Last modified by Xiaoling on 2023/04/20 18:14
<
From version < 1.11 >
edited by Xiaoling
on 2022/05/12 18:09
To version < 15.1 >
edited by Xiaoling
on 2022/07/22 11:32
>
Change comment: There is no comment for this version

Summary

Details

Page properties
Content
... ... @@ -1,44 +1,50 @@
1 - **Contents:**
1 +*
2 +** Table of** **Contents:
2 2  
3 3  {{toc/}}
4 4  
5 5  
7 +
6 6  = 1. Introduction =
7 7  
10 +
8 8  The Dragino LoRaWAN gateway can commuicate with LoRaWAN ABP End Node without the need of LoRaWAN server. It can be used in some cases such as:
9 9  
10 10  * No internet connection.
11 -* User wants to get data forward in gateway and forward to their server base on MQTT/HTTP, etc. (Combine ABP communication method and [[MQTT forward together>>url:https://wiki.dragino.com/index.php/MQTT_Forward_Instruction]]).
14 +* User wants to get data forward in gateway and forward to their server base on MQTT/HTTP, etc. (Combine ABP communication method and [[MQTT forward together>>MQTT Forward Instruction]]).
12 12  
13 13  (((
14 -The basic of this feature is the decoding of **LoRaWAN ABP End Node**. Requirements:
17 +The basic of this feature is the decoding of (% style="color:red" %)**LoRaWAN ABP End Node**(%%). Requirements:
15 15  )))
16 16  
17 17  1. LoRaWAN End Node in ABP mode. Make sure your end node works in this mode. End node most are default set to OTAA mode
18 18  1. LoRaWAN Gateway model: [[LPS8>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/148-lps8.html]], [[LG308>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/140-lg308.html]], [[DLOS8>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/160-dlos8.html]] ,[[LIG16>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-gateway/item/171-lig16.html]]
19 -1. Firmware version for below instruction:[[Since LG02_LG08~~-~~-build-v5.4.1593400722-20200629-1120>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Release/]]
22 +1. Firmware version for below instruction:**[[(% style="color:purple" %)Since LG02_LG08~~-~~-build-v5.4.1593400722-20200629-1120>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Release/]](%%)**
20 20  
21 21  = 2. How it works =
22 22  
23 23  
24 -**Video Instruction**: [[https:~~/~~/youtu.be/ZBjXwmp7rwM>>url:https://youtu.be/ZBjXwmp7rwM]]
27 +(% style="color:#037691" %)**Video Instruction**(%%): **[[https:~~/~~/youtu.be/ZBjXwmp7rwM>>url:https://youtu.be/ZBjXwmp7rwM]]**
25 25  
29 +
26 26  Assume we have the LoRaWAN tracker LGT92 which works in ABP mode and US915 band. It has below keys:
27 27  
28 28  (% class="box infomessage" %)
29 29  (((
30 -AT+NWKSKEY=72 32 63 95 dd 8f e2 b2 13 66 e4 35 93 8f 55 df
34 +**AT+NWKSKEY=72 32 63 95 dd 8f e2 b2 13 66 e4 35 93 8f 55 df
31 31  AT+APPSKEY=b3 17 f8 14 7a 43 27 8a 6a 31 c4 47 3d 55 5d 33
32 -AT+DADDR=2602111D
36 +AT+DADDR=2602111D**
33 33  )))
34 34  
35 35  (((
36 36  and we have the LG308 works and US915 band and support ABP decryption. User can input these keys in LG308 so the LG308 can communicate with LGT92.
41 +
42 +
37 37  )))
38 38  
39 39  We need to input above keys in LG308 and enable ABP decryption.
40 40  
41 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/5/55/LG308_MQTT_1.png/600px-LG308_MQTT_1.png||height="329" width="600"]]
47 +[[image:image-20220527161119-1.png]]
42 42  
43 43  Input the ABP keys in LG308
44 44  
... ... @@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
45 45  
46 46  == 2.1 Upstream ==
47 47  
54 +
48 48  Now when this End Node (Dev Addr=2602111D) send a uplink packet. When this packet arrive LG308, LG308 will decode it and put the decode data on the file /var/iot/channels/2602111D . So we have this data for further process with other applications in LG308.
49 49  
50 50  (((
... ... @@ -51,9 +51,9 @@
51 51  We can see the log of LG308 to know this packet arrive
52 52  )))
53 53  
54 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/1/16/ABP_DECODE_2.png/600px-ABP_DECODE_2.png||height="205" width="600"]]
61 +[[image:image-20220527161149-2.png]]
55 55  
56 -LG308 log by "logread -f" command
63 +LG308 log by "(% style="color:red" %)**logread -f**" (%%)command
57 57  
58 58  
59 59  The data of End Node is stored in the file /var/iot/channels/2602111D. We can use hexdump command to check it.
... ... @@ -61,19 +61,19 @@
61 61  (% class="box" %)
62 62  (((
63 63  root@dragino-1d25dc:~~# hexdump /var/iot/channels/2602111D
64 -0000000 (% class="mark" %)**4646 4646 4646 3946 3030 3030 3030 3546**(%%)      ~-~-> Got RSSI and SNR    
65 -0000010 (% class="mark" %)**cc0c 0b63 0266 017f ff7f ff00 **(%%) ~-~-> Payload
71 +0000000 (% style="color:#037691" %)**4646 4646 4646 3946 3030 3030 3030 3546**(%%)      ~-~-> Got RSSI and SNR    
72 +0000010 (% style="color:#037691" %)**cc0c 0b63 0266 017f ff7f ff00 **(%%) ~-~-> Payload
66 66  000001c
67 67  )))
68 68  
69 -* RSSI: 4646 4646 4646 3946 = 0xFFFF FF9F : So RSSI = (0xFFFF FF9F - 0x100000000) = -97
70 -* SNR: 3030 3030 3030 3546 = 0x0000 005F = 95, need to divide 10 so SNR is 9.5
71 -* Payload: 0xcc0c 0b63 0266 017f ff7f ff00
76 +* **RSSI**: 4646 4646 4646 3946 = 0xFFFF FF9F : So RSSI = (0xFFFF FF9F - 0x100000000) = -97
77 +* **SNR**: 3030 3030 3030 3546 = 0x0000 005F = 95, need to divide 10 so SNR is 9.5
78 +* **Payload**: 0xcc0c 0b63 0266 017f ff7f ff00
72 72  
73 73  (% class="box" %)
74 74  (((
75 -(% class="mark" %)**Notice 1**(%%): The data file stored in LG308 for the end node is bin file. If the end node sends ASCII string to gateway, the output will as below:
76 -in LGT92, use **AT+SEND=12**:hello world to send ASCII string
82 +(% style="color:red" %)**Notice 1**(%%): The data file stored in LG308 for the end node is bin file. If the end node sends ASCII string to gateway, the output will as below:
83 +in LGT92, use (% style="color:#037691" %)**AT+SEND=12:hello world** (%%)to send ASCII string
77 77  root@dragino-1d25dc:~~# hexdump /var/iot/channels/2602111D
78 78  0000000 4646 4646 4646 3946 3030 3030 3030 3546
79 79  0000010 6865 6c6c 6f20 776f 726c 6400      ~-~-> Got ASCII code "hello world"    
... ... @@ -82,13 +82,15 @@
82 82  
83 83  (% class="box" %)
84 84  (((
85 -(% class="mark" %)**Notice 2**(%%): The upstream payload length should match the LoRaWAN length requirement (max length depends on Frequency and DR), otherwise the gateway can't decode the payload.
92 +(% style="color:red" %)**Notice 2**(%%): The upstream payload length should match the LoRaWAN length requirement (max length depends on Frequency and DR), otherwise the gateway can't decode the payload.
86 86  )))
87 87  
95 +
88 88  === 2.2.1 Decode Method ===
89 89  
90 -The decode methods: **ASCII String, Decode_LHT65** doesn't affect how the sensor data is stored, they are to define how should the sensor data to be sent.
91 91  
99 +The decode methods: (% style="color:#037691" %)**ASCII String, Decode_LHT65**(%%) doesn't affect how the sensor data is stored, they are to define how should the sensor data to be sent.
100 +
92 92  For example we have a LHT65 , works in ABP mode and gateway successful get the data, which are:
93 93  
94 94  (% class="box" %)
... ... @@ -99,6 +99,7 @@
99 99  000001c
100 100  )))
101 101  
111 +
102 102  If we choose ASCII decoder, the MQTT process will send out with mqtt-data:
103 103  
104 104  (% class="box" %)
... ... @@ -105,9 +105,10 @@
105 105  (((
106 106  Sun Sep 27 04:33:16 2020 user.notice root: [IoT.MQTT]:pub_topic[-t]: dragino-1baf44/01826108/data
107 107  Sun Sep 27 04:33:16 2020 user.notice root: [IoT.MQTT]:decoder: ASCII
108 -Sun Sep 27 04:33:16 2020 user.notice root: [IoT.MQTT]:mqtt_data[-m]: ffffffe700000048ccd17fff7fff017fff7fff00
118 +Sun Sep 27 04:33:16 2020 user.notice root: [IoT.MQTT]:mqtt_data[-m]: (% style="color:#037691" %)**ffffffe700000048ccd17fff7fff017fff7fff00**
109 109  )))
110 110  
121 +
111 111  If we choose Decode_LHT65, the MQTT process will send out with mqtt-data
112 112  
113 113  (% class="box" %)
... ... @@ -114,8 +114,8 @@
114 114  (((
115 115  Sun Sep 27 04:36:45 2020 user.notice root: [IoT.MQTT]:pub_topic[-t]: dragino-1baf44/01826108/data
116 116  Sun Sep 27 04:36:45 2020 user.notice root: [IoT.MQTT]:decoder: Dragino_LHT65
117 -Sun Sep 27 04:36:45 2020 user.notice root: [IoT.MQTT]:mqtt_data[-m]: {"Hum_SHT":32.7,"BatV":3.281,"TempC_DS":32.9,
118 -"EXT":"Temperature Sensor","RSSI":-24,"TempC_SHT":85.0,"SNR":8.2,"ext_sensor":0}
128 +Sun Sep 27 04:36:45 2020 user.notice root: [IoT.MQTT]:mqtt_data[-m]:** (% style="color:#037691" %){"Hum_SHT":32.7,"BatV":3.281,"TempC_DS":32.9,
129 +"EXT":"Temperature Sensor","RSSI":-24,"TempC_SHT":85.0,"SNR":8.2,"ext_sensor":0}(%%)**
119 119  )))
120 120  
121 121  Above scripts are store in /etc/lora/decoder/. User can put their scripts here and select it in the UI.
... ... @@ -123,6 +123,7 @@
123 123  
124 124  === 2.2.2 How to Decode My End Node ===
125 125  
137 +
126 126  1/ Configure the ABP keys for your end node in the gateway. enable ABP decode in Web UI
127 127  
128 128  2/ Don't choose MQTT service, use LoRaWAN.
... ... @@ -143,43 +143,49 @@
143 143  * the last line return is what will be used for MQTT
144 144  * User can use other language ,not limited to Lua, just make sure the return is what you want to send.
145 145  
158 +
159 +
146 146  == 2.2 Downstream ==
147 147  
162 +
148 148  In LG308, we can create a file in the directory /var/iot/push for downstream purpose. We recommend using each command to generate this file. This file will be used for transmission and auto-deleted after used
149 149  
150 150  The file should use below format:
151 151  
152 -(% class="mark" %)**dev_addr,imme/time,txt/hex,payload**
167 +(% style="color:#037691" %)**dev_addr,imme/time,txt/hex,payload**
153 153  
154 154  Since fimware > Dragino-v2 lgw-5.4.1608518541 . Support more option
155 155  
156 -(% class="mark" %)**dev_addr,imme/time,txt/hex,payload,txpw,txbw,SF,frequency,rxwindow**
171 +(% style="color:#037691" %)**dev_addr,imme/time,txt/hex,payload,txpw,txbw,SF,frequency,rxwindow**
157 157  
158 -* dev_addr: Inptu the device address
159 -* imme/time:
173 +* **dev_addr:** Inptu the device address
174 +* **imme/time:**
160 160  ** imme: send downstream immediately,For Class C end node.
161 161  ** time: send downstream after receive device's uplink. For Class A end node
162 -* txt/hex:
177 +* **txt/hex:**
163 163  ** txt: send payload in ASCII
164 164  ** hex: send payload in HEX
165 -* payload: payload to be sent, payload lenght should match the LoRaWAN protocol requirement.
166 -* txpw: Transmit Power. example: 20
167 -* txbw: bandwidth:
180 +* **payload: **payload to be sent, payload lenght should match the LoRaWAN protocol requirement.
181 +* **txpw:** Transmit Power. example: 20
182 +* **txbw:** bandwidth:
168 168  ** 1: 500 kHz
169 169  ** 2: 250 kHz
170 170  ** 3: 125 kHz
171 171  ** 4: 62.5 kHz
172 -* SF: Spreading Factor : SF7/SF8/SF9/SF10/SF11/SF12
173 -* Frequency: Transmit Frequency: example: 923300000
174 -* rxwindow: transmit on Rx1Window or Rx2Window.
187 +* **SF:** Spreading Factor : SF7/SF8/SF9/SF10/SF11/SF12
188 +* **Frequency:** Transmit Frequency: example: 923300000
189 +* **rxwindow:** transmit on Rx1Window or Rx2Window.
175 175  
176 -Completely exmaple:
177 177  
178 -* Old version: echo 018193F4,imme,hex,0101 > /var/iot/push/test
179 -* New version: echo 018193F4,imme,hex,0101,20,1,SF12,923300000,2 > /var/iot/push/test
192 +(% style="color:blue" %)**Completely exmaple:**
180 180  
181 -(% class="mark" %)**Downstream Frequency**
194 +* **Old version:** echo 018193F4,imme,hex,0101 > /var/iot/push/test
195 +* **New version:** echo 018193F4,imme,hex,0101,20,1,SF12,923300000,2 > /var/iot/push/test
182 182  
197 +
198 +
199 +(% style="color:#037691" %)**Downstream Frequency**
200 +
183 183  The LG308 will use the RX2 window info to send the downstream payload, use the default LoRaWAN settings, as below:
184 184  
185 185  * EU868: 869.525Mhz, DR0(SF12BW125)
... ... @@ -191,8 +191,10 @@
191 191  * IN865: 866.55Mhz, SF10 BW125
192 192  * RU864: 869.1Mhz, SF12 BW125
193 193  
194 -(% class="mark" %)**Examples:**
195 195  
213 +
214 +(% style="color:#037691" %)**Examples:**
215 +
196 196  (% class="box" %)
197 197  (((
198 198  we can use echo command to create files in LG308 for downstream.
... ... @@ -201,7 +201,7 @@
201 201  
202 202  (% class="box" %)
203 203  (((
204 -1) From logread -f of gateway, we can see it has been added as pedning.
224 +**1)** From logread -f of gateway, we can see it has been added as pedning.
205 205  lora_pkt_fwd[4286]: INFO~~ [DNLK]Looking file : test
206 206  lora_pkt_fwd[4286]: INFO~~ [DNLK]devaddr:2602111D, txmode:time, pdfm:hex, size:4, payload1:4Vx,payload_hex:77C1BB90
207 207  lora_pkt_fwd[4286]: INFO~~ [DNLK] DNLINK PENDING!(1 elems).
... ... @@ -209,7 +209,7 @@
209 209  
210 210  (% class="box" %)
211 211  (((
212 -2) When there is an upstrea from end node, this downstream will be sent and shows:
232 +**2)** When there is an upstrea from end node, this downstream will be sent and shows:
213 213  lora_pkt_fwd[4286]: INFO: tx_start_delay=1497 (1497.000000) - (1497, bw_delay=0.000000, notch_delay=0.000000)
214 214  lora_pkt_fwd[4286]: [LGWSEND]lgw_send done: count_us=3537314420, freq=923300000, size=17
215 215  )))
... ... @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@
216 216  
217 217  (% class="box" %)
218 218  (((
219 -3) and the end node will got:
239 +**3)** and the end node will got:
220 220  [5764825]~*~*~*~** UpLinkCounter= 98 ~*~*~*~**
221 221  [5764827]TX on freq 905300000 Hz at DR 0
222 222  Update Interval: 60000 ms
... ... @@ -227,12 +227,12 @@
227 227  [5767501]rxDone
228 228  Rssi= -41
229 229  Receive data
230 -2:12345678    ~-~-> Hex
250 +(% style="color:#037691" %)**2:12345678**  (%%) ~-~-> Hex
231 231  )))
232 232  
233 233  (% class="box" %)
234 234  (((
235 -4) If we use the command "echo 2602111D,time,txt,12345678 > /var/iot/push/test" for downstream, the end node will got:
255 +**4) **If we use the command "echo 2602111D,time,txt,12345678 > /var/iot/push/test" for downstream, the end node will got:
236 236  [5955877]~*~*~*~** UpLinkCounter= 102 ~*~*~*~**
237 237  [5955879]TX on freq 904100000 Hz at DR 0
238 238  Update Interval: 60000 ms
... ... @@ -243,16 +243,18 @@
243 243  [5958595]rxDone
244 244  Rssi= -37
245 245  Receive data
246 -2:3132333435363738 ~-~-> ASCII string "12345678"
266 +(% style="color:#037691" %)**2:3132333435363738**(%%) ~-~-> ASCII string "12345678"
247 247  )))
248 248  
269 +
249 249  = 3. Example 1: Communicate with LT-22222-L =
250 250  
272 +
251 251  Script can be download from: [[Example Script 1>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/customized_script/&file=talk_to_lt-22222-l_v0.1.sh]]
252 252  
253 253  (% class="box" %)
254 254  (((
255 -#!/bin/sh
277 +//#!/bin/sh
256 256  # This scripts shows how to use LPS8/LG308/DLOS8 to communicate with two LoRaWAN End Nodes, without the use of internet or LoRaWAN server
257 257  #
258 258  # Hardware Prepare:
... ... @@ -285,40 +285,44 @@
285 285  #  Device1: DI1: ON, DI2: ON , DO1: ON,  DO2: ON
286 286  #  Device2: DI1: OFF, DI2: OFF , DO1: ON,  DO2: ON
287 287  #  So if a person is in the Device 1 location, he can check if the DO LED match DI LEDs on Device 1 to confirm
288 -#  whether the Device 2 has been changed.
310 +#  whether the Device 2 has been changed.//
289 289  )))
290 290  
291 -~1. Input keys
313 +**~1. Input keys**
292 292  
293 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/b/bf/LPS8_LT-22222_1.png/600px-LPS8_LT-22222_1.png||height="335" width="600"]]
315 +[[image:image-20220527162450-3.png]]
294 294  
295 295  Input Keys in LPS8
296 296  
297 -2. Make sure the LPS8 and LT use the same frequency bands, choose EU868 in this test.
298 298  
299 -3. Choose Built-in server
320 +**2. Make sure the LPS8 and LT use the same frequency bands, choose EU868 in this test.**
300 300  
301 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/d/d7/LPS8_LT-22222_2.png/600px-LPS8_LT-22222_2.png||height="264" width="600"]]
322 +**3. Choose Built-in server**
302 302  
324 +[[image:image-20220527162518-4.png]]
325 +
303 303  Choose Built-in server
304 304  
305 -4. Run the script.
306 306  
307 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/3/39/LPS8_LT-22222_3.png/600px-LPS8_LT-22222_3.png||height="389" width="600"]]
329 +**4. Run the script.**
308 308  
331 +[[image:image-20220527162552-5.png]]
332 +
309 309  Run the script
310 310  
311 -5. Output:
312 312  
313 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/f/fe/LPS8_LT-22222_4.png/600px-LPS8_LT-22222_4.png||height="433" width="600"]]
336 +**5. Output:**
314 314  
338 +[[image:image-20220527162619-6.png]]
339 +
315 315  Output from LPS8
316 316  
317 317  
318 318  = 4. Example 2: Communicate to TCP Server =
319 319  
320 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/7/75/LPS8_TCP_0.png/600px-LPS8_TCP_0.png||height="370" width="600"]]
321 321  
346 +[[image:image-20220527162648-7.png]]
347 +
322 322  Network Structure
323 323  
324 324  
... ... @@ -325,35 +325,42 @@
325 325  Full instruction video inlcude how to write scripts to fit server needed is here:
326 326  
327 327  
328 -(% class="mark" %)**Video Instruction**: [[https:~~/~~/youtu.be/-nevW6U2TsE>>url:https://youtu.be/-nevW6U2TsE]]
354 +(% style="color:#037691" %)**Video Instruction**(%%): **[[https:~~/~~/youtu.be/-nevW6U2TsE>>url:https://youtu.be/-nevW6U2TsE]]**
329 329  
330 330  
331 -Note: Firmware version must be higher than lgw-5.4.1607519907
357 +(% style="color:red" %)**Note: Firmware version must be higher than lgw-5.4.1607519907**
332 332  
359 +
333 333  Assume we already set up ABP keys in the gateway:
334 334  
335 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/b/bf/LPS8_LT-22222_1.png/600px-LPS8_LT-22222_1.png||height="335" width="600"]]
362 +[[image:image-20220527162852-8.png]]
336 336  
337 337  Input Keys in LPS8
338 338  
339 -run socket tool in PC
340 340  
341 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/4/4b/LPS8_TCP_2.png/600px-LPS8_TCP_2.png||height="212" width="600"]]
342 342  
368 +**run socket tool in PC**
369 +
370 +[[image:image-20220527163028-9.png]]
371 +
372 +
343 343  Socket tool
344 344  
345 345  
346 -Input Server address and port
347 347  
348 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/c/c6/LPS8_TCP_3.png/600px-LPS8_TCP_3.png||height="306" width="600"]]
377 +**Input Server address and port**
349 349  
379 +[[image:image-20220527163106-10.png]]
380 +
350 350  Input Server address and port
351 351  
352 352  
353 -See value receive in socket tool. :
354 354  
355 -[[image:https://wiki.dragino.com/images/thumb/2/20/LPS8_TCP_4.png/600px-LPS8_TCP_4.png||height="219" width="600"]]
385 +**See value receive in socket tool:**
356 356  
387 +[[image:image-20220527163144-11.png]]
388 +
357 357  value receive in socket tool
358 358  
391 +
359 359  If user want to modify the TCP connection method. He can refer: [[https:~~/~~/github.com/dragino/dragino-packages/blob/lg02/haserl-ui/root/usr/bin/tcp_process.sh>>url:https://github.com/dragino/dragino-packages/blob/lg02/haserl-ui/root/usr/bin/tcp_process.sh]]. Same script is on /usr/bin of gateway.
image-20220527161119-1.png
Author
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Size
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +128.8 KB
Content
image-20220527161149-2.png
Author
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Size
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +103.9 KB
Content
image-20220527162450-3.png
Author
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Size
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +125.4 KB
Content
image-20220527162518-4.png
Author
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Size
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +72.8 KB
Content
image-20220527162552-5.png
Author
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Size
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +33.6 KB
Content
image-20220527162619-6.png
Author
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Size
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +41.0 KB
Content
image-20220527162648-7.png
Author
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Size
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +151.7 KB
Content
image-20220527162852-8.png
Author
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Size
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +125.6 KB
Content
image-20220527163028-9.png
Author
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Size
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +32.9 KB
Content
image-20220527163106-10.png
Author
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Size
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +34.5 KB
Content
image-20220527163144-11.png
Author
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +XWiki.Xiaoling
Size
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +107.7 KB
Content

Applications

Navigation

Copyright ©2010-2024 Dragino Technology Co., LTD. All rights reserved
Dragino Wiki v2.0