<
From version < 88.1 >
edited by Mengting Qiu
on 2024/08/20 11:27
To version < 6.1 >
edited by Edwin Chen
on 2024/06/02 22:09
>
Change comment: Uploaded new attachment "image-20240602220856-1.png", version {1}

Summary

Details

Page properties
Author
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1 -XWiki.ting
1 +XWiki.Edwin
Content
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23 23  1. Power On End Node
24 24  1. [[Configure APN>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/How%20to%20configure%20APN%20in%20the%20node/]] in the sensor (AT+APN=<APN>), example AT+APN=iot.1nce.net
25 25  
26 -[[image:image-20240602220856-1.png]]
26 +[[image:image-20240208102804-1.png||height="286" width="696"]]
27 27  
28 +[[image:image-20230808205045-1.png||height="293" width="438"]]
28 28  
29 -放一张如何插卡图片。
30 -
31 -
32 32  After doing above, the end nodes should be able to attach to NB-IoT network .
33 33  
34 34  The -CB and -CS models support (% style="color:blue" %)**LTE Cat NB2 and LTE-M (CAT-M1)**(%%), with below frequency band: multiple frequency bands of
... ... @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@
51 51  |(% style="width:117px" %)China Mobile|(% style="width:151px" %)No need configure|(% style="width:406px" %)China Mainland, HongKong|(% style="width:351px" %) |(% style="width:120px" %)
52 52  |(% style="width:117px" %)China Telecom|(% style="width:151px" %)ctnb|(% style="width:406px" %)China Mainland|(% style="width:351px" %) |(% style="width:120px" %)
53 53  
52 +
54 54  == 2.2 Speed Up Network Attach time ==
55 55  
56 56  **BG95-M2** supports multi bands (% style="color:blue" %)**in NB-IoT and LTE-M. **(%%) It will search one by one and try to attach, this will take a lot of time and even cause attach fail and show **Signal Strenght:99**.
57 57  
58 -**Note:**Before using the NB module command, users need to power on the NB module. Run the AT+QSW command to turn on and off the NB module.Remember to shut down after using the NB module command, otherwise it will consume power.
59 59  
60 60  Attache to 1NCE card for Australia use:
61 61  
... ... @@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
62 62  * AT+COPS=1,2,"50501",8
63 63  * AT+QCFG="band",0,0x8000000,0x8000000,1
64 64  
63 +
65 65  After connection is successful, user can use (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+QENG="servingcell"**(%%) to check which band is actually in used.
66 66  
67 67  AT+QENG="servingcell"
... ... @@ -71,116 +71,8 @@
71 71  
72 72  See bands used for different provider:** [[NB-IoT Deployment , Bands, Operator list>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/NB-IoT%20Deployment%20%2C%20Bands%2C%20Operator%20list/]]**
73 73  
74 -=== **1.Configure Frequency Band** ===
75 75  
76 -AT+QCFG="band"[,<GSM_bandval>,<eMTC_bandval>,<NB-IoT_bandval>[,<effect>]]
77 77  
78 -<GSM_bandval>:
79 -
80 -0 No change 
81 -0x1 EGSM900
82 -0x2 DCS1800
83 -0x4 GSM850 
84 -0x8 PCS1900 
85 -0xF All of the supported bands above
86 -
87 -<eMTC_bandval>:
88 -
89 -0 No change 
90 -0x1  LTE B1
91 -0x2  LTE B2 
92 -0x4  LTE B3 
93 -0x8  LTE B4 
94 -0x10  LTE B5 
95 -0x80  LTE B8 
96 -0x800  LTE B12 
97 -0x1000  LTE B13 
98 -0x20000  LTE B18 
99 -0x40000  LTE B19 
100 -0x80000  LTE B20 
101 -0x1000000  LTE B25 
102 -0x2000000  LTE B26 
103 -0x4000000  LTE B27 
104 -0x8000000  LTE B28 
105 -0x40000000  LTE B31 
106 -0x20000000000000000  LTE B66 
107 -0x800000000000000000  LTE B72 
108 -0x1000000000000000000  LTE B73 
109 -0x1000000000000000000000  LTE B85
110 -
111 -<NB-IoT_bandval>:
112 -
113 -0 No change 
114 -0x1  LTE B1
115 -0x2  LTE B2 
116 -0x4  LTE B3 
117 -0x8  LTE B4 
118 -0x10  LTE B5 
119 -0x80  LTE B8 
120 -0x800  LTE B12 
121 -0x1000  LTE B13 
122 -0x20000  LTE B18 
123 -0x40000  LTE B19 
124 -0x80000  LTE B20 
125 -0x1000000  LTE B25 
126 -0x8000000  LTE B28 
127 -0x40000000  LTE B31 
128 -0x20000000000000000  LTE B66
129 -
130 -0x400000000000000000  LTE B71
131 -0x800000000000000000  LTE B72 
132 -0x1000000000000000000  LTE B73 
133 -0x1000000000000000000000  LTE B85
134 -
135 -For example, setting the LTE-M network frequency band to 3.
136 -
137 -AT+QCFG="band",0xF,0x4,0,1
138 -
139 -When searching for all bands, the value of this command is set to:
140 -
141 -AT+QCFG="band",0xF,0x100002000000000f0e189f,0x10004200000000090e189f,1
142 -
143 -
144 -=== **2.Configure search network sequence** ===
145 -
146 -AT+QCFG="nwscanseq",<scanseq>,1
147 -
148 -<scanseq>:
149 -
150 -00 Automatic (eMTC → NB-IoT → GSM) 
151 -01 GSM 
152 -02 eMTC 
153 -03 NB-IoT
154 -
155 -AT+QCFG="nwscanseq",02,1  ~/~/Priority search for eMTC
156 -
157 -=== **3.Configure Network Category to be Searched for under LTE RAT** ===
158 -
159 -AT+QCFG="iotopmode",mode,1
160 -
161 -0 eMTC 
162 -1 NB-IoT 
163 -2 eMTC and NB-IoT
164 -
165 -=== **4.AT command to set frequency band and network category** ===
166 -
167 -AT+QBAND=0x100002000000000f0e189f,0x10004200000000090e189f  ~/~/<eMTC_bandval>,<NB-IoT_bandval>
168 -
169 -AT+IOTMOD=0  ~/~/ 0 eMTC  1 NB-IoT  2 eMTC and NB-IoT
170 -
171 -**Example :**
172 -
173 -Taking the use of 1nce cards in **the United States** as an example.
174 -
175 -AT+APN=iot.1nce.net  ~/~/set APN
176 -
177 -AT+QBAND=0x100180A,0  ~/~/ eMTC :Set frequency band B2,B4,B12,B13,B25  NB-IoT:No change
178 -
179 -AT+IOTMOD=0  ~/~/ Set  eMTC Network
180 -
181 -**Setting the above commands in the United States will greatly reduce the network search time of the NB module.**
182 -
183 -
184 184  = 3. Configure to connect to different servers =
185 185  
186 186  == 3.1 General UDP Connection ==
... ... @@ -203,34 +203,12 @@
203 203  
204 204  * (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+SERVADDR=120.24.4.116,5601**  (%%) ~/~/ Set UDP server address and port
205 205  
206 -[[image:image-20240819102802-1.png]]
97 +[[image:image-20230802112413-2.png]]
207 207  
208 208  ==== 3.1.2.2 Uplink Example ====
209 209  
210 -[[image:image-20240819105418-8.png||height="671" width="1414"]]
101 +[[image:image-20230802112413-3.png]]
211 211  
212 -== 3.2 General COAP Connection ==
213 -
214 -The NB-IoT Sensor can send packet to server use COAP protocol.
215 -
216 -Below are the commands.
217 -
218 -(% style="color:blue" %)**AT Commands:**
219 -
220 -* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+PRO=1,0**   (%%) ~/~/ Set to use COAP protocol to uplink, Payload Type select Hex payload.
221 -
222 -* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+SERVADDR=120.24.4.116,5683** (%%) ~/~/ Set COAP server address and port
223 -
224 -* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+URI1=11,"I"**  (%%) ~/~/  Configure CoAP Message Options
225 -* (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+URI2=11,"aaa05e26-4d6d-f01b-660e-1d8de4a3bfe1"**    (%%) ~/~/ Configure CoAP Message Options
226 -
227 -[[image:image-20240819103212-2.png]]
228 -
229 -=== 3.2.1 Uplink Example ===
230 -
231 -[[image:image-20240819103909-4.png||height="453" width="955"]]
232 -
233 -
234 234  == 3.2 General MQTT Connection ==
235 235  
236 236  The NB-IoT Sensor can send packet to server use MQTT protocol.
... ... @@ -253,11 +253,10 @@
253 253  
254 254  * (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+SUBTOPIC=NSE01_SUB**  (%%) ~/~/ Set the subscription topic of MQTT
255 255  
256 -[[image:image-20240819105003-7.png||height="613" width="458"]]
125 +[[image:image-20230802112413-4.png]]
257 257  
127 +[[image:image-20230802112413-5.png||height="530" width="987"]]
258 258  
259 -[[image:image-20240819104942-6.png||height="702" width="974"]]
260 -
261 261  (% style="color:red" %)**Notice: MQTT protocol has a much higher power consumption compare with UDP/CoAP protocol. Please check the power analyze document and adjust the uplink period to a suitable interval.**
262 262  
263 263  == 3.3 [[ThingSpeak>>url:https://thingspeak.com/]] (via MQTT) ==
... ... @@ -266,9 +266,9 @@
266 266  
267 267  [[ThingSpeak>>url:https://thingspeak.com/]] connection uses MQTT Connection. So we need to get MQTT Credentials first. You need to point MQTT Devices to ThingSpeak Channel as well.
268 268  
269 -[[image:image-20240819173602-1.png||height="401" width="743"]]
137 +[[image:image-20230802112413-6.png||height="336" width="925"]]
270 270  
271 -[[image:image-20240819173706-3.png||height="595" width="597"]]
139 +[[image:image-20230802112413-7.png]]
272 272  
273 273  === 3.3.2 Simulate with MQTT.fx ===
274 274  
... ... @@ -276,7 +276,7 @@
276 276  
277 277  After we got MQTT Credentials, we can first simulate with PC tool MQTT.fx tool to see if the Credentials and settings are fine.
278 278  
279 -[[image:image-20240819173826-4.png||height="534" width="734"]]
147 +[[image:image-20230802112413-8.png]]
280 280  
281 281  * (% style="color:#037691" %)**Broker Address:**(%%) mqtt3.thingspeak.com
282 282  
... ... @@ -290,9 +290,9 @@
290 290  
291 291  ==== 3.3.2.2 Publish Data to ThingSpeak Channel ====
292 292  
293 -[[image:image-20240819174033-5.png]]
161 +[[image:image-20230802112413-9.png]]
294 294  
295 -[[image:image-20240819174209-6.png]]
163 +[[image:image-20230802112413-10.png]]
296 296  
297 297  (% style="color:blue" %)**In MQTT.fx, we can publish below info:**
298 298  
... ... @@ -304,7 +304,7 @@
304 304  
305 305  (% style="color:blue" %)**Result: **
306 306  
307 -[[image:image-20240819174314-7.png||height="469" width="785"]]
175 +[[image:image-20230802112413-11.png||height="539" width="901"]]
308 308  
309 309  === 3.3.3 Configure NB-IoT Sensor for connection ===
310 310  
... ... @@ -326,7 +326,7 @@
326 326  
327 327  ==== 3.3.3.2 Uplink Examples ====
328 328  
329 -[[image:image-20240819174540-8.png]]
197 +[[image:image-20230816201942-1.png]]
330 330  
331 331  For SE01-NB
332 332  
... ... @@ -354,9 +354,9 @@
354 354  
355 355  When NB-IoT sensor upload to ThingSpeak. The payload already specify which fileds related to which sensor value. Use need to create fileds in Channels Settings. with name so to see the value correctly.
356 356  
357 -[[image:image-20240819174610-9.png]]
225 +[[image:image-20230802112413-12.png||height="504" width="1011"]]
358 358  
359 -[[image:image-20240819174618-10.png]]
227 +[[image:image-20230802112413-13.png||height="331" width="978"]]
360 360  
361 361  Below is the NB-IoT Product Table show the mapping.
362 362  
... ... @@ -386,11 +386,11 @@
386 386  Dragino NB-IoT sensors has its template in **[[Datacake>>https://datacake.co/]]** Platform. There are two version for NB Sensor,
387 387  
388 388  (% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
389 -As example for S31B-CB. there are two versions: **S31B-CB-1D and S31B-CB-GE.**
257 +As example for S31B-NB. there are two versions: **S31B-NB-1D and S31B-NB-GE.**
390 390  
391 -* (% style="color:blue" %)**S31B-CB-1D**(%%): This version have pre-configure DataCake connection. User just need to Power on this device, it will auto connect send data to DataCake Server.
259 +* (% style="color:blue" %)**S31B-NB-1D**(%%): This version have pre-configure DataCake connection. User just need to Power on this device, it will auto connect send data to DataCake Server.
392 392  
393 -* (% style="color:blue" %)**S31B-CB-GE**(%%): This verson doesn't have pre-configure Datacake connection. User need to enter the AT Commands to connect to Datacake. See below for instruction.
261 +* (% style="color:blue" %)**S31B-NB-GE**(%%): This verson doesn't have pre-configure Datacake connection. User need to enter the AT Commands to connect to Datacake. See below for instruction.
394 394  
395 395  === 3.4.1 For device Already has template ===
396 396  
... ... @@ -398,21 +398,21 @@
398 398  
399 399  (% style="color:blue" %)**Add Device**(%%) in DataCake.
400 400  
401 -[[image:image-20240820110003-1.png]]
269 +[[image:image-20230808162301-1.png||height="453" width="952"]]
402 402  
403 -[[image:image-20240820110017-2.png]]
271 +[[image:image-20230808162342-2.png||height="541" width="952"]]
404 404  
405 405  (% style="color:blue" %)**Choose the correct model**(%%) from template.
406 406  
407 -[[image:image-20240820110031-3.png]]
275 +[[image:image-20230808162421-3.png]]
408 408  
409 409  (% style="color:blue" %)**Fill Device ID**(%%). The device ID needs to be filled in with IMEI, and a prefix of(% style="color:blue" %)** 'f' **(%%)needs to be added.
410 410  
411 -[[image:image-20240820110048-4.png]]
279 +[[image:image-20230808163612-7.png||height="549" width="952"]]
412 412  
413 -[[image:image-20240820110103-5.png]]
281 +[[image:image-20230808163035-5.png]]
414 414  
415 -[[image:image-20240820110114-6.png]]
283 +[[image:image-20230808163049-6.png||height="544" width="926"]]
416 416  
417 417  === 3.4.2 For Device already registered in DataCake before shipped ===
418 418  
... ... @@ -420,9 +420,9 @@
420 420  
421 421  Users can use their phones or computers to scan QR codes to obtain device data information.
422 422  
423 -[[image:image-20240820110129-7.png]]
291 +[[image:image-20230808170051-8.png||height="255" width="259"]]
424 424  
425 -[[image:image-20240820110218-9.png]]
293 +[[image:image-20230808170548-9.png]]
426 426  
427 427  ==== 3.4.2.2 Claim Device to User Account ====
428 428  
... ... @@ -432,43 +432,43 @@
432 432  
433 433  **Step1: Add a device**
434 434  
435 -[[image:image-20240820110235-10.png]][[image:image-20240129170024-1.png||height="330" width="900"]]
303 +[[image:image-20240129170024-1.png||height="330" width="900"]]
436 436  
437 437  **Step2: Choose your device type,please select dragino NB-IOT device**
438 438  
439 -[[image:image-20240820110247-11.png]]
307 +[[image:image-20240129170216-2.png||height="534" width="643"]]
440 440  
441 441  **Step3: Choose to create a new device**
442 442  
443 -[[image:image-20240820111016-12.png]]
311 +[[image:image-20240129170539-3.png||height="459" width="646"]]
444 444  
445 445  **Step4: Fill in the device ID of your NB device**
446 446  
447 -[[image:image-20240820111101-13.png]]
315 +[[image:image-20240202111546-1.png||height="378" width="651"]]
448 448  
449 449  **Step5: Please select your device plan according to your needs and complete the creation of the device**
450 450  
451 -[[image:image-20240820111113-14.png]]
319 +[[image:image-20240129171236-6.png||height="450" width="648"]]
452 452  
453 453  **Step6: Please add the decoder at the payload decoder of the device configuration.**
454 454  
455 455  **Decoder location:**[[dragino-end-node-decoder/Datacake-Dragino_NB at main · dragino/dragino-end-node-decoder (github.com)>>url:https://github.com/dragino/dragino-end-node-decoder/tree/main/Datacake-Dragino_NB]]
456 456  
457 -[[image:image-20240820111236-15.png]]
325 +[[image:image-20240129172056-7.png||height="457" width="816"]]
458 458  
459 -[[image:image-20240820111248-16.png]]
327 +[[image:image-20240129173116-9.png||height="499" width="814"]]
460 460  
461 461  **Step7: Add the output of the decoder as a field**
462 462  
463 -[[image:image-20240820111259-17.png]]
331 +[[image:image-20240129173541-10.png||height="592" width="968"]]
464 464  
465 465  **Step8: Customize the dashboard and use fields as parameters of the dashboard**
466 466  
467 -[[image:image-20240820111312-18.png]]
335 +[[image:image-20240129174518-11.png||height="147" width="1042"]]
468 468  
469 -[[image:image-20240820111322-19.png]]
337 +[[image:image-20240129174657-12.png||height="538" width="916"]]
470 470  
471 -[[image:image-20240820111333-20.png]]
339 +[[image:image-20240129174840-13.png||height="536" width="750"]]
472 472  
473 473  === 3.4.4 For device have not configured to connect to DataCake ===
474 474  
... ... @@ -495,31 +495,31 @@
495 495  
496 496  The templates for S31-NB and NB95S31B are the same.
497 497  
498 -[[image:image-20240820111353-21.png]]
366 +[[image:image-20230809173127-4.png]]
499 499  
500 500  Please select the NB95S31B template.
501 501  
502 -[[image:image-20240820111405-22.png]]
370 +[[image:image-20230809173310-5.png||height="558" width="926"]]
503 503  
504 -[[image:image-20240820111418-23.png]]
372 +[[image:image-20230809173438-6.png]]
505 505  
506 -[[image:image-20240820111427-24.png]]
374 +[[image:image-20230809173800-7.png]]
507 507  
508 508  Successfully imported template.
509 509  
510 -[[image:image-20240820111438-25.png]]
378 +[[image:image-20230809173835-8.png||height="515" width="860"]]
511 511  
512 512  Users can set UDP port.
513 513  
514 -[[image:image-20240820111448-26.png]]
382 +[[image:image-20230809174053-9.png]]
515 515  
516 516  === 3.5.2 Simulate Connection ===
517 517  
518 518  We have completed the configuration of UDP. We can try sending packets to node red.
519 519  
520 -[[image:image-20240820111504-27.png]]
388 +[[image:image-20230810083934-1.png]]
521 521  
522 -[[image:image-20240820111515-28.png]]
390 +[[image:image-20230810084048-2.png||height="535" width="1052"]]
523 523  
524 524  === 3.5.3 Configure NB-IoT Sensors ===
525 525  
... ... @@ -538,7 +538,7 @@
538 538  
539 539  Create a New Device in [[ThingsBoard>>url:https://thingsboard.cloud/]]. Record Device Name which is used for MQTT connection.
540 540  
541 -[[image:image-20240820112210-29.png]]
409 +[[image:image-20230802112413-32.png||height="583" width="1066"]]
542 542  
543 543  ==== 3.6.1.2 Create Uplink & Downlink Converter ====
544 544  
... ... @@ -548,13 +548,13 @@
548 548  
549 549  To create an uplink converter go to the (% style="color:blue" %)**Integrations center**(%%) -> (% style="color:blue" %)**Data converters**(%%) page and click (% style="color:blue" %)**“plus”** (%%)button. Name it (% style="color:blue" %)**“MQTT Uplink Converter”**(%%) and select type (% style="color:blue" %)"**Uplink"**(%%). Use debug mode for now.
550 550  
551 -[[image:image-20240820112222-30.png]]
419 +[[image:image-20230802112413-33.png||height="597" width="1061"]]
552 552  
553 553  (% style="color:blue" %)**Downlink Converter**
554 554  
555 555  The Downlink converter transforming outgoing RPC message and then the Integration sends it to external MQTT broke
556 556  
557 -[[image:image-20240820112236-31.png]]
425 +[[image:image-20230802112413-34.png||height="598" width="1063"]]
558 558  
559 559  (% style="color:red" %)**Note: Our device payload is already human readable data. Therefore, users do not need to write decoders. Simply create by default.**
560 560  
... ... @@ -562,13 +562,13 @@
562 562  
563 563  Go to the (% style="color:blue" %)**Integrations center**(%%) **->** (% style="color:blue" %)**Integrations page**(%%) and click **“(% style="color:blue" %)plus(%%)”** icon to add a new integration. Name it (% style="color:blue" %)**“MQTT Integration”**(%%), select type (% style="color:blue" %)**MQTT**;
564 564  
565 -[[image:image-20240820112247-32.png]]
433 +[[image:image-20230802112413-35.png||height="597" width="1062"]]
566 566  
567 567  * The next steps is to add the recently created uplink and downlink converters;
568 568  
569 -[[image:image-20240820112302-33.png]]
437 +[[image:image-20230802112413-36.png||height="598" width="1062"]]
570 570  
571 -[[image:image-20240820112316-34.png]]
439 +[[image:image-20230802112413-37.png||height="598" width="1064"]]
572 572  
573 573  (% style="color:blue" %)**Add a topic filter:**
574 574  
... ... @@ -576,13 +576,13 @@
576 576  
577 577  You can also select an MQTT QoS level. We use MQTT QoS level 0 (At most once) by default;
578 578  
579 -[[image:image-20240820112330-35.png]]
447 +[[image:image-20230802112413-38.png||height="598" width="1064"]]
580 580  
581 581  === 3.6.2 Simulate with MQTT.fx ===
582 582  
583 -[[image:image-20240820112340-36.png]]
451 +[[image:image-20230802112413-39.png]]
584 584  
585 -[[image:image-20240820112351-37.png]]
453 +[[image:image-20230802112413-40.png||height="525" width="980"]]
586 586  
587 587  === 3.6.3 Configure NB-IoT Sensor ===
588 588  
... ... @@ -602,11 +602,11 @@
602 602  
603 603  Test Uplink by click the button for 1 second
604 604  
605 -[[image:image-20240820112404-38.png]]
473 +[[image:image-20230802112413-41.png||height="496" width="828"]]
606 606  
607 -[[image:image-20240820112416-39.png]]
475 +[[image:image-20230802112413-42.png]]
608 608  
609 -[[image:image-20240820112426-40.png]]
477 +[[image:image-20230802112413-43.png||height="407" width="825"]]
610 610  
611 611  == 3.7 [[Tago.io>>url:https://admin.tago.io/]] (via MQTT) ==
612 612  
... ... @@ -698,7 +698,7 @@
698 698  
699 699  Users can refer to [[Dragino NB device connection to AWS platform instructions>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Dragino%20NB%20device%20connection%20to%20AWS%20platform%20instructions/#H1.LogintotheplatformandfindIoTcore]]
700 700  
701 -= 4. COAP/UDP/MQTT/TCP downlink =
569 += 4. MQTT/UDP/TCP downlink =
702 702  
703 703  == 4.1 MQTT (via MQTT.fx) ==
704 704  
... ... @@ -740,24 +740,6 @@
740 740  
741 741  (% style="color:red" %)**Note: Users can edit the hex command in advance. When the node uplink, directly click the publish button several times to increase the success rate of command configuration.**
742 742  
743 -= 5. GPS positioning function =
744 -
745 -=== 1. Turn on GPS function ===
746 -
747 -(% class="wikigeneratedid" %)
748 -AT+GPS=1 or 0  ~/~/GPS function on or off
749 -
750 -
751 -=== 2.Extend the time to turn on GNSS ===
752 -
753 -AT+GNSST=30  ~/~/GPS search for positioning information for 30 seconds
754 -
755 -
756 -=== 3.Get or set GPS positioning interval in units of hour ===
757 -
758 -AT+GTDC=24  ~/~/The device will activate GPS positioning every 24 hours
759 -
760 -
761 761  = 5. FAQ =
762 762  
763 763  == 5.1 What is the usage of Multi Sampling and One Uplink? ==
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