%)
172 -
173 -Reason:
174 -
175 -When the signal is at a critical value, the server may configure the node to adjust to a lower power DR.
176 -At this time, the server is at risk of losing uplink.
177 -
178 -
179 -Solution:
180 -
181 -Users can manually fix the DR value.
182 -
183 -
184 -(% style="color:red" %)
185 -**Notice:**
186 -
187 -* User need to set Adaptive Data Rate(ADR)=0 first. otherwise device will respond to server's ADR command and change the DR according to server auto-adjustment.
188 -
189 -* Data Rate specifies Spreading Factor. The mapping varies in different frequency bands. User can check this link for detail. [[rp2-1.0.3-lorawan-regional-parameters.pdf>>https://lora-alliance.org/resource_hub/rp2-1-0-3-lorawan-regional-parameters/]]
190 -
191 -(% style="color:blue" %)**AT Command: AT+DR**
192 -
193 -(% border="1" cellspacing="4" style="background-color:#f2f2f2; width:409px" %)
194 -|(% style="background-color:#4f81bd; color:white; width:156px" %)**Command Example**|(% style="background-color:#4f81bd; color:white; width:147px" %)**Function**|(% style="background-color:#4f81bd; color:white; width:100px" %)**Response**
195 -|(% style="width:156px" %)AT+DR=?|(% style="width:147px" %)Get the Data Rate.|(% style="width:100px" %)5(((
196 -OK
197 -)))
198 -|(% style="width:156px" %)AT+DR=2|(% style="width:147px" %)Set the Data Rate.|(% style="width:100px" %)OK(((
199 -
200 -)))
201 -
202 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink Command: 0x2200aaFF**
203 -
204 -If the downlink payload=220001FF, it means setting the data rate to 1, while type code is 22 00 aa FF.
205 -
206 -* **Example 1**: Downlink Payload: **220001FF**  ~/~/ Set AT+DR=1.
207 -
208 -* **Example 2**: Downlink Payload: **220000FF**  ~/~/ Set AT+DR=0.
209 -
210 -(% style="display:none" %) (%%)
211 -
212 -
213 -2)  (% style="color:blue" %)**Node antenna problem**
214 -
215 -Reason:
216 -
217 -Node antenna is loose
218 -
219 -
220 -Solution:
221 -
222 -Please check whether the antenna interface and module interface are detached
223 -
224 -[[image:image-20250429114526-1.png||height="429" width="303"]]
225 -
226 -
227 -
228 -3) (% style="color:blue" %)**Gateway antenna problem**
229 -
230 -Reason:
231 -Gateway uses antenna with wrong frequency band
232 -
233 -For example: 868-band gateway uses antenna with 915-band, which will cause the signal to be greatly reduced
234 -
235 -
236 -Solution:
237 -
238 -Please check whether the silk screen on the antenna conflicts with the frequency you set.
239 -
240 -[[image:image-20250429115124-2.png]][[image:image-20250429115159-3.png||height="550" width="224"]]
241 -
242 -
243 -4) (% style="color:blue" %)**Gateway module problem**
244 -
245 -Reason:
246 -
247 -Gateway uses module with wrong frequency band
248 -For example: 868-band gateway uses module with 915-band, which will cause the signal to be greatly reduced
249 -
250 -
251 -Solution:
252 -
253 -Please check whether the silkscreen of the module conflicts with the frequency you set.
254 -
255 -[[image:image-20250429115951-5.png||height="288" width="384"]][[image:image-20250429133640-7.png||height="284" width="378"]]
256 -
257 -
258 -== **2. Frequency point problem** ==
259 -
260 -Reason:
261 -
262 -There are multiple frequency configurations in AS923/US915/AU915/CN470.
263 -
264 -The frequency point of the gateway or server is wrong or missing.
265 -
266 -
267 -Solution:
268 -
269 -Users need to check whether the server or gateway configuration is missing or has an incorrect frequency.
270 -
271 -The frequency range used in the dragino node is as follows
272 -
273 -
274 -== **3. Frequency band problem** ==
275 -
276 -Reason:
277 -
278 -When there are multiple gateways, the node cannot lock the frequency band.
279 -
280 -
281 -Solution:
282 -
283 -(((
284 -By default, the frequency bands US915, AU915, CN470 work in 72 frequencies. Many gateways are 8 channel gateways, and in this case, the OTAA join time and uplink schedule is long and unpredictable while the end node is hopping in 72 frequencies.
285 -)))
286 -
287 -(((
288 -You can configure the end node to work in 8 channel mode by using the AT+CHE command. The 500kHz channels are always included for OTAA.
289 -)))
290 -
291 -(((
292 -
293 -)))
294 -
295 -(((
296 -For example, in (% style="color:blue" %)**US915**(%%) band, the frequency table is as below. By default, the end node will use all channels (0~~71) for OTAA Join process. After the OTAA Join, the end node will use these all channels (0~~71) to send uplink packets.
297 -)))
298 -
299 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LSN50%20%26%20LSN50-V2%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Sensor%20Node%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220627160940-13.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220627160940-13.png"]]
300 -
301 -
302 -(((
303 -When you use the TTN V3 network, the US915 frequency bands use are:
304 -)))
305 -
306 -* (((
307 -903.9 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
308 -)))
309 -* (((
310 -904.1 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
311 -)))
312 -* (((
313 -904.3 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
314 -)))
315 -* (((
316 -904.5 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
317 -)))
318 -* (((
319 -904.7 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
320 -)))
321 -* (((
322 -904.9 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
323 -)))
324 -* (((
325 -905.1 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
326 -)))
327 -* (((
328 -905.3 - SF7BW125 to SF10BW125
329 -)))
330 -* (((
331 -904.6 - SF8BW500
332 -)))
333 -
334 -(((
335 -Because the end node is now hopping in 72 frequency, it makes it difficult for the devices to Join the TTN V3 network and uplink data. To solve this issue, you can access the device via the AT commands and run:
336 -)))
337 -
338 -(((
339 -(% style="color:blue" %)**AT+CHE=2**
340 -)))
341 -
342 -(((
343 -(% style="color:blue" %)**ATZ**
344 -)))
345 -
346 -
347 -(((
348 -to set the end node to work in 8 channel mode. The device will work in Channel 8-15 & 64-71 for OTAA, and channel 8-15 for Uplink.
349 -)))
350 -
351 -(((
352 -The (% style="color:blue" %)**AU915**(%%) band is similar. Below are the AU915 Uplink Channels.
353 -
354 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20LoRaWAN%20End%20Nodes/LSN50%20%26%20LSN50-V2%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Sensor%20Node%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20220627161124-14.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20220627161124-14.png"]]
355 -
356 -
357 -)))
358 -
359 -= 5. Transmision on ABP Mode =
360 -
361 -
362 -(((
363 363  In ABP mode, there is a Frame Counter Checks. With this check enabled, the server will only accept the frame with a higher counter. If you reboot the device in ABP mode, the device will start from count 0, so you won't be able to see the frame update in server.
364 -)))
365 365  
366 -(((
367 367  So in ABP mode, first check if the packet already arrive your gateway, if the packet arrive gatewat but didn't arrive server. Please check if this is the issue.
368 -)))
369 369  
370 -(((
371 371  To solve this, disable the Frame Counter Check will solve this issue , or reset the frame counter in the device page.
372 372  
373 -[[image:image-20240123161737-4.png||height="395" width="763"]]
374 -)))
117 +[[~[~[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/1/19/ABP_Issue-1.jpg/600px-ABP_Issue-1.jpg~|~|height="340" width="600"~]~]>>url:https://wiki.dragino.com/index.php/File:ABP_Issue-1.jpg]]
375 375  
376 -[[image:image-20240123161853-6.png||height="599" width="771"]]
377 -
378 378  Disable Frame Counter Check in ABP Mode
379 379  
380 380  
381 -= 6. Downstream Debug =
122 += 5. Downstream Debug =
382 382  
383 -== 6.1 How it work ==
124 +== 5.1 How it work ==
384 384  
385 -
386 386  LoRaWAN End node will open two receive windows to receive the downstream data. If the downstream packets arrive the end node at these receive windows, the end node will be able to get this packet and process it.
387 387  
388 -(((
389 -Depends on Class A or Class C, the receive windows will be a little difference. The main difference between Class A and Class C:
128 +Depends on Class A or Class C, the receive windows will be a little difference,
390 390  
391 -* **Class A** : Suitable for Battery powered end node. Class A will save a lot of power but it can only receive downlink after each uplink
392 -* **Class C**: End node can receive downlink immediately but have higher power consumption.
130 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/1/1a/Downstream_LoRaWAN-1.png/600px-Downstream_LoRaWAN-1.png||height="590" width="600"]]
393 393  
394 -
395 -)))
396 -
397 -[[image:image-20220531161828-1.png]]
398 -
399 399  receive windows for Class A and Class C
400 400  
401 -
402 402  Below are the requirement for the End Device to receive the packets.
403 403  
404 404  * The End Device must open the receive windows: RX1 or RX2
405 -
406 406  * The LoRaWAN server must send a downstream packet, and the gateway forward this downstream packet for this end node.
407 -
408 408  * This downstream packet must arrive to the end node while RX1 or RX2 is open.
409 -
410 410  * This packet must match the frequency of the RX1 or RX2 window.
140 +* This packet must match the DataRate of RX1(RX1DR) or RX2 (RX2DR). **This is the common fail point, because different lorawan server might use different RX2DR and they don't info End Node via ADR message so cause the mismatch. If this happen, user need to change the RX2DR to the right value in end node. In OTAA, LoRaWAN Server will send the RX2DR setting in Join Accept message so the end node will auto adjust. but ABP uplink doesn't support this auto change.**
411 411  
412 -* This packet must match the DataRate of RX1(RX1DR) or RX2 (RX2DR). (% style="color:red" %)**This is the common fail point, because different lorawan server might use different RX2DR and they don't info End Node via ADR message so cause the mismatch. If this happen, user need to change the RX2DR to the right value in end node. In OTAA, LoRaWAN Server will send the RX2DR setting in Join Accept message so the end node will auto adjust. but ABP uplink doesn't support this auto change.**
142 +== 5.2 See Debug Info ==
413 413  
414 -== 6.2 See Debug Info ==
144 +**For LoRaWAN Server**
415 415  
416 -
417 -(((
418 -(% style="color:blue" %)**For LoRaWAN Server**
419 -)))
420 -
421 -(((
422 422  We can check if there is downlink message for this end node, use TTN for example:
423 -)))
424 424  
425 -(((
426 -Configure a downlink to the end device
148 +Configure a downstream to the end device
427 427  
428 -[[image:image-20240129152412-8.png||height="486" width="1206"]]
429 -)))
150 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/8/82/Downstream_debug_1.png/600px-Downstream_debug_1.png||height="217" width="600"]]
430 430  
431 -
432 -(((
433 433  Set a downstream in TTN and see it is sent
434 -)))
435 435  
436 -(% style="color:red" %)**Note: After the downlink command is successfully sent from the platform to the node, the downlink command is executed only after the platform receives the next uplink package from the node.**
437 437  
155 +This downstream info will then pass to the gateway downstream list. and include the DR which is used (SF9BW125) in EU868 is DR3
438 438  
439 -(((
440 -This downlink info will then pass to the gateway downlink list. and the DR which is used (SF7BW500) in US915 is DR5.
441 -)))
157 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/d/dc/Downstream_debug_2.png/600px-Downstream_debug_2.png||height="245" width="600"]]
442 442  
443 -[[image:image-20240129152049-7.png||height="463" width="1166"]]
159 +Gateway Traffic can see this downstream info
444 444  
445 -(((
446 -Gateway Traffic can see this downlink info
447 -)))
448 448  
162 +**For LoRaWAN Gateway**
449 449  
164 +When the downstream packet appear on the traffic of Gateway page. The LoRaWAN gateway can get it from LoRaWAN server and transmit it. In Dragion Gateway, this can be checked by runinng "logread -f" in the SSH console. and see below:
450 450  
451 -(((
452 -(% style="color:blue" %)**For LoRaWAN Gateway**
453 -)))
166 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/2/21/Downstream_debug_3.png/600px-Downstream_debug_3.png||height="195" width="600"]]
454 454  
455 -(((
456 -When the downlink packet appear on the traffic of Gateway page. The LoRaWAN gateway can get it from LoRaWAN server and transmit it. In Dragino Gateway, this can be checked by running "logread -f" in the SSH console. and see below:
457 -)))
458 -
459 -[[image:image-20240129154321-9.png]]
460 -
461 -(((
462 462  Gateway Sent out this packet
463 -)))
464 464  
465 465  
171 +**For End Node**
466 466  
173 +we can use AT Command (AT+CFG) to check the RX1 configure and RX2 configure. as below:
174 +
175 +(% class="box infomessage" %)
467 467  (((
468 -(% style="color:blue" %)**For End Node**
177 +AT+RX2FQ=869525000 ~-~--> The RX2 Window frequency
469 469  )))
470 470  
180 +(% class="box infomessage" %)
471 471  (((
472 -we can use AT Command (AT+CFG) to check the RX1 configure and RX2 configure. as below:
182 +AT+RX2DR=3 ~-~--> The RX2 DataRate
473 473  )))
474 474  
185 +(% class="box infomessage" %)
475 475  (((
476 -* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+RX2FQ=869525000**  (%%) **~-~-->**  The RX2 Window frequency
477 -
478 -* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+RX2DR=3**          (%%) **~-~-->**  The RX2 DataRate
479 -
480 -* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+RX1DL=1000**       (%%) ** ~-~-->**  Receive Delay 1
481 -
482 -* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+RX2DL=2000**       (%%) **~-~--> ** Receive Delay 2
187 +AT+RX1DL=1000 ~-~--> Receive Delay 1
483 483  )))
484 484  
190 +(% class="box infomessage" %)
485 485  (((
486 -(% style="color:blue" %)**when the device running, we can see below info:**
192 +AT+RX2DL=2000 ~-~--> Receive Delay 2
487 487  )))
488 488  
489 -{{{ [12502]***** UpLinkCounter= 0 *****
490 - [12503]TX on freq 868500000 Hz at DR 0
491 - [13992]txDone
492 - [15022]RX on freq 868500000 Hz at DR 0 --> RX1 window open at frequency: 868500000, DR0, after 15022-13992= 1030ms of txdone
493 - [15222]rxTimeOut --> no packet arrive in RX1 window. (duration: 200ms)
494 - [15987]RX on freq 869525000 Hz at DR 3 --> RX2 window open at frequency: 869525000, DR3, after 15987-13992= 1995ms of txdone
495 - [16027]rxTimeOut --> no packet arrive in RX2 window. (duration: 40 ms)}}}
496 -
497 497  (((
498 -
196 +{{info}}
197 +(% class="box infomessage" %)
198 +(((
199 +AT+RX2FQ=869525000     ~-~--> The RX2 Window frequency
200 +AT+RX2DR=3  ~-~--> The RX2 DataRate
201 +AT+RX1DL=1000  ~-~--> Receive Delay 1
202 +AT+RX2DL=2000  ~-~--> Receive Delay 2
203 +)))
204 +{{/info}}
499 499  
500 500  
501 501  )))
502 502  
503 -(((
504 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Another message:**
505 -)))
209 +when the device running, we can see below info:
506 506  
507 -{{{ [12502]***** UpLinkCounter= 0 *****
508 - [12503]TX on freq 868100000 Hz at DR 0
509 - [13992]txDone
510 - [15022]RX on freq 868100000 Hz at DR 0
511 - [15222]rxTimeOut
512 - [15987]RX on freq 869525000 Hz at DR 3
513 - [16185]rxDone --> We have got the downstream packet.
514 - Rssi= -64
515 - Receive data
516 - 1:0012345678}}}
211 +{{{[12502]***** UpLinkCounter= 0 *****
212 +[12503]TX on freq 868500000 Hz at DR 0
213 +[13992]txDone
214 +[15022]RX on freq 868500000 Hz at DR 0 --> RX1 window open at frequency: 868500000, DR0, after 15022-13992= 1030ms of txdone
215 +[15222]rxTimeOut --> no packet arrive in RX1 window. (duration: 200ms)
216 +[15987]RX on freq 869525000 Hz at DR 3 --> RX2 window open at frequency: 869525000, DR3, after 15987-13992= 1995ms of txdone
217 +[16027]rxTimeOut --> no packet arrive in RX2 window. (duration: 40 ms)
218 +}}}
517 517  
220 +{{{Another message:
221 +[12502]***** UpLinkCounter= 0 *****
222 +[12503]TX on freq 868100000 Hz at DR 0
223 +[13992]txDone
224 +[15022]RX on freq 868100000 Hz at DR 0
225 +[15222]rxTimeOut
226 +[15987]RX on freq 869525000 Hz at DR 3
227 +[16185]rxDone --> We have got the downstream packet.
228 +Rssi= -64
229 +Receive data
230 +1:0012345678
231 +}}}
518 518  
519 -== 6.3 If problem doesn't solve ==
233 +== 5.3 If problem doesn’t solve ==
520 520  
235 +**If user has checked below steps and still can't solve the problem, please send us (support @ dragino.com) the sceenshots for each step to check. They include:**
521 521  
522 -(% style="color:red" %)**If user has checked below steps and still can't solve the problem, please send us (support @ dragino.com) the sceenshots for each step to check. They include:**
523 -
524 524  * End node console to show the transmit freuqency and DR.
525 -
526 526  * Gateway (from gateway UI) traffic to show the packet got from end node and receive from Server.
527 -
528 528  * Gateway traffic (from server UI) to shows the data exchange between gateway and server.
529 -
530 530  * End Node traffic (from server UI) to shows end node activity in server.
531 531  
532 -= 7. Downlink Issue ~-~- Packet REJECTED, unsupported frequency =
242 += 6. Downlink Issue ~-~- Packet REJECTED, unsupported frequency =
533 533  
244 +In LoRaWAN, the gatewat will use the frequency specify by the server to transmit a packet as downlink purpose. Each Frequency band has different downlink frequency. and the gateway has a frequency range limited to transmit downlink.
534 534  
535 -(((
536 -In LoRaWAN, the gateway will use the frequency specify by the server to transmit a packet as downlink purpose. Each Frequency band has different downlink frequency. and the gateway has a frequency range limited to transmit downlink.
537 -)))
538 -
539 -(((
540 -
541 -)))
542 -
543 -(((
544 544  So if the LoRaWAN server is an AS923 server which ask the gateway to transmit at 923.2Mhz frequency, but the gateway is IN868 frequency band (support 865~~867Mhz to transmit). In the gateway log it will show something like below:
545 -)))
546 546  
547 -{{{Sat Nov 21 08:04:17 2020 daemon.info lora_pkt_fwd[1680]: ERROR~ Packet REJECTED, unsupported frequency - 923200000 (min:865000000,max:867000000)}}}
248 +{{{Sat Nov 21 08:04:17 2020 daemon.info lora_pkt_fwd[1680]: ERROR~ Packet REJECTED, unsupported frequency - 923200000 (min:865000000,max:867000000)
249 +}}}
548 548  
549 -(((
550 -
551 -)))
552 -
553 -(((
554 554  In this case, please double check the gateway frequency and the server frequency band.
555 -)))
556 556  
557 557  
558 -= 8. Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet =
254 += 7. Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet =
559 559  
256 +~1. LHT65 End device configure:
560 560  
561 -(% style="color:blue" %)**1. LHT65N End device configure:**
562 -
563 -**Change to ABP Mode:  AT+NJM=0**
564 -
565 -**Change to fix frequency:  ​​​​AT+CHE=1**
566 -
567 -
568 -**AT+CFG(Print configuration):**
569 -
570 -[[image:image-20240129170603-7.png||height="697" width="545"]][[image:image-20240129163741-3.png||height="694" width="565"]]
571 -
572 -
573 -
574 -**Configuration: **
575 -
576 -[[image:image-20240129164219-4.png||height="612" width="440"]]
577 -
578 -
579 -
580 -(% style="color:blue" %)**2. In LPS8-v2, configure to receive above message**
581 -
582 -[[image:image-20240129164326-5.png||height="506" width="1114"]]
583 -
584 -
585 -In LPS8-v2 console, we can see the Base64 receive are:
586 -
587 -[[image:image-20240129170137-6.png||height="459" width="1116"]]
588 -
589 -
590 -
591 -(% style="color:blue" %)**3. Decode the info in CMD(Command prompt window)**
592 -
593 -LoRa packet Base64 format:  QP~/~/~/~/+AFQACZv8Hjmc8gFTAkhMzU+75 **(from LPS8-v2)**
594 -
595 -Then the instructions and format parsed in SecureCRT are:  ./node_modules/.bin/lora-packet-decode ~-~-base64 QP~/~/~/~/+AFQACZv8Hjmc8gFTAkhMzU+75
596 -
597 -
598 -**Step1: Open CMD, Enter the gateway IP and port.(ssh root@gateway IP -p 22)**
599 -
600 -[[image:image-20240129190752-17.png||height="338" width="901"]]
601 -
602 -[[image:image-20240129191937-21.png||height="450" width="901"]]
603 -
604 -
605 -**Step2: Enter the command to download the LoRa parsing package.(npm install lora-packet)**
606 -
607 -[[image:image-20240129192239-22.png||height="416" width="902"]]
608 -
609 -[[image:image-20240129192549-23.png||height="459" width="898"]]
610 -
611 -
612 -**Step3: Parse the gateway raw payload.(./node_modules/.bin/lora-packet-decode ~-~-base64 QP~/~/~/~/+AFQACZv8Hjmc8gFTAkhMzU+75)**
613 -
614 -
615 -
616 -
617 -[[image:image-20240129192908-24.png||height="477" width="907"]]
618 -
619 -
620 -[[image:image-20240129192954-25.png||height="485" width="916"]]
621 -
622 -
623 -
624 -
625 -
626 -
627 -
628 -= 9. Why I see uplink 0x00 periodically on the LHT65 v1.8 firmware =
629 -
630 -
631 -Since firmware v1.8, LHT65 will send MAC command to request time, in the case if DR only support max 11 bytes, this MAC command will be bundled to a separate uplink payload with 0x00.
632 -
633 -
634 -= 10. Why do I see a "MIC Mismatch" error message from the server? =
635 -
636 -
258 +(% class="box infomessage" %)
637 637  (((
638 -1)  If the user receives a "MIC Mismatch" message after registering the node on the server.
260 +Change to ABP Mode: AT+NJM=0
639 639  )))
640 640  
263 +(% class="box infomessage" %)
641 641  (((
642 -It is likely that the user filled in the wrong APPKEY when registering the node. Many users fill in "APPSKEY".
265 +Change to fix frequency: AT+CHS=904900000
643 643  )))
644 644  
645 -* (((
646 -Please note the distinction between "APPKEY" and "APPSKEY".
647 -)))
648 -
268 +(% class="box infomessage" %)
649 649  (((
650 -2）If the node works on the server for a period of time, the device stops working and receives a "MIC Mismatch" message.
270 +Change to fix DR: AT+DR=0
651 651  )))
652 652  
653 -(((
654 -The user needs a USB-TTL adapter to connect the serial port to modify the node APPKEY.
655 -)))
273 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/e/e6/Decrypt_a_LoRaWAN_Packet1.jpg||alt="Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet1.jpg" height="607" width="558"]]
656 656  
657 -* (((
658 -If a node is registered with multiple servers, it may also cause the "mic mismatch" error.
659 -)))
275 +2. In LG02 , configure to receive above message
660 660  
661 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
662 -3）Wrong Regional Parameters version selected
663 - We generally use versions above 1.0.2
277 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/c/c3/Decrypt_a_LoRaWAN_Packet2.jpg||alt="Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet2.jpg" height="337" width="558"]]
664 664  
665 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
666 -[[image:image-20230322163227-1.png]]
279 +In LG02 console, we can see the hex receive are:
667 667  
668 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
669 -4）We have had cases where it was automatically fixed the next day despite no manual changes, probably a server side issue
281 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/f/f1/Decrypt_a_LoRaWAN_Packet3.jpg||alt="Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet3.jpg" height="179" width="558"]]
670 670  
283 +3. Decode the info in web
671 671  
672 -= 11. Why I got the payload only with "0x00" or "AA~=~="? =
285 +[[https:~~/~~/lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh>>url:https://lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh/]]
673 673  
287 +Need these three fields:
674 674  
675 -(% style="color:blue" %)**Why sensor sends 0x00?**
289 +LoRa packet hex format: 40c1190126800100024926272bf18bbb6341584e27e23245 (from LG02)
676 676  
677 -For US915, AU915 or AS923 frequencies, the max payload lenght is 11 bytes for DR0. Some times sensor needs to send MAC command to server, because the payload is 11 bytes, The MAC command + Payload will exceed 11 bytes and LoRaWAN server will ignore the uplink. In this case, Sensor will send two uplinks together: one uplink is the payload without MAC command, another uplink is **0x00 payload + MAC Command.**  For the second uplink, in the server side, it will shows the payload is 0x00. Normally, there are several case this will happen.
291 +AT+NWKSKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 11 (End node Network Session Key)
678 678  
679 -**Possible Case 1**:
293 +AT+APPSKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 11 (End Node App Session Key)
680 680  
681 -Sensor has ADR=1 enable and sensor need to reply server MAC command (ADR request) while sensor has DR=0.
295 +[[https:~~/~~/lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh/?data=40c1190126800100024926272bf18bbb6341584e27e23245&nwkskey=00000000000000000000000000000111&appskey=00000000000000000000000000000111>>url:https://lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh/?data=40c1190126800100024926272bf18bbb6341584e27e23245&nwkskey=00000000000000000000000000000111&appskey=00000000000000000000000000000111]]
682 682  
297 +[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/7/77/Decrypt_a_LoRaWAN_Packet4.png||alt="Decrypt a LoRaWAN Packet4.png" height="390" width="558"]]
683 683  
684 -**Possible Case 2:**
299 +The FRMPayload is the device payload.
685 685  
686 -For the sensor which has Datalog Feature enable, the sensor will send TimeRequest MAC Command to sync the time. This Time Request will be sent once Sensor Join Network and Every 10 days. While they send such command with DR=0, sensor will send this command with 0x00 payload.
687 687  
302 += 8. Why i see uplink 0x00 periodcally on the LHT65 v1.8 firmware =
688 688  
689 -(% style="color:blue" %)**How to solve:**
304 +Since firmware v1.8, LHT65 will send MAC command to request time, in the case if DR only support max 11 bytes, this MAC command will be bundled to a separate uplink payload with 0x00.
690 690  
691 -Solution:
306 += 9. Why do I see a "MIC Mismatch" error message from the server? =
692 692  
693 -~1. Use the decoder to filter out this 0x00 packet. (**Recommand**)
308 +1)If the user receives a "MIC Mismatch" message after registering the node on the server.
694 694  
695 -2. Data rate changed from DR3 to DR5, increasing upload byte length
696 -AT+ADR=0
697 -AT+DR=3
310 +It is likely that the user filled in the wrong APPKEY when registering the node. Many users fill in "APPSKEY".
698 698  
699 -Downlink：
312 +* Please note the distinction between "APPKEY" and "APPSKEY".
700 700  
701 -[[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/#H7.4DataRate>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/End%20Device%20AT%20Commands%20and%20Downlink%20Command/#H7.4DataRate]]
314 +2）If the node works on the server for a period of time, the device stops working and receives a "MIC Mismatch" message.
702 702  
703 -Some node decoders may not have the filter function, or you need decoders of other servers and formats. Please send an email to [[support@dragino.com>>mailto:support@dragino.com]]
316 +The user needs a USB-TTL adapter to connect the serial port to modify the node APPKEY.
704 704  
318 +* If a node is registered with multiple servers, it may also cause the "mic mismatch" error.
705 705  
706 -= 12. Why my Dev EUI and APP EUI is 0x000000000000, how to solve? =
320 += 10. Why i got the payload only with "0x00" or "AA~=~="? =
707 707  
322 +* If you are using US915, AU915 and AS923 frequencies.This is normal phenomenon.
708 708  
709 -(((
710 -It is possible the keys is erased during upgrading of firmware. and the console output shows below after AT+CFG
711 -)))
324 +When using the frequency mentioned above, the server sometimes adjusts the rate of the node, because the node defaults to the adaptive rate.
712 712  
713 -(((
714 -AT+APPKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
715 -)))
326 +When the server adjusts your node rate to 0, the maximum payload length is 11 bytes. The server sometimes sends an ADR packet to the node,
716 716  
717 -(((
718 -AT+NWKSKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
719 -)))
328 +and the node will reply to the server after receiving the ADR packet, but the number of payload bytes exceeds the limit,
720 720  
721 -(((
722 -AT+APPSKEY=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
723 -)))
330 +so it will send a normal uplink packet, and an additional 00 data packet.
724 724  
725 -(((
726 -AT+APPEUI=00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
727 -)))
332 +* Solution: Use the decoder to filter out this 00 packet.
333 +* Some node decoders may not have filtering function, or you need decoders of other servers and formats. Please send an email to david.huang@dragino.cc
728 728  
729 -(((
335 +(% class="wikigeneratedid" id="H" %)
730 730  
731 -)))
732 -
733 -(((
734 -You can get the keys from the box sticker or send mail to Dragino Support to check keys with the provided SN number.
735 -)))
736 -
737 -(((
738 -You can rewrites the keys by running commands in AT Console
739 -
740 -
741 -)))
742 -
743 -(((
744 -**For example：**
745 -)))
746 -
747 -(((
748 -AT+APPKEY=85 41 47 20 45 58 28 14 16 82 A0 F0 80 0D DD EE
749 -)))
750 -
751 -(((
752 -AT+NWKSKEY=AA CC B0 20 30 45 37 32 14 1E 14 93 E2 3B 20 11
753 -)))
754 -
755 -(((
756 -AT+APPSKEY=11 23 02 20 30 20 30 60 80 20 20 30 30 20 10 10
757 -)))
758 -
759 -(((
760 -AT+APPEUI=2C 45 47 E3 24 12 23 24
761 -)))
762 -
763 -(((
764 -(Any combination of 16 bit codes can be used）
765 -
766 -
767 -= 13. I set my device is LoRaWAN Class C mode, why I still see Class A after boot? =
768 -)))
769 -
770 -
771 -Class C only refers to status after OTAA Join successfully. The OTAA Join Process will use Class A mode.
772 -
773 -
774 -= 14. Why it takes longer time for OTAA joined in US915/CN470/AU915 band? =
775 -
776 -
777 -In US915, AU915 or CN470 frequency band, there are 8 sub-bands, totally 72 channels. and LoRaWAN server normally use only one sub-band, for example Sub-band 2 in TTN. The gateway also configured to Sub-band 2 and cover eight channels in this sub-band. If the end node transfer data in Sub-band 2, it will reach to gateway and to the LoRaWAN server. If the end node transfer packets in other sub-bands, for example sub-band 1, the packet won't arrive both gateway or LoRaWAN server.
778 -
779 -
780 -In Dragino Sensors old version firmware (before early 2022), the sub-band is fixed the sub-band to 2 , but this cause a problem, the end node is hard to use in other subband and need program. So the new logic is as below:
781 -
782 -We have improved this, the end node will use frequency 1 from sub-band1, then frequency 1 from sub-band2, then frequency 1 from sub-band3, etc to process the OTAA join, in this case, in this case, the end node can support LoRaWAN servers with different sub-bands. To make sure the end node will only transmit the proper sub-band after OTAA Joined successfully, the end node will:
783 -
784 -* (((
785 -Check what sub-band the LoRaWAN server ask from the OTAA Join Accept message and switch to that sub-band.
786 -)))
787 -* (((
788 -Use the Join successful sub-band if the server doesn't include sub-band info in the OTAA Join Accept message (TTN v2 doesn't include).
789 -)))
790 -
791 -This change will make the activation time a little longer but make sure the device can be used in any sub-band.
792 -
793 -
794 -Below is a photo to show why it takes longer time for OTAA Join. We can see in 72 channels mode, why it takes more time to join success. If users want to have faster OTAA Join success, he can change default CHE to the sub-band he uses.
795 -
796 -
797 -[[image:image-20221215223215-1.png||height="584" width="1280"]]
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